occupational health & safety factsheet
TRANSCRIPT
©NCFH,2018 1
AGRICULTURALWORKEROCCUPATIONALHEALTH&SAFETY
Accordingtoa2015reportoftheBureauofLaborStatisticsoftheU.S.DepartmentofLabor,agricultureremainsoneofthemostdangerousindustriesintheUnitedStateswiththehighestincidenceoffatalworkplaceinjuries.1Farmworkersfaceworkplacehazardssimilartothosefoundinotherindustrialsettings,suchasworkingwithheavymachineryandhardphysicallabor.Theyalsofaceuniqueoccupationalhazardsspecifictofarmwork,includingpesticideexposure,skindisorders,infectiousdiseases,respiratoryproblems,hearingandvisiondisorders,andmusculoskeletalinjures.Thefollowingisacompilationofrecentfactsandfigurespertainingtotheoccupationalhealthandsafetyoffarmworkers.
GeneralInformation
• In2015,therewere570fataloccupationalinjurieswithintheagriculturalindustry,and,agriculturehadthehighestrateoffataloccupationalinjuries:22.8fatalinjuriesforevery100,000full-timeworkers.1
• Theagriculturalindustryalsohasahighnumberofcasesinvolvingnonfataloccupationalinjuryandillnessthatrequiredeithertimeofffromworkorjobtransferandrestriction.Over18,000injuriesandillnessesresultingintimeawayfromworkoccurredin2015intheagriculture,forestry,andfishingindustry,resultinginanincidencerateof189injuriesandillnessesper10,000full-timeworkerscomparedto104per10,000inallindustries.2
• Childreninagriculturearealsoatgreatrisk:theU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturereleasedareportin2009thatrecorded15,876injuriestoyouthsunder20yearsofagewholived,workedorvisitedafarm.4Thefollowingdatafor2009wasalsonoted:
o Fifty-eightpercentofyouthinjurieswereincurredbymaleso Youthages10to15incurredthehighestnumberofinjuriesat6,912o Youthsunderage10incurred4,111injurieso Youthsages16to19incurred4,148injuries5
• Everyday,about100agriculturalworkerssufferlost-work-timeinjuries,andanestimatedhalfofinjuriesamongcropproductionworkersareclassifiedasstrainsorsprains.3
• According to the National Agricultural Workers Survey 2013-2014, 4% ofagriculturalworkerrespondentsreportedexperiencingaworkplaceinjuryinthepast 12 months, and 17% reported experiencing musculoskeletal pain ordiscomfort.4,5
OccupationalHealth&SafetyFactsheet
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PesticideExposure
• Today,agriculturalworkersareexposedto“non-persistent”pesticideswhichare
metabolizedbythebodywithindays.Theymayenterthebodythroughingestionandinhalation,buttheyareprimarilyabsorbedthroughtheskin.6
• Duringtheirdailywork,agriculturalworkersareoftenexposedtopesticides,whichincludesubstancesthatprevent,destroyorrepelpests.Thetermpesticidealsoencompassesherbicides,fungicides,andvariousothersubstancesusedtocontrolpests.Somepesticidescancauseharmtohumanhealth.7,8
• Agriculturalworkersfrequentlyencounterpesticidesthroughdirectcontactwiththechemicals,contactwithpesticideresidueontreatedcropsorequipment,anddriftofpesticidesintountreatedareas.9
• Severalstudiesalsoprovethatentirefamiliesareatrisktopesticideexposurebecauseofdriftfromnearbyareas,notprovidingenoughhand-washingorbathroomfacilities,andbringinghomeworkclothesthathavebeencontaminated.3,6,10
• ThePesticideSafetyEducationProgramofCornellUniversitystatesthatmildsymptomsofpoisoningincludeheadache,fatigue,dizziness,nervousness,perspiration,lossofappetite,thirst,eyeirritationandirritationofthenoseandthroat.Severepoisoningsymptomsincludefever,intensethirst,vomiting,muscletwitches,convulsions,inabilitytobreatheandunconsciousness.9
• Exposuretolargedosesofapesticidecanleadtosevereeffectssuchaslossofconsciousness,comaandevendeath.6
• LifetimeexposuretopesticidesissignificantlygreaterforLatinoimmigrantagriculturalworkersascomparedtootherLatinoimmigrantworkers.Amongagriculturalworkers,highereducationlevelsandpossessinganH-2Avisawereassociatedwithlowerlifetimeexposurelevelstopesticides.12
• Pesticidesafetyregulationsthatexistinclude:
o theWorkerProtectionStandard,whichstatesthatfieldworkersmustbetrainedonpesticideuse,and
o theOccupationSafetyandHealthAct,whichrequiresemployerswith11ormoreemployeestoprovidedrinking,toiletandwashingfacilitiesforagriculturalworkerswhiletheyworkinthefields.12
• AstudyconductedineasternNorthCarolinasurveyed300agriculturalworkersregardingpesticidesafetyandtraining.Theyreportedthefollowing:
o 75.3%hadwateravailableforhand-washing,butonly44.3%wereprovidedsoap,
o 51.3%weretoldwhenitwassafetoenterfieldsafterapplying,o 51%weretoldwhenpesticideswereapplied,o 34.8%reportedbeingprovidedpesticidesafetyinstructionbyasupervisor,o 28%percentworkedinareasadjacenttofieldswherepesticideswerebeing
applied,o 25.2%wereaskedtoenterfieldsbeforeitwassafetodoso,o 16%workedinfieldswhilepesticideswerebeingapplied,and
o 14.8%wereprovidedwithpesticidesafetyequipment.13
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• Anotherpesticidedanger foragriculturalworkers is the limited information theyareprovidedaboutthepesticidestheyarebeingexposedto.Theymaynotbetoldwhat types of pesticides are being used at any given time, theymay have littlecontroloverexposure,andtheyoftenliveingrower-providedhousinganddonotknowtheseverityofexposureinthesedwellings.6
• One other challenge is that growers rarely speak the same languages asworkers.Growersoftendonotrecognizeorunderstandhowlinguistic,culturalandpowerdifferencescreatebarriersforfarmworkerpesticidesafety.6
HeatandSunExposure
• Agriculturalworkersareatincreasedriskforheat-relatedillnessesduetothe
natureoffarmwork:theyworkoutdoorsindirectsunlight,humiditylevelsareoftenhigherinthefields,theygeneratelargeamountsofbodyheat,andtheyoftenuseheavyworkclothingandequipment.14
• Heatstressoccurswhenthebodytemperatureincreases,andthebodyfailstoregulate its temperature. This condition can lead to dehydration, electrolyteimbalance,neurologicalimpairment,multi-organfailure,anddeath.15
• Astudypublishedin2008foundthatfrom1992-2006,423workersinagricultureandnon-agriculturalindustriesdiedfromheatexposure.Resultsindicatedthat68(16%)ofthosefatalitieswerecropworkersemployedinthecropproductionorsupportactivitiesforcropproductionsectors.16
• Inastudyconductedwith300agriculturalworkersinNorthCarolina,94percentofrespondentsreportedthattheyworkinextremeheat,and40percentreportedhavinghadsymptomsofheatillness.17
• ResearchconductedinGeorgiawithmorethan400agriculturalworkersfoundthatoverathirdofworkersreportedexperiencingthreeormoresymptomsofaheat-relatedillnessinthepastweek,andthat34%didnothaveaccesstoregularrestbreaksduringtheworkday,and27%didnothaveaccesstoshade.18
• Workplaceheatstresscanbeexacerbatedbythepoorhousingconditionsofmanyagriculturalworkers.Asurveyofhousingunitsin170agriculturalworkercampsfoundthatmorethanhalflackedairconditioninginthehome,andthattheheatindexinsidethehomeswasoftenhigh.19
• Anaddeddangerforagriculturalworkersisthatpesticidesareabsorbedmorequicklythroughhot,sweatyskinthanthroughcoolskin.20
HazardousToolsandMachinery
• AccordingtotheOccupationalInjurySurveillanceofProductionAgricultureSurvey
fornon-fatalinjuries,9%ofinjuriesamongadultagriculturalworkerswereduetomachinery,and11%wereduetotoolsandequipment,and23%wereduetovehicles.14
• AccordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistic2015data,theleadingcausesoffatalworkplaceinjuriesamongcropproductionworkerswere:
o Transportationincidents:120fatalincidents(includesinjuriesresultingfromtheuseoftractors,beingstruckbyavehicle,etc.)
o Contactwithobjectsandequipment:66fatalincidentso Falls,slips,andtrips:16fatalincidents21
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MusculoskeletalInjuries
• Becausefarmlaborconsistsofconstantbending,twisting,carryingheavyitems,
andrepetitivemotionsduringlongworkhours,agriculturalworkersoftenexperiencemusculoskeletalinjuries.Furthermore,workersareoftenpaidpiece-rate,whichprovidesanincentivetoworkathighspeedandtoskiprecommendedbreaks.22
• Researchconductedwithagriculturalworkersaged40yearsandoverneartheU.S.-Mexicoborderfoundthat68%experiencedpersistentmusculoskeletalpain,butlessthan25%receivedmedicaltreatment.23
• Thirty-fivepercentofagriculturalworkersinNorthCarolinareportedexperiencingmusculoskeletalpain,withthemostcommonissuesbeingepicondylitis,rotatorcuffsyndrome,andlowerbackpain.However,theagriculturalworkershadalowerprevalenceofmusculoskeletalissuesascomparedtothenon-agriculturalworkercomparisongroupofLatinoimmigrants.24
• Among87agriculturalworkersaged10-17years,54%reportedexperiencingmusculoskeletalpainduringthepast12months.25
• MusculoskeletalpainhasbeenfoundtobeassociatedwithhigherlevelsofdepressivesymptomsamongagriculturalworkersinNorthCarolina.18
RespiratoryIllnesses
• Becauseagriculturalworktakesplaceinruralareas,farmworkersareexposed
toorganicandmineraldusts,animalandplantdusts,toxicgases,moldsandotherrespiratoryirritants.26Allofthesehavebeenassociatedwithrespiratoryillnesses,suchasasthmaandchronicbronchitis.27
• AnotherchronicrespiratoryillnessofconcernisFarmer’sLung,a
noninfectiousallergicdiseasecausedbyinhalingmoldspores.Thesemoldsporesaccumulateandsettleinthelowerlungs,whichinterfereswiththeirabilitytoexchangegas.Asalastdefense,thebodydevelopsanallergicreactionthatcausescoldorpneumoniasymptoms.28
• Agriculturalworkershaveasignificantlyhigherdeathrateforanumberofrespiratoryconditions,includinghypersensitivitypneumonitis(proportionatemortalitymorethan10timeshigherthanexpected),asthma,bronchitis,histoplasmosis,tuberculosis,pneumonia,andinfluenza.29
• Researchconductedwithover700agriculturalworkersinCaliforniafoundthatthenumberofyearsworkedinagriculturewasassociatedwithanincreasedriskforasthma.30
• Asurveyofworkersonhorsefarmsfoundthathalfofworkershadlowerrespiratorysymptoms,andthatfemaleworkersandworkerswithalowerlevelofEnglishspeakingabilitywereatgreaterriskforexperiencingsymptomsofarespiratoryillness.31
• Agriculturalworkerswhoworkinthefollowingtasksareatincreasedriskofrespiratoryillnesses:
o Dustyfieldsandbuildings;o Handlingofhay;o Feedingorworkingwithfeedstuffs;
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o Workingincornsilage;o Cleaningsilosorgrainbins;o Workingaroundbirddroppingsordustfromanimalhair,fur,orfeathers;o Workingaroundfishmeal;ando Applyingagriculturalchemicalssuchasfertilizersandpesticides.28
SkinDisorders
• Agriculturalworkersareexposedtomanyoccupationalandenvironmentalrisk
factorsthatresultinskindisease:weather,mechanicaldevices,chemicals,planttoxins,organicandinorganicdustandfungi.32
• AstudyconductedinNorthCarolinawhichinterviewed304Latinoagriculturalworkersonskinconditionsconcludedthatalthoughskinconditionswereobserved,agriculturalworkersturntoself-treatmentasopposedtohealthcarevisits.Thestudyreportedthat63percentusednon-prescriptionpreparations,9percentusedprescriptionproductsand6percentusedhomeremediestocureskinailments.32
• AmongfemalenurseryworkersinFlorida,37%reportedexperiencingarashononeormoreareasoftheirbodies,andpregnantworkersweremorethanfourtimesmorelikelytoexperiencearashthatcoveredmorethan30%oftheirbodysurfacearea.33
• AnotherstudyconductedinNorthCarolinarecordedthemostcommonlyoccurringskinproblemsandsymptomsamongagriculturalworkers.Thefollowing,alongwiththeirfrequency,wasreported:
o Skinfungushadarateof58.6percento Sunburnhadarateof58.6percento Bumps,pimples,oracnehadarateof48.4percento Calluseshadarateof48.4percento Itchinghadarateof46.1percent
o Rashhadarateof42.8percent.34EyeInjuries
• Agriculturalwork,byitsnature,posesspecificrisksforeyeinjury.Someoftheseincludedifferentchemicals(pesticides,growthenhancersandfertilizers,toolsandmachinery.35Likewise,environmentalfactorsalsoposeariskduetoexposuretohazardssuchasultravioletlight,airbornesoil,particulates,pollen,humidityandplantcomponents.35
• Theseenvironmentalobjectsareknowntocauseinfections,allergicreactions,eyeirritations,andcornealandothereyetrauma.Chronicirritationandsuncancausecataracts,acloudingoftheeyelens,andpterygium,agrowththatobstructsthecornea.36
• Across-sectionalstudyofnearly300agriculturalworkersfoundthat75%reportedneverhavingavisionscreening,andthatapproximately1in10haduncorrectedmoderatetoseverevisualimpairment.37
• A more recent survey of agricultural workers in North Carolina found anincidence rate of 23.8 eye injuries per 10,000 worker years compared to thenationalincidenceof6.9eyeinjuriesper10,000workeryears.35
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