EQUIPMENT SELECTION• Your employer must:

• Be able to recognize the hazards• Be familiar with the best safety equipment available to protect

against these hazards

EQUIPMENT SELECTION

To the employee –

APPEARANCE-His appearance when wearing it

TYPES OF EQUIPMENT

EYE & FACE PROTECTION• Cover goggles• Protective spectacles• Meter goggles• Welder’s goggles• Face shields• Bal biting helmets• Welding helmets• Hand-hold shield• Acid proof hoods

Cover goggles

Protective spectaclesFlying ObjectsChipping, drilling, scaling, grinding, polishing, buffing, riveting, punching, shearing, hammer mills, crushing, heavy sawing, etc.

Flying particlesWoodworking, sanding, light metal working and machining, exposure to dust and wind, resistance welding, etc.

Welder’s goggles

Welding helmet

Injurious optical radiation- Electric arc welding, heavy gas cutting, plasma spraying and cutting,

inert gas shielded arc welding, atomic hydrogen welding

Face shield

Acid proof hood

Heat, sparks and splash from molten materials- Babbiting, casting, pouring molten metal, brazing, soldering, spot welding, stud welding, hot dipping operations.

Acid splash, chemical burns- Acid and alkali handling, degreasing, pickling and plating operations, glass breakage, chemical spray, liquid bitumen handling

FOOTWEAR

• Free shoes• Gaiter type• Leather shoes with wood soles or wood-soled sandals• Metatarsal guard shoes

FREE SHOES

GAITER TYPE

- Severe electrical hazards or fire and explosion hazards

- Splash of molten metal or from welding sparks

METATARSAL GUARDSHOES

- Where heavy materials such as pig iron & heavy casting are handled

LEG PROTECTION

• Leggings

• Knee pads

HEADGEAR

• Safety hats/ Hard hats• Must be fire resistant• Impervious to moisture• Contact with energized circuits is possible• Shells made

EAR PROTECTION

• Insert type protectors

• Muff type

HANDS AND FINGER PROTECTION

• Asbestos gloves• Chrome-tanned cowhide leather gloves• Rubber gloves• Leather gloves• Cotton or fabric gloves• Coated fabric gloves.

Asbestos gloves

Rubber gloves

- protection against heat & fire hazards

- For cleaning purposes

Leather gloves

Cotton or fabric gloves

- for added grip and for protecting their hands

-  protection against electrical shocks, extreme heat, ultraviolet and infrared.

-protect against dirt, slivers, chafing and abrasions

Coated fabric gloves

- handling bricks and wire to chemical laboratory containers

TORSO PROTECTION

• Full aprons

LUNG PROTECTION

• Filter respirator• Contained breathing apparatus• Gas mask• Air line respirator• Hose mask

FILTER RESPIRATORS

GAS MASK

AIRLINE RESPIRATOR

CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS

HEALTH HAZARDS- Chemical Hazards- Physical Hazards- Biological hazards

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Contact with the skin

Health hazards - CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Dermatitis- most common skin disease caused by contact of a number of materials used in the construction field

- Cement- Epoxy- Acids- Alkalis- Solvents- Thinners- Paints- Varnishes

- Acrylic- Formaldehyde Resins- Bricks- Stone Dust- Pitch- Tar- Bitumen (Asphalt)

Contact with the skin

Health hazards - CHEMICAL HAZARDS

DERMATITIS

Contact with the skin

Health hazards - CHEMICAL HAZARDS

CEMENT

Contact with the skin

Health hazards - CHEMICAL HAZARDS

EPOXY

Contact with the skin

Health hazards - CHEMICAL HAZARDS

PAINT

Inhalation of harmful chemicals

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Inhalation of certain dusts, fumes, gases, and vapors may cause risk to health including respiratory disorders.

- Asbestos dust- Silica dust- Carbon Monoxide- Carbon Dioxide- Hydrogen Sulfide- Nitrous fumes

- Cadmium- Lead- Heat- Noise- Welding Fumes- Zinc- Solvents

Inhalation of harmful chemicals

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Factory Smoke

Ingestion of harmful chemicals

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

The swallowing of harmful chemicals by mistake or through lack of personal hygiene is an ever-present risk

Prevention of Chemical Hazards

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

- Careful handling of chemicals- Using appropriate tools in handling chemicals- Wearing correct protective clothing- Personal cleanliness/ hygiene- Proper training and supervision- Proper labelling and containers of harmful

substances

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Cold

physical HAZARDS

Workers may be exposed to condition of extreme cold and to biting winds with rain over long periods

Dulling of mental abilities and slower muscle reaction- Bronchitis- Arthritis

VibrationVibration White Finger- most common injury from continued exposure of the hands to high frequencies of vibration from tools like drills and chipping hammer. Symptoms include slight tingling and numbness of fingers and whiteness of the tips

Vibration White Finger Hand Drill

physical HAZARDS

VibrationPrevention of vibration injuries:- use of vibration isolators- exerting the lightest pressure- maintenance of good circulation- warm hands- wearing comfortable gloves

physical HAZARDS

VibrationIsolator

Ionizing RadiationSources of Ionizing Radiation:- nuclear power stations- processing plants- laboratories- radiography- scattered radiation

physical HAZARDS

Nuclear Plant

Ionizing Radiation

The effects of exposure to ionizing radiation includes radiological dermatitis, skin burns, loss of hair, and bone cancer

physical HAZARDS

HAIR LOSSSKIN BURN

Ionizing Radiation

physical HAZARDS

Prevention of Ionizing Radiation:- The boundary of which should be a safe distance

from the radiation must have warning signs- Posting sentries along boundaries to ensure no

unauthorized person enters the danger zone- Wearing of proper protective clothing

PROTECTIVECLOTHING

Compressed Air

Compressed-Air Illness - illness caused by too-rapid decompression - can be caused by working in air at pressure above atmospheric pressure like diving activities and tunnelling

physical HAZARDS

Airplane Departure

Diseases (Compressed Air)

Type I (Mild Form) - Skin Irritation - Slight Pains in the joints- Tightness of the chest

physical HAZARDSJoint Pains

Chest Tightness

Diseases (Compressed Air)Type II (Severe Form) - Severe Pains in the joints

- Dizziness - Unconsciousness

- Possibility of death

physical HAZARDS

Dizzy

UnconsciousDeath

Lasers

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)

physical HAZARDS

- used in the construction industry that aids to setting out works involving straight line (tunnels, runways, dredging work)

Laser Distance Measuring ToolTunnel Laser Aid

Lasers

physical HAZARDS

Eye Injury - caused by looking directly into the beam of the laser Skin Burns - caused by direct contact with laser

Eye Injury

Lasers

physical HAZARDS

Prevention: - Using effective barriers that separates personnel and the

laser- Notices and Warning Signs- Wearing appropriate eye protection

Warning Sign

Laser Eye Protection Glasses

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

AFFECTS ENGAGED ON WASTE LAND SITES OR SEWERS

WASTE LAND SITE SEWER

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

DISEASELEPTOSPIRAL JAUNDICE OR WEIL’S DISEASE (LEPTOSPIROSIS)- CAUSED BY INGESTION OF FOOD OR WATER CONTAMINATED WITH URINE OF RATS- CAN BE FATAL IF NOT TREATED EARLY

Rats in a sewer

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

Toxicology

Portals of Entry

Excretion

DISEASES OF THE SKIN

Non-infective dermatitis

- Inflammation of the skin

Symptoms• Rough and raw• Itchy • Crack and sore• Rashes

Protective Measure

Good personal hygiene Creams Protective clothing

Cancer of the scrotum

Causes• Sunlight• Ionizing radiation • Hydrocarbons• Arsenic compounds

Symptoms• Wart• Ulcer

Prevention Educated workers Splash guards Protective clothing Avoidance of oily rags Good personal hygiene

Coal tar and pitch

Symptoms• Skin irritation• Itching or burning• Cold• Damage to the cornea

Prevention

Clean protective clothing Employees should be warned Report any skin disease which develops Good personal hygiene Creams

Anthrax

Causes• Tanning• Wool sorting• Manufacture of brushes• Bone-meal• Fertilizer• Glue

Symptoms

• Red-brown spot• Blisters• Inflamed tissue• Fever• Headache• Sickness• Swollen glands

Prevention

Employees should be informedCuts must be treated Good Personal hygieneProtection by immunization

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Pneumoconiosis- ‘dust in the lung’

Body defense to inhalation of dust

• Cilia

Causes

Beryllium

Organic dusts

Talc

Cobalt

Man-made Mineral fibers

Silicosis

Symptoms

• Cough• Breathlessness• Fever• Loss of weight• Bloody sputum

Prevention

personal respiratory protective equipment avoid to much exposure to dusts

Asbestosis

Symptoms

• Breathlessness• Little or no cough• Chest pain• Weak and distressed

Prevention

avoid further exposure special lung function tests chest should be X-rayed every 2 years

Mesothelioma

Cause• Exposure to asbestos especially the blue and brown

varieties

People at risk• Miners• Manufactures of asbestos• Builders • Asbestos working

Symptoms

• Breathlessness• Chest pain• Cough• Fever• Loss of weight • Weakness

Other dust causes of lung cancer

• Chromate• Nickel compounds• Benzpyrenes• Uranium and radon• Arsenic compounds

DISEASES FROM METALS

Lead

Inorganic lead

Symptoms• Fatigue• Loss of appetite• Metallic taste in the mouth• Constipation• Abdominal pain

Effects• Anemia• Abnormal products in urine• Paralysis

Effects

• Anemia• Abnormal products in the urine• Paralysis• Kidney damage

• Organic lead

Symptoms• Psychiatric disturbance• Headache• Vomiting• Dizziness• coma

Mercury

Acute mercury poisoning

Symptoms

• Cough• Tight chest• Breathlessness• Fever

Metal fume- Causes an influenza-like disease

Chromium

Effects

• Skin irritation• Ulceration• Chrome ulcers

Arsenic (As)

Effects to health

• Skin irritation• Skin cancer

Arsine

Effects to health

• Jaundice• Anemia• Urine appear red• Blistering of the skin• Lung irritation

Manganese

Effects to health

• Acute irritation of the lungs• Muscular pain• Unstable gait

Nickle (Ni)

Effects to health

• Skin sensitivity (Nickel itch)• Irritates the lungs (Broncho-pneumonia)• Cancer of the lung

Cadmium (Cd)

Effects to health

• Irritation of the eyes, nose and throat• Tightness of the chest • Shortness of breath• Coughing • Lung damage• Kidney damage• Lung cancer

Vanadium (V)

Effects to health

• Eye irritation• Shortness of breath• Chest pain• Cough• Broncho-pneumonia

PESTICIDES

Insecticides

Effects to health• Headache• Nausea • Blurred vision• Muscle twitching• Crams in the belly muscles• Sweating• Respiratory difficulties

Herbicides

Effects to health

• Damage to liver, kidney and lung

GASSING

Chlorine and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Effects to our health:

- Bronchitis- Difficulty in breathing

Carbon Monoxide

Exposure ppm Carboxyl hemoglobin Effects

200 20% Headache, flushed, breathlessness

400 40% Dizziness

500 50% Collapse

600 60% unconsciousness

Angiosarcoma

-’cancer of the lung’

Symptoms• Abdominal pain• Impaired appetite• Lose of weight• Distension of abdomen• Jaundice• death

Prevention

Reduction of exposure time with vinyl chloride and thorium dioxide

Proper use of protective equipment

NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS

Definition and cause- Unwanted sound

Sound can cause:• Annoyance• Fright• Stress• deafness

Permanent deafness

Temporary Deafness

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

WORK

PROTECTION OF HEALTH

HEALTHCARE

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS

Responsibilities of hygienists

•PRACP• PREDICTING

• RECOGNIZING

• ASSESSING

• CONTROLLING

• PREVENTING

Environmental Stressors

• GASES• FUMES• VAPORS• DUST• MIST• NOISE• RADIATION

Safety and Health Professionals

Occupational Phycisian

Industrial Toxicologist

Health Phycisist

Standards-developing organizations

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act)

The use of warning labels

Prescription of appropriate personal protective equipment

Provision of medical tests

Maintenance of accurate records

Accessibility of monitoring tests and measurement activities to employees

Availability of monitoring tests

Notification of employees

Purpose of the OSHA Process Safety Standard

• Prevention of catastrophic accidents caused by hazardous chemicals

• Companies are required to have written operating procedures and such programs to comply with the Standards.

Other Key Elements of the OSHA Process Safety Standard

• Coverage• Employee Participation• Process Safety Information• Process Hazard Analyses• Standard Operating Procedures

Coverage• Any company that uses the threshold amount of

chemicals is covered• THRESHOLD: 10,000 pounds or more of a flammable

material at one site location.

Employee participation• Employees must take part of the processes that are

required by the Standards.• Employees must be given access to information

developed as part of the program.

Process safety information• Maintain process safety files.

Process hazard analyses• Conduct Hazard Analyses for all procedures covered by

the Standard.• This is done to prevent potential problems.

Standard operating procedures• These are the procedures in the proper handling of

chemicals

Requirements for contractors• Screen Contractors • Orient Contractors • Evaluate Contractors periodically • Maintain an OSHA injury and illness log for the contractor

OSHA Regulation for Chemical Spill• HAZWOPER- Hazardous Waste Operations and

Emergency Response Standard• Emergency Action Plan (EAP)• Emergency Response Plan

Emergency action plan• An EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN should have the ff:

• Alarm Systems• Evacuation Plan• Mechanism or Procedure for emergency shutdown of the

equipment• Procedure for notifying the response personnel

Emergency response plan• The EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN requires the

comprehensive training of employees in dealing with spills.