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Ocean Acidification in Washington Image: Wikipedia Terrie Klinger School of Marine and Environmental Affairs University of Washington Washington Ocean Acidification Center

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Page 1: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Ocean Acidification in Washington

Image: Wikipedia

Terrie KlingerSchool of Marine and Environmental Affairs

University of WashingtonWashington Ocean Acidification Center

Page 2: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Image: mit.edu

The ocean has taken up about 28% of the carbon dioxide released by industry and deforestation

CO2 in the atmosphere contributes to climate changeCO2 in the water causes ocean acidification

Page 3: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Image: Wikipedia

CO2 added to seawater reduces pH and carbonate ion concentration in

the ocean

Page 4: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Source: Carol Turley, PML

The rate of change is unprecedented in 25 million years

Page 5: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Source: Marshall et al. 2017

pH at surfaceAugust 2013

pH at surfaceAugust 2063

pH in the California Current System is projected to declineDeclines will be greatest in surface waters

8.0

7.9

Page 6: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

CO2 CO2

CO2

Production−Respiration Cycle

CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2 production

CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2Orespiration

Slide courtesy RA Feely

Biological processes also add CO2to seawater

Page 7: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

CO2 CO2

CO2

Production−Respiration Cycle

CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2 production

CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2Orespiration

Slide courtesy RA Feely

California Current System rich in carbon from respiration

Page 8: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Anthropogenic CarbonHigher at surface

The anthropogenic fraction of carbon can be calculatedand is highest in surface waters

Source: Feely et al. 2016

Anthropogenic CarbonLower at depth

2013

Page 9: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Photo credit: George Grall

Biological effects?

Page 10: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Mean effect size of near-future acidification on biological response variables

Kroeker et al. 2013Haigh et al. 2015

Sunday et al. 2016

Biological effects occur across critical life processes,multiple trophic levels, and habitats

Page 11: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Planktonic shells are thinner under OA conditionsCalcification rates declineChanges in behavior occur

Image: Climate.gov

Bednarsek et al. (multiple publications)

Page 12: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Chitinous taxa are negatively affected,with consequence for prey availability

Image: Peter J. Bryant

McLaskey et al. 2016

Page 13: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Bivalve shells and byssus are smaller, weaker under OA conditions

Gaylord et al. 2011Carrington et al. 2013Sanford et al. 2014

Page 14: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Mortality of Dungeness crab larvae and juveniles increases under OA conditions

Miller et al. 2016Marshall et al. 2017

Page 15: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Copper rockfish show changes in behaviorunder OA conditions

Image: https://oceanprodivers.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/rockfish.jpgHamilton et al. 2017

Page 16: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Image: Public domain

Young pink salmon show changes in critical life-history and behavioral traits

Haigh et al. 2015Ou et al. 2015

Page 17: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Predator detection is affected in juvenile Coho salmon

Williams et al. in prep.Image: J. Weinberg

Page 18: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Harmful algae grow faster and are more toxic under OA conditions

Image : D. Anderson, Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health

Tatters et al. 2015Cochlan et al. 2016Eberlein et al. 2016Ou et al. 2017

Page 19: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Seagrass, other vegetation may ameliorate local seawater conditions

Image : T Klinger

Page 20: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Response Options?

Image : T Klinger

Page 21: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Political leadership has led to actions in Washington and elsewhere

Page 22: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

- Understand status and trends of OA in Washington’s marine waters

- Quantify the relative contribution of different acidifying factors to OA in Washington’s marine waters

- Describe biological responses of local species to OA and associated stressors

- Describe real-time corrosive seawater conditions, develop short-term forecasts and long-term projections of global and local acidification effects

Research Priorities for Washington

Page 23: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

- Understand status and trends of OA in nearshore habitats- Consider the effects of land use strategies on condition of

nearshore habitats- Explicitly include carbon in management strategies

- Reduce carbon inputs from atmospheric and terrestrial sources- Protect and preserve aquatic vegetation- Increase carbon retention and sequestration in nearshore habitats- Preserve carbon already stored in nearshore habitats

What Can MRCs Add?Lead or advocate for actions to

Page 24: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Gattuso et al. 2015

We can choose between alternative futures

Lower CO2

Better options toadapt and

manage

Higher CO2

Feweroptions toadapt and manage

Page 25: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures
Page 26: Ocean Acidification in Washington · Tatters et al. 2015. Cochlan et al. 2016. Eberlein et al. 2016. Ou et al. 2017 ... Gattuso et al. 2015. We can choose between alternative futures

Hand Science 2015

“Signature of acidification found in Permian extinctions 250 million years ago” [E. Hand, Science 2015]

Musandam mountain cliffs in the United Arab Emirates include rocks laid down during a 250-million-year-old

catastrophe that killed off 90% of life on Earth.


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