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Ocean Biomolecule Explorer for Astrobiology The Ocean Biomolecule Explorer for Astrobiology is a life detec;on instrument suite designed towards an Ocean Worlds surface mission. The instrument suite relies on the modifica;on of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) instruments combined with newly developed biochemical analysis methods to paint a picture of the biological realm on Europa’s Ocean World. This search for extant life relies on our understanding and assump;ons of Europa within the context of Earths biochemistry and known metabolic process. To gain an ini;al picture of Europa life, if present, the instrument suite is designed to detect a range of targets associated with life on Earth including basic biomolecules as well as the yield from complex metabolic process. The instrument suite will both detect the presence of extant life and provide insight into evolu;onary process on the Ocean World. 1. Determine the chemistry of the Ocean. – determine cons;tuents within the brine. i.e. Salts, oxidants, CHNOPS to asses for habitability. Retego Labs Advanced Spectrometer and New Nose instrument. 2. Detect Amino Acids and determine chirality (enan8omer) – detect amino acids if present. New Nose instrument. 3. Detect Biomarkers - Determine presence of biomolecules that are ubiquitous and unique indica;ng life and metabolic ac;vity. For example nucleic acids (ubiquitous), and F420 (unique to methanogens), S reducers, etc.. Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, Krebs cycle byproducts metabolism. – Retego Labs Advanced Spectrometer. The engineering design of the instrument suite will be designed to fit within a por;on of the resource alloca;on of the current best es;mates of the Europa lander payload (26.6 Kg, 24,900 cm 3 , 2,500 W-hrs and 2700 Mbits). The instrument package prototype proposed here will aim to achieve the following engineering parameters: 5 kg mass, 50cm 3 , 5 wa^s, and 4Mbits for suitability to propose as a Europa Lander payload instrument. The instrument package will be designed to ensure planetary protec;on is maintained and will func;on under the current Europa lander mission opera;ons scenario of a two-year cruise phase, and 30-day surface opera;onal phase on Europa. To understand the poten;al microbiome of the Europa surface and ocean, we first take a look at our current understanding of the astrobiological relevance of Europa compared to Earth. On Earth all known life requires three essen;al ingredients: 1) a building structure - carbon source, 2) an energy source- photo and chemo, and 3) liquid water. Europa has all three of these ingredients for life: 1) water brine ocean, 2) Energy from ;dal pull and Sun, and 3. Carbon from ice-photochemical reac;ons and rocky core. Imagery and Spectroscopy from the Galileo spacecrab provide specula;on to the composi;on of the Europa’s surface ice. Hydrated salts magnesium and sodium sulfates have been postulated on the surface of Europa by the Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) instrument absorp;on features indica;ve of water in non-ice hydrates (McCord et al. 1998, 1999, Orlando et al. 2005, Shirley et al. 2010, Pappalardo et al. 2013). Oxidized species such as hydrogen peroxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, and oxygen have been suggested (Carlson et. al, 1999 and 2002) to comprise the darker material. The instrument suite can detect these oxidants and the microbial load at 10 3 cells/gram equivalent. References: Carlson, R.W., et al. (1999) Hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Europa. Science 283:2062–2064. Carlson, R.W., et al. (2002) Sulfuric acid produc;on on Europa: the radiolysis of sulfur in water ice. Icarus 157:456–463. McCord, T.B., et al. (1998) Salts on Europa’s surface detected by Galileo’s Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer. Science 280:1242–1245. McCord, T.B. et al. (1999) Hydrated salt minerals on Europa’s surface from the Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) inves;ga;on. J Geophys Res 104:11827–11851. Orlando, T.M.,et al. (2005) The chemical nature of Europa surface material and the rela;on to a subsurface ocean. Icarus 177:528–533. Pappalardo, R.T., et al. 2013. Science poten;al from a Europa lander. Astrobiology, 13(8), pp.740-773. H.D. Smith 1 A. G. Duncan 2 , C.R. Lloyd 2 , and L. Merrill 2 1. Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Ca 94035, 2. Retego Labs, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84341 • COTS instrument designed for brine water analysis for the mining industry. Over 25 assays developed • 2 year shelf stable reagent mixtures. • Hand-held, ba^ery powered. operates in cold environments on Earth (-4 o C) Image Galileo PIA 02590

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Page 1: Ocean Biomolecule Explorer for Astrobiology - USRA · Krebs cycle byproducts metabolism. – Retego Labs Advanced Spectrometer. The engineering design of the instrument suite will

OceanBiomoleculeExplorerforAstrobiologyTheOceanBiomoleculeExplorerforAstrobiologyisalifedetec;oninstrumentsuitedesignedtowardsanOceanWorldssurfacemission.Theinstrumentsuitereliesonthemodifica;onofcommercialoff-the-shelf(COTS)instrumentscombinedwithnewlydevelopedbiochemicalanalysismethodstopaintapictureofthebiologicalrealmonEuropa’sOceanWorld.Thissearchforextantlifereliesonourunderstandingandassump;onsofEuropawithinthecontextofEarthsbiochemistryandknownmetabolicprocess.Togainanini;alpictureofEuropalife,ifpresent,theinstrumentsuiteisdesignedtodetectarangeoftargetsassociatedwithlifeonEarthincludingbasicbiomoleculesaswellastheyieldfromcomplexmetabolicprocess.Theinstrumentsuitewillbothdetectthepresenceofextantlifeandprovideinsightintoevolu;onaryprocessontheOceanWorld.

1.   DeterminethechemistryoftheOcean.–determinecons;tuentswithinthebrine.i.e.Salts,oxidants,CHNOPStoassesforhabitability.RetegoLabsAdvancedSpectrometerandNewNoseinstrument.2.DetectAminoAcidsanddeterminechirality(enan8omer)–detectaminoacidsifpresent.NewNoseinstrument.3.DetectBiomarkers-Determinepresenceofbiomoleculesthatareubiquitousanduniqueindica;nglifeandmetabolicac;vity.Forexamplenucleicacids(ubiquitous),andF420(uniquetomethanogens),Sreducers,etc..Photosynthesis,chemosynthesis,Krebscyclebyproductsmetabolism.–RetegoLabsAdvancedSpectrometer.

Theengineeringdesignoftheinstrumentsuitewillbedesignedtofitwithinapor;onoftheresourcealloca;onofthecurrentbestes;matesoftheEuropalanderpayload(26.6Kg,24,900cm3,2,500W-hrsand2700Mbits).Theinstrumentpackageprototypeproposedherewillaimtoachievethefollowingengineeringparameters:5kgmass,50cm3,5wa^s,and4MbitsforsuitabilitytoproposeasaEuropaLanderpayloadinstrument.Theinstrumentpackagewillbedesignedtoensureplanetaryprotec;onismaintainedandwillfunc;onunderthecurrentEuropalandermissionopera;onsscenarioofatwo-yearcruisephase,and30-daysurfaceopera;onalphaseonEuropa.

Tounderstandthepoten;almicrobiomeoftheEuropasurfaceandocean,wefirsttakealookatourcurrentunderstandingoftheastrobiologicalrelevanceofEuropacomparedtoEarth.OnEarthallknownliferequiresthreeessen;alingredients:1)abuildingstructure-carbonsource,2)anenergysource-photoandchemo,and3)liquidwater.Europahasallthreeoftheseingredientsforlife:1)waterbrineocean,2)Energyfrom;dalpullandSun,and3.Carbonfromice-photochemicalreac;onsandrockycore.ImageryandSpectroscopyfromtheGalileospacecrabprovidespecula;ontothecomposi;onoftheEuropa’ssurfaceice.HydratedsaltsmagnesiumandsodiumsulfateshavebeenpostulatedonthesurfaceofEuropabytheGalileoNear-InfraredMappingSpectrometer(NIMS)instrumentabsorp;onfeaturesindica;veofwaterinnon-icehydrates(McCordetal.1998,1999,Orlandoetal.2005,Shirleyetal.2010,Pappalardoetal.2013).Oxidizedspeciessuchashydrogenperoxide,carbondioxide,sulfurdioxide,sulfuricacid,andoxygenhavebeensuggested(Carlsonet.al,1999and2002)tocomprisethedarkermaterial.Theinstrumentsuitecandetecttheseoxidantsandthemicrobialloadat103cells/gramequivalent.

References:Carlson,R.W.,etal.(1999)HydrogenperoxideonthesurfaceofEuropa.Science283:2062–2064.Carlson,R.W.,etal.(2002)Sulfuricacidproduc;ononEuropa:theradiolysisofsulfurinwaterice.Icarus157:456–463.McCord,T.B.,etal.(1998)SaltsonEuropa’ssurfacedetectedbyGalileo’sNear-InfraredMappingSpectrometer.Science280:1242–1245.McCord,T.B.etal.(1999)HydratedsaltmineralsonEuropa’ssurfacefromtheGalileoNear-InfraredMappingSpectrometer(NIMS)inves;ga;on.JGeophysRes104:11827–11851.Orlando,T.M.,etal.(2005)ThechemicalnatureofEuropasurfacematerialandtherela;ontoasubsurfaceocean.Icarus177:528–533.Pappalardo,R.T.,etal.2013.Sciencepoten;alfromaEuropalander.Astrobiology,13(8),pp.740-773.

H.D. Smith1 A. G. Duncan2, C.R. Lloyd2, and L. Merrill2 1. Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Ca 94035, 2. Retego Labs, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84341

•  COTSinstrumentdesignedforbrinewateranalysisfortheminingindustry.Over25assaysdeveloped

•  2yearshelfstablereagent

mixtures.

•  Hand-held,ba^erypowered.operatesincoldenvironmentsonEarth(-4oC)

ImageGalileoPIA02590

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