Oceanographic Observations in the Northern Bay of Bengal Deep Convection during CTCZ

ORV SAGAR KANYA CRUISE 261

(14 July to 18 August 2009)

Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Ministry of Earth Sciences) Pune-411 008

Data, images, plots in this report should not be used without prior permission of data

holder/contact person

Cover Page: Snapshot of the location at which atmospheric/oceanic observations are taken on 11th August, 2009 1800 hrs at 19°N, 84.9°E (Photo taken by Dr. Subodh Kumar Saha, IITM)

REPORT ON CRUISE 261 OF ORV SAGAR KANYA

Contents 1.0 Summary 2.0 Cruise track 3.0 Introduction 4.0 Itinerary 5.0 Cruise participants

5.1 Scientific component 5.2 Ship's component

6.0 Objectives 7.0 Work accomplished

7.1 Work plan 7.2 Physical oceanography (IITM, NIO) 7.3 Air-sea fluxes, upper-air temperature and water vapor (SPL/IISC) 7.4 Aerosol measurements (SPL, IITM, SKU) 7.5 Atmospheric electricity measurements (IITM) 7.6 Surface synoptic observations (IISC, NIO, IITM) 7.7 Light penetration in the ocean (AU, INCOIS) 7.8 Biological Oceanography (NIO, NIORCK) 7.9 Isotopic Analysis of Ocean/Rain water (IITM, IISC)

8.0 Performance of the equipment used 9.0 Performance of the ship 10.0 Conclusions 11.0 Recommendations 12.0 Acknowledgements

Appendix I. Training imparted

1.0 SUMMARY The tropical convergence zone (TCZ), moves over Indian subcontinent during summer monsoon season, to differentiate it from popularly known TCZ, researchers named it as Continental Tropical Convergence Zone (CTCZ). In general, the CTCZ spreads all the way from Bay of Bengal to the northwestern India during summer monsoon season. During the active phase of monsoon the CTCZ extends from western Pacific to central India. In break phase, however, the CTCZ moves further northward to the foot hills of Himalayas. It is well known that variations in its position and strength in terms of deep convection and rainfall determine the good monsoon or bad monsoon over Indian subcontinent. Under the auspices of Indian Climate Research Program (ICRP), a multi-discipline research initiative has been taken up by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India to understand the genesis and propagation of synoptic systems along the CTCZ. The major objective of the CTCZ program is to understand the space time variations of this CTCZ. The deep convection normally generates over the Bay of Bengal/western Pacific and then propagate northwestward on to the Indian subcontinent, giving copious rainfall over India. The most important coupled parameter between atmosphere and ocean is variations in SST. According to previous studies, the sea surface temperature should be above 28.5oC to generate convection in open oceans. Bay of Bengal SSTs remain above this threshold SST throughout the year and particularly in the summer monsoon. Therefore, it is interesting to understand the mechanisms that are responsible to maintain the warm SSTs in the Bay of Bengal. The role of the low-salinity surface layer in the northern bay and its potential role in the genesis of disturbances (low-pressure systems) have been mentioned in the CTCZ Science Plan (CTCZ SP). The potential of this low-salinity surface layer in air-sea interaction is obvious: it keeps the mixed layer shallow, allowing rapid recovery from the cooling associated with an active phase. The low-salinity layer is due to in situ rainfall, and the freshwater discharge from the Ganga and Brahmaputra, which empty into the northern bay. The CTCZ SP spells out the importance of the ocean in the northward propagation of the TCZ over the Bay of Bengal. To understand and investigate the above, a focused ocean observational program to map the hydrography of the northern and southern bay is planned as a pilot study this year. As a part of this pilot study, we have undertaken simultaneous ocean/atmospheric observations in the northern and southern Bay of Bengal using two research vessels. This is the first time ever; such an intense and simultaneous observational program is planned in the Bay of Bengal in recent times. This cruise, SK-261, is the first of several cruises planned for the CTCZ observational program. The vessel, ORV Sagar Kanya, sailed from Chennai on 16 July 2009 and was back in Chennai on 17 August 2009. At the same time, ORV Sagar nidhi is sampling the southern Bay of Bengal with similar objectives. We are fortunate to cover the active and break monsoon periods during our observational campaign. We have captured the response of the upper ocean during both these periods using CTD, XBT, XCTD and ADCP, and we hope to obtain new results from the data collected. The observational program on board Sagar Kanya covered various aspects of the ocean and atmosphere that will play a very important role in modulation of the monsoon rainfall. We have also made intense observations in other fields of atmospheric/ocean sciences during the cruise

period, that include observations of atmospheric boundary layer, atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric aerosols, ocean biology, and penetration of radiation into the upper ocean. The cruise can essentially be divided into three parts. Before proceeding to carryout oceanographic observations, both Sagar Kanya and Sagar Nidhi made a brief stop at 89oE, 11oN to inter compare the CTD instruments from both the ships. We also made observations at a fixed location for fifteen days (a time series giving high-resolution temporal coverage) and the other during which the vessel sailed over the northern Bay of Bengal, stopping at `stations' (spatial coverage). The time-series location (TSL; 89oE, 19oN) was chosen to lie within the deep convection region in the northern Bay of Bengal with an aim to cover the response of the upper ocean to active convection and its probable role in generating another spell of active convection. Other important aspect we have covered during this TSL period is the role of fresh water on SST. The sections were designed to permit the vessel to cover the maximum area possible while ensuring a reasonably dense coverage of the northern Bay of Bengal. In particular, the sections are expected to yield information on the role of fresh water on upper ocean circulation and the extent of fresh water. We have utilized the opportunity of this cruise to carryout additional observations, particularly inter-comparison studies of various CTD instruments and deployment of Argo floats, drifting buoys. We have also collected water samples at various locations to study the ocean biology and to carryout isotopic analysis. The observations included both oceanic and atmospheric components. The oceanic component primarily involved subsurface temperature and salinity measurements using a SeaBird SBE 9/11 Plus CTD system, Idronaut ocean seven 320 plus online CTD, SeaCAT portable CTD and direct current measurements using a vessel-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (VM-ADCP). All together 285 CTD casts, 20 XBT profiles, 10 XCTD profiles are collected. Portable CTD was deployed with all the CTD casts. A `NSEW plus' was also done on every night at the TSL with 3 nautical miles spacing between the TSL and each end of the plus. The atmospheric component primarily involved continuous measurement of surface meteorological conditions and of air-sea fluxes of heat and water vapor using automatic weather stations, and radiosonde launches at synoptic hours. A total of 58 (19) Vaisala (Pisharothy) radiosondes were launched during this cruise. In addition, continuous measurements were made of aerosol concentrations and their size and mass distribution, and of atmospheric ions, conductivity, and electric field throughout the cruise. The rest of this report describes the experiments carried out during cruise SK-261 by the various groups involved in the pilot phase of CTCZ.

2.0 CRUISE TRACK

Proposed cruise track Modified and actual cruise track

Due to problems with water sample rosette, we have to change the cruise plan and therefore both old and new cruise tracks are shown above. 3.0 INTRODUCTION The Indian Climate Research Programme (ICRP) identified the outstanding problems in meteorology and oceanography that need to be addressed for a better understanding of climate systems. To meet the goals of ICRP, two major field programmes were proposed earlier. The first field experiment under this programme, the Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX), and the second field experiment proposed under this programme is the Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX). Now under CTCZ program an intensive observational program is planned in Bay of Bengal. This is the first pilot phase cruise under this program. CTCZ addresses the spatial and temporal variations along the continental tropical convergence zone that are linked to monsoon rainfall over India. The goal of CTCZ is to understand the spatial and temporal variability in CTCZ and to investigate the role of various ocean, atmosphere, and land-surface processes on Indian summer monsoon rainfall. The oceanic and atmospheric observations sought to be made on board ORV Sagar Kanya/Sagar Nidhi form a major component of the ocean-marine atmosphere component being made during CTCZ and are being complemented by other sources of data.

This cruise, SK-261, is the first oceanographic observational program during CTCZ pilot phase. The vessel, ORV Sagar Kanya, sailed from Chennai on 16 July 2009 and was back in Chennai on 17 August 2009. 30 scientists and engineers from 7 institutions participated in the cruise. All of the planned experiments were successfully carried out and we have carried out additional observations also during the cruise. 4.0 ITINERARY Departure: Chennai, 16 July 2009 Arrival: Chennai, 17 August 2009 5.0 PARTICIPANTS 5.1 Scientific component

1 Anguluri Suryachandra Rao, Chief Scientist, IITM 2 Mahapatra Somnath, IITM 3 Saha Subodh Kumar, IITM 4 Pokhrel Samir, IITM 5 Dhakate Ashish Ramesh, IITM 6 C. Thelliyil Sabeerali, IITM 7 Lal Deen Mani Lal, IITM 8 Budhavant Krishnakant, IITM 9 Kulkarni Santosh Hanmantrao, IITM

10 Kunchala Ravi Kumar, IITM 11 Damodaran Sundar, Deputy chief scientist, NIO 12 Suneel Vasimalla, NIO 13 Dhiraj Dhondiram Narale, NIO 14 Nikathithara Velappan Madhu , NIO RCK 15 Tania Guha, IISC 16 Usha Kalpana, IISC 17 Varma Tarun, IISC 18 Deepeshkumar Maheshkumar , IISC 19 Sudhakaran Syamala Prijith , IISC 20 Santosh Muralidharan Iyer, SPL/VSSC 21 Kompalli Sobhan Kumar, SPL/VSSC 22 Girach Imran Abdulsatar, SPL/VSSC 23 Ayyala Somayajula Srikanth, AU 24 Reddi Rama Venkata Suresh, AU 25 Gugamsetty Balakrishnaiah, SKU 26 Vijay J. Parmar, NCAOR 27 Biju Vikraman Nair, NORINCO 28 Tachezhath Baiju, NORINCO 29 Thangaraj Ramesh, NORINCO 30 Madar Parshuram Durgappa, NORINCO

5.2 Ship's complement

1 Capt Amarjeet Singh Master 2 Sidney Britto CO 3 J.A.Coutinho 2O 4 Ajay Kumar 3O 5 Kavaldhari Yadav TNO 6 Ankit Kumar Tyagi TNO 7 Anusha Kumar Naik TNO 8 Dr.Kamal K. Gupta Med/Off 9 Rex Horwood Rad/Offr.

10 Alex Inas Fernandes Pur/Off 11 Saubhagya Kr. Sahoo Ch.E/Offr 12 Danny Francis Alappat 2EO 13 Deepak Bisht A3EO 14 Ashok Kumar Kispotta 4EO 15 Narayan Ramu Dagade EEO 16 Chandraprakash J. Singh EEO 17 Norman Joseph Dias CTO 18 V.V.Ramesh ERPO 19 Kasi Nath Makhal POM 20 Chandeshwar Prasad POM 21 Mohammed Saleem A. D/Serang 22 Lalji Sakar Solanki S/H/Man 23 Abdul Latif S/H/Man 24 Mohd. Shabbir M.Sk. S/H/Man 25 Amit P.Panchal S/H/Man 26 P.B.Kunhi Ahmed SM-I 27 Devram K.Gharat SM-I 28 Pardeep Kumar SM2 29 S.D.Tandel Tr.Sman 30 Devji N.Solanki DUH 31 Satish Cr.Ck 32 M.Raphel Sebastan ER.Sngr 33 Vijyender B. Thakur D.G. 34 Iswar S. Makwana D.G. 35 Sanjoy Kumar Ghosh D.G. 36 Chanderhas ERR2 37 Mukesh J.Baria ERR2 38 Jigneshkumar S. Patel ERR2 39 Pedro Almeida C/C/Bkr. 40 Sumesh P. Kunhikannan 2nd Ck 41 Paras Prakash Dandekar 2nd Ck 42 Shukhen Bar 3rd Ck 43 P.Vishvanatha P/Man 44 T.S.Fernandes G/Stwd. 45 Caraciolo F. Furtado G/Stwd. 46 Antonio S.M.Gonsalves G.Stwd. 47 Vinodbhai L. Tandel G.Stwd 48 Bhupesh R.Chavan G.Stwd 49 Anthony S.Pereira G.Stwd. 50 Jayesgkumar H.Tandel S/U/Hand 51 Bahadur P.Moti S/U/Hand 52 Premji D.Solanki L'man 53 Debasish Biswas Tr.Sman 54 Mrs.Mischial J. Chengalai S'Numry

6.0 OBJECTIVES The role of the low-salinity surface layer in the northern bay and its potential role in the genesis of disturbances (low-pressure systems) have been mentioned in several studies in the past. The potential of this low-salinity surface layer in air-sea interaction is obvious: it keeps the mixed layer shallow, allowing rapid recovery from the cooling associated with an active phase. We do not know, however, what is the relative importance of in situ rainfall over the northern bay, which is considerable, and the freshwater influx due to rivers? Are there regimes within the northern bay in which one dominates over the other? Hydrographic sections using CTD and XBT/XCTD are needed in the northern, northeastern, and central bay to map the spatial variability of the low-salinity surface layer. This cruise aims at fulfilling this requirement of the CTCZ implementation plan. The major objectives of this cruise are as follows (1) Collecting oceanographic data during a cruise in the northern Bay of Bengal during the pilot phase of the CTCZ program in 2009. (2) Mapping the hydrography of the northern and central Bay of Bengal using CTD, XBT, and XCTD measurements. (3) Collect data in atmospheric boundary layer using radio sondes (4) Collect water samples for studying ocean biology and for isotopic analysis of sea water. 7.0 WORK ACCOMPLISHED 7.1 Work Plan The cruise can essentially be divided into three parts. During first one intercomparison of CTD and radiometer instruments was carried out at 89oE/11oN from 18th July, 2009 to 19th July. 2009. Second one is the time series observations at 89oE/19oN during which measurements were made at a fixed location (a time series giving temporal coverage), and the other during which the vessel sailed over the northern Bay of Bengal, stopping at `stations' (spatial coverage). The time-series location (TSL; 89oE, 19oN) was chosen to lie within the deep convection region in the northern Bay of Bengal with an aim to cover the response of the upper ocean to active convection and its probable role in generating another spell of active convection. Other important aspect we have covered during this TSL period is the role of fresh water on SST. The sections were designed to permit the vessel to cover the maximum area possible while ensuring a reasonably dense coverage of the northern Bay of Bengal. In particular, the sections are expected to yield information on the role of fresh water on upper ocean circulation and the extent of fresh water. We have utilized the opportunity of this cruise to carryout additional observations, particularly inter-comparison studies of various CTD instruments and deployment of Argo floats, drifting buoys. We have also collected water samples at various locations to study the ocean biology and to carryout isotopic analysis. 7.2 Physical Oceanography

CTD Observations during CTCZ cruise

[Team: Rao, A. S., Mahapatra, S., Subodh, S., Pokhrel, S., Dhakate, A., Sabeer Ali, S., Ravikumar (IITM), D. Sundar, Sunil V., (NIO) Srikant,K., Suresh, R.R.V., (AU)]

Supporting team :Tania, G., Usha, K. (IISC) Objectives:

1) To study the air sea interaction in the deep convective regions of northern Bay of Bengal.

2) Collecting oceanographic data during a cruise in the northern Bay of Bengal during the pilot phase of the CTCZ program in 2009.

3) Mapping the hydrography of the northern and central Bay of Bengal using CTD, XBT, and XCTD measurements.

Observations:

On 18 and 19th July observations were carried out at every 2 hours interval at (11o N, 89o E) inter comparison location (ICL).

From 19th July 14:00 hrs to 22 July 10:00 hrs one meridional section (“ma”) along 89° E was covered with CTD casts upto 760 m at every degree starting from 11o N to 19o N.

At 19o N, 89o 04’ E Time Series Location (TSL) observations were taken from 22 July 10:00 hrs to 6 August 12:00 hrs the CTD observations were taken at every 2 hrs interval. The CTD casts are up to 760 m from 6:00 hrs IST to 18:00 hrs IST and at every 3 hrs interval from 18:00 hrs to 6:00 hrs IST. In between every 3hrs CTD cast the shallow cast of 150 m was taken from North, South, East and West location (3 nautical miles) of the central location.

Immediately after the TSL observations, ship navigated along a 3 nautical miles square to estimate the misalignment angel of the VM-ADCP.

The next Meridional section (“mb”) covered was from TSL to 20o 43’ N, 88o 16’ E. Total 8 CTD casts were taken in this section with first 4 casts of 1000m and rest 4 were shallow casts due to shallow depths while approaching near the coast.

Along meridional section (“mc”) we took CTD observations along a line from 21° 06’ N, 89° 15’ E to 19° N, 90° 08’ E - total 9 castings were done. First 6 casts were shallow and rest 3 casts were of 760m.

After meridional section mc we took 15 observations along a 19o N zonal section (“za”) from 90o 08’ E to 84o 54’ E. First 10 casts are upto 760 m and rest were shallow.

The next meridional section (“md”) covered was from 19o 52’ N, 86o 27’ E to 19o N, 87o E in a straight line. Out of 7 casts first two were upto 100m and next 5 cast were up to 760 m.

After completing the originally planned stations, three inter-comparison locations are added to the cruise plan to compare Idronaut and Seabird CTD's (19o N, 87o E; 17o 05’ N, 88o 10’ E; 15o 50’ N, 86o 50’ E). Two casts of each CTD up to 1000m were taken in all these 3 locations to carry out the intercomparison studies.

The last meridional section (“me”) was covered in a straight line from 17o 12’ N, 82o 50’E to 16o 40’N, 83o 13’E

Table 1: Details of the subsurface Profiles collected during the cruise

Stn.No Date Time Latitude Longitude Idronaut

CTD Depth START END

1 17.07.2009 11.56 13.34 11° 47. 32'

N 085° 48. 38' E SK261001 1000 Mtrs 2 18.07.2009 12:10 12.45 11° 00. 47' N 089° 00. 79' E SK261002 500 Mtrs 3 18.07.2009 13.59 14.27 11° 00. 48' N 089° 00. 75' E SK261003 500 Mtrs 4 18.07.2009 16.01 16.38 11° 00. 47' N 089° 00. 76' E SK261004 760 Mtrs 5 18.07.2009 17.57 18.47 11° 00. 47' N 089° 00. 76' E SK261005 760 Mtrs 6 18.07.2009 19:56 20:36 11° 00. 47' N 089° 00. 76' E SK261006 760 Mtrs 7 18.07.2009 22:00 22:35 11° 00. 47' N 089° 00. 76' E SK261007 760 Mtrs 8 18.07.2009 23:58 00:42 11° 00. 47' N 089° 00. 76' E SK261008 760 Mtrs SK261009 SK261010 9 19.07.2009 02:30 03:02 11° 00. 47' N 089° 00. 76' E SK261011 760 Mtrs 10 19.07.2009 03:59 04:41 11° 00. 47' N 089° 00. 76' E SK261012 760 Mtrs 11 19.07.2009 05:56 06:50 11° 00. 48' N 089° 00. 75' E SK261013 760 Mtrs 12 19.07.2009 08:01 08:47 11° 00. 66' N 089° 00. 82' E SK261014 760 Mtrs 13 19.07.2009 10:00 10:35 11° 00. 66' N 089° 00. 82' E SK261016 760 Mtrs 14 19.07.2009 11:56 12:45 11° 00. 66' N 089° 00. 82' E SK261017 760 Mtrs 15 19.07.2009 14:02 14:41 11° 00. 66' N 089° 00. 82' E SK261018 760 Mtrs 16 19.07.2009 21:32 22:19 12° 00. 40' N 089° 00. 00' E SK261019 760 Mtrs 17 20.07.2009 05:29 06:19 13° 00. 00' N 089° 00. 00' E SK261020 760 Mtrs 18 20.07.2009 14:07 15:07 14° 00. 06' N 089° 00. 40' E SK261021 760 Mtrs 19 20.07.2009 22:33 23:19 14° 59. 86' N 089° 00. 18' E SK261022 760 Mtrs 20 21.07.2009 06:56 07:51 15° 59. 00' N 089° 00. 00' E SK261023 760 Mtrs 21 21.07.2009 17:04 17:06 16° 59. 67' N 089° 00. 52' E C5_00018 22 21.07.2009 17:15 17:30 17° 01. 32' N 089° 01. 00' E C5_00019 1000 Mtrs 23 22.07.2009 00:57 01:45 18° 00. 00' N 089° 00. 39' E SK261024 760 Mtrs 24 22.07.2009 10:03 10:54 19° 00. 81' N 089° 04. 24' E SK261025 760 Mtrs 25 22.07.2009 14:03 14:41 19° 00. 59' N 089° 04. 14' E SK261026 760 Mtrs 26 22.07.2009 16.06 16:44 19° 00. 34' N 089° 04. 27' E SK261027 760 Mtrs 27 22.07.2009 18.02 18.39 19° 00. 75' N 089° 04. 95' E SK261028 760 Mtrs 28 22.07.2009 19.28 19.39 19° 03. 03' N 089° 04. 09' E SK261029 150 Mtrs 29 22.07.2009 20:55 21.33 18° 59. 98' N 089° 04. 27' E SK261030 760 Mtrs 30 22.07.2009 22.39 22.47 18° 57. 01' N 089° 04. 07' E SK261031 150 Mtrs 31 22.07.2009 23:57 00:37 19° 00. 15' N 089° 04. 03' E SK261032 760 Mtrs 32 23.07.2009 1:28 1:38 19° 00. 16' N 089° 07. 08' E SK261033 150 Mtrs 33 23.07.2009 03:05 03:42 19° 00. 21' N 089° 04. 07' E SK261034 760 Mtrs 34 23.07.2009 04:32 04:43 19° 00. 19' N 089° 01. 09' E SK261035 150 Mtrs 35 23.07.2009 05:51 06:32 19° 00. 31' N 089° 04. 58' E SK261036 760 Mtrs 36 23.07.2009 8:03 8:12 18° 59. 86' N 089° 04. 58' E SK261037 760 Mtrs

37 23.07.2009 8:13 8:47 18° 59. 86' N 089° 04. 58' E SK261038 760 Mtrs 38 23.07.2009 9:58 10:47 18° 59. 86' N 089° 03. 81' E SK261039 760 Mtrs 39 23.07.2009 11:57 12:41 18° 59. 86' N 089° 03. 81' E SK261040 760 Mtrs 40 23.07.2009 14:00 14:40 18° 59. 86' N 089° 03. 81' E SK261041 760 Mtrs 41 23.07.2009 15:56 16:52 18° 59. 80' N 089° 03. 86' E SK261042 1000 Mtrs 42 23.07.2009 17:15 17:25 18° 59. 87' N 089° 03. 80' E SK261043 120 Mtrs 43 23.07.2009 17:59 18:40 18° 59. 87' N 089° 03. 80' E SK261044 760 Mtrs 44 23.07.2009 19:55 20:06 19° 02. 94' N 089° 03. 98' E SK261045 150 Mtrs 45 23.07.2009 21:03 21:45 18° 59. 98' N 089° 04. 06' E SK261046 760 Mtrs 46 23.07.2009 22:41 22:53 18° 56. 95' N 089° 03. 96' E SK261047 150 Mtrs 47 23.07.2009 23:59 0:39 19° 00. 07' N 089° 04. 15' E SK261048 760 Mtrs 48 24.07.2009 1:33 1:45 19° 00. 29' N 089° 07. 23' E SK261049 150 Mtrs 49 24.07.2009 2:57 3:37 19° 04. 19' N 089° 04. 19' E SK261050 750 Mtrs 50 24.07.2009 4:35 4:50 19° 01. 15' N 089° 01. 15' E SK261051 150 Mtrs 51 24.07.2009 6:00 6:42 19° 00. 31' N 089° 04. 07' E SK261052 760 Mtrs 52 24.07.2009 7:57 8:45 19° 00. 31' N 089° 04. 70' E SK261053 760 Mtrs 53 24.07.2009 10:02 10:47 18° 59. 93' N 089° 04. 12' E SK261054 760 Mtrs 54 24.07.2009 11:58 12:38 18° 59. 92' N 089° 04. 11' E SK261055 760 Mtrs 55 24.07.2009 13:58 14:36 19° 00. 04' N 089° 04. 17' E SK261056 760 Mtrs 56 24.07.2009 15:59 16:34 19° 00. 04' N 089° 04. 17' E SK261057 760 Mtrs 57 24.07.2009 18:13 18:51 19° 00. 27' N 089° 04. 39' E SK261058 760 Mtrs 58 24.07.2009 19:45 19:57 19° 03. 20' N 089° 04. 25' E SK261059 150 Mtrs 59 24.07.2009 21:05 21:45 18° 59. 89' N 089° 04. 07' E SK261060 760 Mtrs 60 24.07.2009 22:39 22:49 18° 57. 02' N 089° 04. 21' E SK261061 150 Mtrs 61 24.07.2009 23:56 0:34 19° 00. 05' N 089° 04. 04' E SK261062 750 Mtrs 62 25.07.2009 1:21 1:32 19° 00. 19' N 089° 07. 19' E SK261063 150 Mtrs 63 25.07.2009 3:06 3:45 18° 59. 87' N 089° 03. 98' E SK261064 760 Mtrs 64 25.07.2009 4:52 5:03 19° 00. 29' N 089° 01. 36' E SK261065 150 Mtrs 65 25.07.2009 6:03 6:40 18° 59. 93' N 089° 04. 17' E SK261066 760 Mtrs 66 25.07.2009 7:59 8:53 18° 59. 93' N 089° 04. 17' E SK261067 760 Mtrs 67 25.07.2009 10:00 10:42 18° 59. 93' N 089° 04. 17' E SK261068 760 Mtrs 68 25.07.2009 11:57 12:38 18° 59. 93' N 089° 04. 17' E SK261069 760 Mtrs 69 25.07.2009 14:06 14:48 18° 59. 81' N 089° 04. 41' E SK261070 760 Mtrs 70 25.07.2009 15:55 16:48 18° 59. 70' N 089° 05. 02' E SK261071 760Mtrs 71 25.07.2009 17:59 18:42 18° 59. 95' N 089° 04. 14' E SK261072 760 Mtrs 72 25.07.2009 19:59 20:09 19° 02. 94' N 089° 04. 28' E SK261073 150 Mtrs 73 25.07.2009 21:08 21:47 19° 00. 01' N 089° 04. 20' E SK261074 760 Mtrs 74 25.07.2009 22:40 22:49 18° 57. 04' N 089° 04. 51' E SK261075 150 Mtrs 75 26.07.2009 0:27 1:08 19° 00. 27' N 089° 04. 60' E SK261076 760 Mtrs 76 26.07.2009 1:50 2:04 19° 00. 02' N 089° 07. 26' E SK261077 150 Mtrs 77 26.07.2009 3:00 3:40 19° 00. 00' N 089° 04. 05' E SK261078 760 Mtrs 78 26.07.2009 5:56 6:09 19° 59. 89' N 089° 02. 06' E SK261079 150 Mtrs 79 26.07.2009 7:01 7:16 19° 00. 23' N 089° 05. 13' E T7_00020 760 Mtrs 80 26.07.2009 8:43 9:16 19° 00. 54' N 089° 05. 82' E SK261080 500 Mtrs 81 26.07.2009 10:20 11:01 18° 59. 89' N 089° 04. 48' E SK261081 520 Mtrs 82 26.07.2009 11:56 12:23 19° 00. 05' N 089° 04. 14' E SK261082 600 Mtrs 83 26.07.2009 12:29 12:36 19° 00. 26' N 089° 04. 85' E SK261083 600 Mtrs 84 26.07.2009 13:56 14:34 19° 00. 49' N 089° 06. 52' E SK261084 760 Mtrs

85 26.07.2009 14:36 14:42 19° 00. 49' N 089° 06. 52' E SK261085 760 Mtrs 86 26.07.2009 16:58 17:47 19° 00. 68' N 089° 05. 66' E SK261086 760 Mtrs 87 26.07.2009 18:48 19:04 19° 03. 10' N 089° 04. 34' E SK261087 150 Mtrs 88 26.07.2009 20:52 21:38 19° 00. 13' N 089° 04. 60' E SK261088 760 Mtrs 89 26.07.2009 22:47 22:56 18° 56. 86' N 089° 03. 82' E SK261089 150 Mtrs 90 26.07.2009 23:57 0:39 19° 00. 01' N 089° 04. 13' E SK261090 760 Mtrs 91 27.07.2009 1:28 1:40 19° 00. 06' N 089° 07. 26' E SK261091 150 Mtrs 92 27.07.2009 3:01 3:43 19° 00. 06' N 089° 04. 17' E SK261092 760 Mtrs 93 27.07.2009 5:01 5:14 19° 00. 14' N 089° 01. 36' E SK261093 150 Mtrs 94 27.07.2009 6:15 6:54 19° 00. 14' N 089° 01. 36' E SK261094 760 Mtrs 95 27.07.2009 8:05 8:44 19° 00. 13' N 089° 04. 13' E SK261095 760 Mtrs 96 27.07.2009 9:59 10:43 19° 00. 13' N 089° 04. 13' E SK261096 760 Mtrs 97 27.07.2009 12:04 12:39 19° 00. 07' N 089° 04. 18' E SK261097 760 Mtrs 98 27.07.2009 12:41 12:52 19° 00. 07' N 089° 04. 18' E SK261098 760 Mtrs 99 27.07.2009 13:57 14:40 19° 00. 32' N 089° 04. 54' E SK261099 760 Mtrs

100 27.07.2009 15:57 16:36 19° 01. 21' N 089° 06. 86' E SK261100 760 Mtrs 101 27.07.2009 17:53 18:35 19° 00. 39' N 089° 04. 11' E SK261101 760 Mtrs 102 27.07.2009 19:26 19:36 19° 03. 07' N 089° 04. 07' E SK261102 150 Mtrs 103 27.07.2009 20:49 21:31 19° 00. 44' N 089° 04. 18' E SK261103 760 Mtrs 104 27.07.2009 22:46 22:57 18° 57. 01' N 089° 03. 87' E SK261104 150 Mtrs 105 28.07.2009 0:00 0:42 19° 00. 07' N 089° 04. 01' E SK261105 760 Mtrs 106 28.07.2009 1:41 1:46 19° 00. 07' N 089° 07. 62' E SK261106 160 Mtrs 107 28.07.2009 2:53 3:31 19° 00. 10' N 089° 04. 07' E SK261107 760 Mtrs 108 28.07.2009 4:36 4:49 19° 00. 09' N 089° 01. 15' E SK261108 150 Mtrs 109 28.07.2009 5:58 6:38 19° 00. 03' N 089° 04. 23' E SK261109 760 Mtrs 110 28.07.2009 7:58 8:34 19° 00. 03' N 089° 04. 24' E SK261110 760 Mtrs 111 28.07.2009 10:21 11:02 18° 59. 88' N 089° 04. 63' E SK261111 760 Mtrs 112 28.07.2009 12:06 12:59 18° 59. 97' N 089° 04. 20' E SK261112 760 Mtrs 113 28.07.2009 14:04 14:50 19° 00. 20' N 089° 04. 98' E SK261113 760 Mtrs 114 28.07.2009 15:57 16:36 19° 01. 24' N 089° 07. 96' E SK261114 760 Mtrs 115 28.07.2009 18:29 19:11 19° 00. 01' N 089° 04. 42' E SK261115 760 Mtrs 116 28.07.2009 20:07 20:18 19° 03. 11' N 089° 04. 41' E SK261116 150 Mtrs 117 28.07.2009 21:17 21:53 18° 59. 95' N 089° 03. 87' E SK261117 760 Mtrs 118 28.07.2009 22:57 23:02 18° 56. 97' N 089° 03. 87' E SK261118 150 Mtrs 119 28.07.2009 23:58 0:36 18° 59. 99' N 089° 04. 10' E SK261119 760 Mtrs 120 29.07.2009 1:31 1:41 19° 00. 00' N 089° 07. 46' E SK261120 150 Mtrs 121 29.07.2009 2:56 3:33 19° 00. 17' N 089° 04. 29' E SK261121 760 Mtrs 122 29.07.2009 4:35 4:45 19° 00. 06' N 089° 01. 10' E SK261122 160 Mtrs 123 29.07.2009 5:57 6:37 19° 00. 13' N 089° 04. 19' E SK261123 760 Mtrs 124 29.07.2009 7:59 8:35 19° 00. 13' N 089° 04. 19' E SK261124 760 Mtrs 125 29.07.2009 9:58 10:39 19° 00. 12' N 089° 03. 86' E SK261125 760 Mtrs 126 29.07.2009 12:04 12:45 18° 59. 98' N 089° 04. 10' E SK261126 760 Mtrs 127 29.07.2009 14:10 14:54 19° 00. 49' N 089° 04. 98' E SK261127 760 Mtrs 128 29.07.2009 16:22 17:03 19° 00. 11' N 089° 04. 15' E SK261128 760 Mtrs 129 29.07.2009 18:18 19:00 19° 00. 16' N 089° 04. 10' E SK261129 760 Mtrs 130 29.07.2009 19:50 19:58 19° 03. 01' N 089° 04. 23' E SK261130 150 Mtrs 131 29.07.2009 21:02 21:53 19° 00. 19' N 089° 04. 11' E SK261131 760 Mtrs 132 29.07.2009 23:10 23:15 18° 57. 04' N 089° 04. 15' E SK261132 160 Mtrs

133 30.07.2009 0:00 0:49 18° 59. 93' N 089° 03. 92' E SK261133 760 Mtrs 134 30.07.2009 2:03 1:55 19° 00. 04' N 089° 07. 22' E SK261134 160 Mtrs 135 30.07.2009 3:12 3:55 19° 00. 02' N 089° 04. 20' E SK261135 760 Mtrs 136 30.07.2009 5:05 5:14 18° 59. 97' N 089° 01. 15' E SK261136 160 Mtrs 137 30.07.2009 6:13 6:23 18° 59. 79' N 089° 04. 79' E SK261137 Surface 138 30.07.2009 6:29 7:08 18° 59. 72' N 089° 04. 15' E SK261138 760 Mtrs 139 30.07.2009 8:00 8:38 19° 00. 16' N 089° 04. 35' E SK261139 760 Mtrs 140 30.07.2009 10:08 10:51 18° 59. 88' N 089° 04. 06' E SK261140 760 Mtrs 141 30.07.2009 12:15 13:01 18° 59. 80' N 089° 03. 80' E SK261141 760 Mtrs 142 30.07.2009 13:59 14:42 18° 59. 96' N 089° 04. 16' E SK261142 760 Mtrs 143 30.07.2009 16:01 16:43 19° 00. 14' N 089° 04. 25' E SK261143 760 Mtrs 144 30.07.2009 18:18 18:58 19° 00. 04' N 089° 04. 14' E SK261144 760 Mtrs 145 30.07.2009 19:53 20:02 19° 03. 06' N 089° 03. 99' E SK261145 150 Mtrs 146 30.07.2009 21:02 21:45 19° 00. 17' N 089° 03. 63' E SK261146 760 Mtrs 147 30.07.2009 22:52 23:02 18° 57. 10' N 089° 03. 85' E SK261147 160 Mtrs 148 30.07.2009 23:57 0:38 19° 00. 08' N 089° 03. 89' E SK261148 760 Mtrs 149 31.07.2009 1:32 1:42 19° 00. 20' N 089° 07. 29' E SK261149 160 Mtrs 150 31.07.2009 3:02 3:42 19° 00. 06' N 089° 04. 11' E SK261150 760 Mtrs 151 31.07.2009 4:47 4:56 19° 00. 20' N 089° 01. 18' E SK261151 160 Mtrs 152 31.07.2009 5:58 6:40 18° 59. 94' N 089° 04. 22' E SK261152 760 Mtrs 153 31.07.2009 7:59 8:40 18° 59. 94' N 089° 04. 22' E SK261153 760 Mtrs 154 31.07.2009 9:59 10:52 18° 59. 89' N 089° 04. 09' E SK261154 760 Mtrs 155 31.07.2009 12:07 12:49 18° 59. 98' N 089° 04. 15' E SK261155 760 Mtrs 156 31.07.2009 14:02 14:46 18° 59. 97' N 089° 04. 10' E SK261156 760 Mtrs 157 31.07.2009 15:57 16:33 18° 59. 96' N 089° 04. 14' E SK261157 760 Mtrs 158 31.07.2009 18:21 19:05 18° 59. 94' N 089° 04. 13' E SK261158 760 Mtrs 159 31.07.2009 19:53 20:03 19° 02. 93' N 089° 03. 95' E SK261159 150 Mtrs 160 31.07.2009 21:02 21:39 18° 59. 90' N 089° 03. 90' E SK261160 760 Mtrs 161 31.07.2009 22:37 22:46 18° 56. 89' N 089° 03. 76' E SK261161 160 Mtrs 162 31.07.2009 23:58 0:38 19° 00. 00' N 089° 03. 81' E SK261162 760 Mtrs 163 01.08.2009 1:22 1:33 18° 59. 00' N 089° 07. 08' E SK261163 160 Mtrs 164 01.08.2009 2:58 3:37 18° 59. 99' N 089° 04. 02' E sK261164 760 Mtrs 165 01.08.2009 4:31 4:39 18° 59. 90' N 089° 00. 98' E SK261165 150 Mtrs 166 01.08.2009 5:58 6:36 19° 00. 04' N 089° 04. 16' E SK261166 760 Mtrs 167 01.08.2009 8:00 8:37 19° 00. 04' N 089° 04. 15' E SK261167 760 Mtrs 168 01.08.2009 9:55 10:39 18° 59. 97' N 089° 04. 09' E SK261168 760 Mtrs 169 01.08.2009 12:02 12:41 19° 00. 15' N 089° 04. 05' E SK261169 760 Mtrs 170 01.08.2009 13:58 14:40 19° 00. 15' N 089° 04. 05' E SK261170 760 Mtrs 171 01.08.2009 15:55 16:34 19° 00. 09' N 089° 04. 13' E SK261171 760 Mtrs 172 01.08.2009 18:17 18:57 19° 00. 02' N 089° 04. 11' E SK261172 760 Mtrs 173 01.08.2009 19:45 19:53 19° 02. 98' N 089° 04. 10' E SK261173 150 Mtrs 174 01.08.2009 20:53 21:32 19° 00. 09' N 089° 04. 04' E SK261174 760 Mtrs 175 01.08.2009 22:31 22:42 18° 56. 86' N 089° 03. 95' E SK261175 160 Mtrs 176 01.08.2009 23:57 0:36 18° 59. 97' N 089° 03. 99' E SK261176 760 Mtrs 177 02.08.2009 1:23 1:43 18° 59. 97' N 089° 03. 99' E SK261177 200 Mtrs 178 02.08.2009 3:02 3:23 19° 00. 02' N 089° 03. 98' E SK261178 760 Mtrs 179 02.08.2009 4:41 4:53 18° 59. 99' N 089° 01. 10' E SK261179 160 Mtrs 180 02.08.2009 5:56 6:37 18° 59. 97' N 098° 04. 08' E SK261180 760 Mtrs

181 02.08.2009 7:59 8:39 18° 59. 97' N 098° 04. 08' E SK261181 760 Mtrs 182 02.08.2009 10:18 10:36 18° 59. 87' N 089° 04. 08' E SK261182 760 Mtrs 183 02.08.2009 10:38 11:00 18° 59. 87' N 089° 04. 08' E SK261183 760 Mtrs 184 02.08.2009 12:25 12:30 18° 59. 87' N 089° 03. 94' E T7_00022 760 Mtrs 185 02.08.2009 14:00 14:50 18° 59. 94' N 089° 03. 93' E 760 Mtrs 186 02.08.2009 16:03 16:02:55 19° 00. 07' N 089° 03. 97' E SK261184 760 Mtrs 187 02.08.2009 16:03 16:56 19° 00. 07' N 089° 03. 97' E SK261185 760 Mtrs 188 02.08.2009 18:05 18:47 19° 00. 08' N 089° 03. 96' E SK261186 760 Mtrs 189 02.08.2009 19:34 19:45 19° 02. 97' N 089° 03. 87' E SK261187 150 Mtrs 190 02.08.2009 20:58 21:35 18° 59. 98' N 089° 03. 93' E SK261188 760 Mtrs 191 02.08.2009 22:38 22:50 18° 57. 12' N 089° 03. 90' E SK261189 160 Mtrs 192 02.08.2009 23:58 0:36 19° 00. 10' N 089° 03. 91' E SK261190 760 Mtrs 193 03.08.2009 1:21 1:31 19° 00. 07' N 089° 07. 13' E SK261191 150 Mtrs 194 03.08.2009 3:02 3:40 19° 00. 11' N 089° 04. 11' E SK261192 760 Mtrs 195 03.08.2009 4:35 4:48 19° 00. 02' N 089° 01. 11' E SK261193 160 Mtrs 196 03.08.2009 6:06 6:46 19° 00. 01' N 089° 04. 23' E SK261194 760 Mtrs 197 03.08.2009 8:01 8:40 19° 00. 02' N 089° 04. 22' E SK261195 760 Mtrs 198 03.08.2009 9:59 10:45 18° 59. 81' N 089° 03. 81' E SK261196 760 Mtrs 199 03.08.2009 11:59 12:38 19° 00. 08' N 089° 03. 92' E SK261197 760 Mtrs 200 03.08.2009 13:56 14:36 19° 00. 02' N 089° 03. 96' E SK261198 760 Mtrs 201 03.08.2009 15:57 16:36 18° 59. 96' N 089° 03. 99' E SK261199 760 Mtrs 202 03.08.2009 17:55 18:37 19° 00. 09' N 089° 04. 12' E SK261200 760 Mtrs 203 03.08.2009 19:25 19:36 19° 03. 03' N 089° 03. 90' E SK261201 150 Mtrs 204 03.08.2009 20:51 21:28 19° 00. 01' N 089° 04. 17' E SK261202 760 Mtrs 205 03.08.2009 22:23 22:34 18° 57. 01' N 089° 03. 98' E SK261203 160 Mtrs 206 03.08.2009 23:57 1:12 19° 00. 14' N 089° 04. 02' E SK261204 760 Mtrs 207 04.08.2009 3:00 3:15 19° 00. 02' N 089° 04. 12' E C5_00024 1000 Mtrs 208 04.08.2009 6:06 6:45 19° 00. 05' N 089° 04. 10' E SK261205 760 Mtrs 209 04.08.2009 8:04 8:44 19° 00. 05' N 089° 04. 10' E SK261206 760 Mtrs 210 04.08.2009 10:07 10:51 18° 59. 79' N 089° 04. 04' E SK261207 760 Mtrs 211 04.08.2009 12:14 12:54 18° 59. 79' N 089° 04. 04' E SK261208 550 Mtrs 212 04.08.2009 14:00 14:43 18° 59. 95' N 089° 04. 07' E 760 Mtrs 213 04.08.2009 16:08 16:51 18° 59. 99' N 089° 04. 08' E 760 Mtrs 214 04.08.2009 18:22 19:04 18° 59. 90' N 089° 04. 24' E SK261209 760 Mtrs 215 04.08.2009 20:03 20:12 19° 02. 91' N 089° 04. 02' E SK261210 160 Mtrs 216 04.08.2009 21:09 21:46 18° 59. 97' N 089° 04. 03' E SK261211 760 Mtrs 217 04.08.2009 22:45 22:54 18° 57. 00' N 089° 03. 79' E SK261212 160 Mtrs 218 04.08.2009 23:57 0:35 19° 00. 10' N 089° 03. 68' E SK261213 760 Mtrs 219 05.08.2009 1:25 1:37 19° 00. 10' N 089° 07. 04' E SK261214 160 Mtrs 220 05.08.2009 2:59 3:40 19° 00. 08' N 089° 04. 03' E SK261215 750 Mtrs 221 05.08.2009 4:48 4:59 19° 00. 19' N 089° 01. 00' E SK261216 160 Mtrs 222 05.08.2009 6:01 6:39 18° 00. 19' N 089° 04. 01' E SK261217 760 Mtrs 223 05.08.2009 8:01 8:40 18° 59. 99' N 089° 04. 01' E SK261218 760 Mtrs 224 05.08.2009 9:59 10:41 18° 59. 99' N 089° 04. 02' E SK261219 760 Mtrs 225 05.08.2009 12:01 12:39 18° 59. 99' N 089° 04. 02' E SK261220 760 Mtrs 226 05.08.2209 14:11 14:48 19° 00. 43' N 089° 04. 17' E SK261221 760 Mtrs 227 05.08.2009 16:02 16:41 19° 00. 02' N 089° 04. 06' E SK261222 760 Mtrs 228 05.08.2009 17:55 18:34 19° 00. 19' N 089° 03. 94' E SK261223 760 Mtrs

229 05.08.2009 19:33 19:44 19° 03. 06' N 089° 04. 03' E SK261224 150 Mtrs 230 05.08.2009 20:55 21:34 19° 00. 05' N 089° 03. 94' E SK261225 760 Mtrs 231 05.08.2009 22:39 22:51 18° 56. 98' N 089° 03. 68' E SK261226 150 Mtrs 232 05.08.2009 23:59 0:37 19° 00. 04' N 089° 03. 64' E SK261227 760 Mtrs 233 06.08.2009 1:26 1:39 19° 00. 13' N 089° 07. 09' E SK261228 160 Mtrs 234 06.08.2009 2:57 3:37 19° 00. 03' N 089° 04. 04' E SK261229 760 Mtrs 235 06.08.2009 4:29 4:42 19° 00. 01' N 089° 00. 30' E SK261230 160 Mtrs 236 06.08.2009 5:57 6:35 19° 00. 06' N 089° 04. 00' E SK261231 760 Mtrs 237 06.08.2009 7:59 8:38 19° 00. 06' N 089° 04. 00' E SK261232 760 Mtrs 238 06.08.2009 9:57 10:02 18° 59. 98' N 089° 03. 90' E T7_00024 760 Mtrs 239 06.08.2009 10:06 10:59 18° 59. 98' N 089° 03. 90' E SK261233 760 Mtrs 240 06.08.2009 11:06 11:12 18° 59. 98' N 089° 03. 90' E C5_00025 1000 Mtrs 241 06.08.2009 11:16 12:30 18° 59. 98' N 089° 03. 90' E SK261234 1000 Mtrs 242 06.08.2009 12:35 12:40 18° 59. 98' N 089° 03. 90' E C5_00026 1000 Mtrs 243 06.08.2009 12:41 12:45 18° 59. 98' N 089° 03. 90' E T7_00027 760 Mtrs 244 06.08.2009 12:46 12:50 18° 59. 98' N 089° 03. 90' E T7_00028 760 Mtrs 245 06.08.2009 17:41 18:38 19° 18. 04' N 088° 52. 81' E SK261235 1000 Mtrs 246 06.08.2009 21:51 22:21 19° 41. 96' N 088° 42. 00' E SK261236 1000 Mtrs

SK26136A 247 07.08.2009 2:49 3:45 20° 06. 15' N 088° 31. 02' E SK261237 1000 Mtrs 248 07.08.2009 5:13 5:37 20° 15. 05' N 088° 26. 96' E SK261238 330 Mtrs

07.08.2009 5:59 6:23 20° 15. 05' N 088° 26. 96' E SK261239 200 Mtrs 249 07.08.2009 8:34 8:52 20° 24. 19' N 088° 23. 92' E SK261240 120 Mtrs 250 07.08.2009 10:54 11:09 20° 35. 93' N 088° 18. 10' E SK261241 105 Mtrs 251 07.08.2009 12:38 12:54 20° 43. 61' N 088° 16. 40' E SK261242 83 Mtrs 252 07.08.2009 19:53 20:29 21° 06. 04' N 089° 15. 11' E SK261243 650 Mtrs 253 07.08.2009 22:19 22:28 20° 56.01' N 089° 19. 00' E SK261244 95 Mtrs 254 08.08.2009 0:40 0:50 20° 48. 52' N 089° 22. 26' E SK261245 100 Mtrs 255 08.08.2009 3:34 3:47 20° 30. 11' N 089° 29. 99' E SK261246 125 Mtrs 256 08.08.2009 6:29 6:41 20° 21. 92' N 089° 33. 94' E SK261247 150 Mtrs 257 08.08.2009 8:52 9:09 20° 12. 75' N 089° 37. 45' E SK261248 310 Mtrs 258 08.08.2009 11:11 11:55 20° 02. 95' N 089° 42. 52' E SK261249 760 Mtrs 259 08.08.2009 15:55 16:32 19° 35. 95' N 089° 53. 55' E SK261250 760 Mtrs 260 08.08.2009 22:04 22:58 18° 59. 91' N 089° 53. 55' E SK261251 760 Mtrs 261 09.08.2009 4:03 4:43 19° 00. 29' N 089° 30. 35' E SK261252 760 Mtrs 262 09.08.2009 10:05 10:50 19° 00. 04' N 088° 55. 79' E SK261253 760 Mtrs 263 09.08.2009 14:30 15:08 19° 00. 06' N 088° 30. 17' E SK261254 760 Mtrs 264 09.08.2009 19:14 19:51 18° 59. 90' N 087° 59. 97' E SK261255 760 Mtrs 265 10.08.2009 0:10 0:49 18° 59. 99' N 087° 29. 94' E SK261256 760 Mtrs 266 10.08.2009 5:03 5:44 19° 00. 25' N 087° 00. 15' E SK261257 760 Mtrs 267 10.08.2009 9:46 10:29 19° 00. 17' N 086° 29. 96' E SK261258 760 Mtrs 268 10.08.2009 14:44 15:20 19° 00. 13' N 085° 59. 99' E SK261259 760 Mtrs 269 10.08.2009 17:44 18:21 19° 00. 17' N 085° 41. 92' E SK261260 760 Mtrs 270 10.08.2009 19:58 20:26 18° 59. 94' N 085° 30. 00' E SK261261 560 Mtrs 271 10.08.2009 21:24 21:38 18° 59. 79' N 085° 23. 99' E SK261262 250 Mtrs 272 10.08.2009 22:31 22:42 18° 59. 87' N 085° 18. 07' E SK261263 155 Mtrs 273 11.08.2009 0:18 0:24 18° 59. 91' N 085° 05. 90' E SK261264 90 Mtrs 274 11.08.2009 2:03 2:09 19° 00. 06' N 084° 53. 91' E SK261265 40 Mtrs

275 12.08.2009 19:51 19:57 19° 52. 41' N 086° 26. 66' E 30 Mtrs 276 12.08.2009 21:33 21:33 19° 47. 00' N 086° 30. 03' E 85 Mtrs 277 12.08.2009 22:50 23:23 19° 41. 48' N 086° 33. 17' E 650 Mtrs 278 13.08.2009 1:18 2:02 19° 34. 35' N 086° 38. 15' E 760 Mtrs 279 13.08.2009 3:48 4:27 19° 26. 49' N 086° 43. 06' E 760 Mtrs 280 13.08.2009 6:42 7:27 19° 14. 98' N 086° 51. 60' E 760 Mtrs 281 13.08.2009 9:59 10:50 19° 00. 10' N 087° 00. 17' E 1010 Mtrs 282 13.08.2009 10:05 10:11 19° 00. 10' N 087° 00. 17' E T7_00004 760 Mtrs 283 13.08.2009 11:06 12:07 19° 00. 50' N 087° 01. 24' E 1010 Mtrs 284 13.08.2009 11:12 11:18 19° 00. 53' N 087° 01. 28' E C5_00005 1000 Mtrs 285 13.08.2009 11:21 11:25 19° 00. 65' N 087° 01. 45' E T7_00006 760 Mtrs 286 13.08.2009 13:20 14:15 19° 00. 50' N 087° 00. 71' E SK261266 1000 Mtrs 287 13.08.2009 13:24 13:30 19° 00. 50' N 087° 00. 71' E C5_00007 1000 Mtrs 288 13.08.2009 13:38 13:42 19° 00. 50' N 087° 00. 71' E T7_00008 760 Mtrs 289 13.08.2009 14:16 15:08 19° 00. 93' N 087° 01. 21' E SK261267 1000 Mtrs 290 14.08.2009 5:49 6:39 17° 05. 00' N 088° 10. 00' E SK261268 1000 Mtrs 291 14.08.2009 5:58 6:02 17° 05. 00' N 088° 10. 00' E T7_00009 760 Mtrs 292 14.08.2009 6:05 6:11 17° 05. 00' N 088° 10. 00' E C5_00010 1000 Mtrs 293 14.08.2009 6:40 7:32 17° 05. 00' N 088° 10. 00' E SK261269 1000 Mtrs 294 14.08.2009 7:52 8:51 17° 05. 07' N 088° 09. 98' E 1000 Mtrs 295 14.08.2009 7:59 8:03 17° 05. 07' N 088° 09. 98' E T7_00011 760 Mtrs 296 14.08.2009 8:06 8:12 17° 05. 07' N 088° 09. 98' E C5_00012 1000 Mtrs 297 14.08.2009 8:14 8:18 17° 05. 07' N 088° 09. 98' E T7_00013 760 Mtrs 298 14.08.2009 9:09 10:06 17° 05. 07' N 088° 09. 98' E 1000 Mtrs 299 14.08.2009 22:12 23:08 15° 50. 05' N 086° 49. 71' E 1000 Mtrs 300 14.08.2009 22:19 22:23 15° 50. 05' N 086° 49. 71' E T7_00014 760 Mtrs 301 14.08.2009 22:26 22:32 15° 50. 05' N 086° 49. 71' E C5_00015 1000 Mtrs 302 14.08.2009 23:22 0:17 15° 50. 05' N 086° 49. 71' E 1000 Mtrs 303 15.08.2009 0:37 1:26 15° 50. 05' N 086° 49. 72' E SK261270 1000 Mtrs 304 15.08.2009 0:49 0:53 15° 50. 05' N 086° 49. 72' E T7_00016 760 Mtrs 305 15.08.2009 0:55 1:01 15° 50. 06' N 086° 49. 71' E C5_00017 1000 Mtrs 306 15.08.2009 1:04 1:08 15° 50. 06' N 086° 49. 71' E T7_00018 760 Mtrs 307 15.08.2009 1:28 2:17 15° 50. 06' N 086° 49. 72' E SK261271 1000 Mtrs 308 15.08.2009 6:59 7:03 16° 05. 18' N 086° 07. 69' E T7_00029 760 Mtrs 309 15.08.2009 10:57 11:01 16° 18. 99' N 085° 30. 32' E T7_00030 760 Mtrs 310 15.08.2009 13:50 13:54 16° 27. 83' N 085° 00. 00' E T7_00031 760 Mtrs 311 15.08.2009 16:54 16:58 16° 36. 18' N 084° 30. 33' E T7_00032 760 Mtrs 312 15.08.2009 20:01 20:05 16° 45. 56' N 084° 00. 57' E T7_00033 760 Mtrs 313 15.08.2009 23:18 23:22 16° 58. 00' N 083° 30. 27' E T7_00034 760 Mtrs 314 16.08.2009 3:37 3:47 17° 12. 05' N 082° 49. 68' E 50 Mtrs 315 16.08.2009 5:04 5:16 17° 06. 86' N 082° 53. 74' E 80 Mtrs 316 16.08.2009 6:48 7:03 17° 01. 87' N 082° 57. 39' E 150 Mtrs 317 16.08.2009 8:15 8:39 16° 57. 93' N 083° 00. 57' E 230 Mtrs 318 16.08.2009 9:45 10:26 16° 53. 02' N 083° 04. 22' E 650 Mtrs 319 16.08.2009 11:44 12:23 16° 47. 94' N 083° 07. 98' E 760 Mtrs 320 16.08.2009 13:49 14:44 16° 40. 11' N 083° 13. 88' E 1000 Mtrs 321 16.08.2009 14:58 15:13 16° 40. 63' N 083° 13. 61' E 120 Mtrs

Expected Results: Fig 1. and Fig 2. shows the temperature and salinity variation in TSL during 15 days of observations from surface to 200 m depth. We have observed that during heavy rainfall event (28 July to 6 August) a layer of low saline water has formed at the top of the sea level. This layer is also associated with the rise in halocline and thermocline during this period. The sea surface temperature is warmed from 28.5oC to 29.5o C during this event and this rise in SST is sustained till 6 August. It will be very interesting to reason out the sustenance of this high SST during such type of convective events even during the absence of insolation and how this warm and low saline surface interacts with nearest layer of atmosphere. Figure 1: Temperature distribution at TSL

Figure 2: Salinity distribution at TSL

Figure 3 Shows the temperature distribution of North, South, East and West station of TSL (3 nautical miles away from TSL). Here also we observe the same temperature rise during these events as that of TSL, however the rise of temperature is not that high as that of center location. So the ocean advection is also playing role which we will be studying in detail.

Figure 3: The Time series of temperature distribution at North, South, East and West of TSL. Contact Person for data Dr. A. Suryachandra Rao CGMD, IITM Pune-411008 Email: surya@tropmet.res.in

XBT/XCTD DATA COLLECTED DURING THE CRUISE SK261 Sl No

Equipment operated

Date Time Latitude N Longitude E File Name Remarks

01. XCTD 06-08-2009 11:06 18059.980’ 89003.900’ C5_00025.edf 02. XCTD 06-08-2009 12:35 18059.980’ 89003.900’ C5_00026.edf 03. XCTD 13-08-2009 11:11 19000.530 87001.280 C5_00005.edf 04. XCTD 13-08-2009 13:24 19000.530 87001.730 C5_00007.edf 05. XCTD 14-08-2009 06:05 17005.000 88010.000 C5_00010.edf 06. XCTD 14-08-2009 08:06 17005.000 88010.000 C5_00012.edf 07. XCTD 14-08-2009 22:26 15050.00 86050.000 C5_00015.edf 08. XCTD 15-08-2009 00:55 15050.00 86050.000 C5_00017.edf 09. XBT 06-08-2009 10:00 18059.980’ 89003.900’ T7_00024.edf After 560m spikes has

appeared 10. XBT 06-08-2009 12:41 18059.980’ 89003.900’ T7_00027.edf 11 XBT 06-08-209 12:46 18059.980’ 89003.900’ T7_00028.edf 12 XBT 13-08-2009 10:02 19000.110 87000.180 T7_00004.edf 13 XBT 13-08-2009 11:20 19000.650 87000.450 T7_00006.edf

14 XBT 13-08-2009 13:35 19000.660 87000.890 T7_00008.edf 15 XBT 14-08-2009 05:58 17005.000 88010.000 T7_00009.edf 16 XBT 14-08-2009 08:00 17005.000 88010.000 T7_00011.edf 17 XBT 14-08-2009 08:15 17005.000 88010.000 T7_00013.edf 18 XBT 14-08-2009 22:18 15050.00 86050.000 T7_00014.edf 19 XBT 15-08-2009 06:59 1605.180 86006.670 T7_00029.edf 20 XBT 15-08-2009 10:57 16018.990 85030.320 T7_00030.edf 21 XBT 15-08-2009 13:50 16027.830 85000.000 T7_00031.edf 22 XBT 15-08-2009 16:54 16036.180 84030.330 T7_00032.edf 23 XBT 15-08-2009 20:01 16045.560 84000.570 T7_00033.edf DETAILS OF DRIFTERS DEPLOYED DURING SK261 CRUISE S.no ID No Lat Long Date Time 1 84620 16000.29’N 89000.69’E 21-07-09 08:05 2 84621 19000.53’N 89002.69E 24-07-09 13:12 3 93502 17004.5’N 88010.08’E 14-08-09 10:28

DETAILS OF ARGO FLOATS DEPLOYED DURING SK261 CRUISE

INDIAN – INCOIS ARGO FLOAT SL.NO. ARGO ID DATE TIME LAT LONG DEPTH 1. 4661 22.07.09 09:58 19 00.83N 89 03.76E 1705m 2. 4663 14.08.09 10:25 17 04.05N 88 10.08E 2540m 3. 4664 15.08.09 02:41 15 49.76N 88 49.54E 2783m

7.3 Air-sea fluxes, upper-air temperature and water vapor (SPL/IISC)

[Team: Santosh Muralidharan, Prijith, (SPL/VSSC), Tarun Verma, Deepesh (IISC)] Objective: 1. To study the influence of dynamical parameters and boundary layer processes on the distribution of aerosols over Central and Head Bay of Bengal during the Summer Monsoon period. 2. Intercomparison of the parameters obtained from ISRO made Dr.Pisharoty Radiosondes and Vaisala Radiosondes. Data: Radiosonde ascends were carried out during the entire cruise period and the details of data collected are tabulated in the log sheet attached to this report.

Expected outcome:

1. To quantify the aerosol transport from the Southern part of Indian land mass to Central and Head Bay of Bengal.

2. Connection between the variability in the dynamical parameters and aerosol distribution over the study domain during the cruise period.

Contact person: Dr. Mannil Mohan Head, BLPAM Space Physics Laboratory Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre ISRO, Thiruvananthapuram

7.4 Aerosol measurements (SPL, IITM, SKU) [Team: Santosh Kulkarni, Krishnakant Budhavant (IISC), Imran G, Sobhan Kumar, Prijith, (SPL/VSSC), Balakrishna (SKU)] Objectives:

1. To capture diurnal variations in trace gases if it exist over the ocean. (As it not possible to get temporal variation in case of continuously moving ship, in this cruise ship was almost stationary for 15 days)

2. To study spatial pattern of trace gases and aerosols chemical composition over mid-BOB and north-BOB in monsoon (2009) period as we have already characterized BOB in winter season of 2009.

3. To study rain water chemistry. Data: 1. The data of trace gases (NO, NO2, CO, O3) are of 5 min average and hence it is huge file. It is

not possible to include here. 2. Rain Water Collection.

Table 2: Rainwater collections details

Rain Water Collection Sample No Date Time(IST) Latitude Longitude Remarks Start Stop

1 7/15/2009 18:30 18:40 At Chennai Port, Lots of Fe particles 2 7/21/2009 10:08 12:15 - 3 7/21/2009 23:00 5:00 - 4 7/22/2009 8:13 9:00 - 5 7/22/2009 9:22 9:32 - 6 7/24/2009 18:00 0:00 Drizzle 7/25/2009 3:00 6:00 Black Particles from ship exhaust

7 7/25/2009 7:45 10:30

Heavy Rain, Black Particles from ship exhaust

8 7/25/2009 13:30 17:00 Drizzle 9 7/26/2009 6:00 13:00 Drizzle and Heavy Rain 10 7/26/2009 13:50 7:20 Drizzle 11 7/27/2009 10:00 12:30 Rain and then Drizzle 12 7/27/2009 15:09 18:00 Rain and then Drizzle 13 7/28/2009 9:45 11:07 Heavy Rain 14 7/28/2009 11:08 17:00 Heavy Rain 15 7/28/2009 17:00 0:00 Drizzle 16 7/30/2009 12:00 12:50 - 17 8/1/2009 10:01 11:40 Rain and Drizzle, Black particles from ship exhaust 18 8/2/2009 9:49 17:30 Drizzle and Rain 19 8/3/2009 6:38 8:20 - 20 8/3/2009 12:30 16:00 Little Rain 21 8/4/2009 1:00 6:00 Rain and Drizzle, Black particles from ship exhaust 22 8/4/2009 7:58 10:00 Rain and Drizzle, Black particles from ship exhaust 23 8/5/2009 0:30 4:00 - 24 8/8/2009 3:00 12:00 Rain and then Drizzle 25 8/9/2009 3:30 6:30 -

26 8/9/2009 23:37 5:00 Drizzle and High wind 27 8/10/2009 9:30 13:30 Rain and Drizzle 28 8/10/2009 14:45 16:45 Drizzle and Rain 29 8/11/2009 9:00 11:45 - 30 8/12/2009 7:15 8:45 Paradip 31 8/12/2009 9:45 13:00 Heavy Rain, Paradip 32 8/13/2009 19:00 19:45 Heavy Rain 33 8/14/2009 0:00 1:30

As per Ship’s Navigation data -

3. Whenever there was no rain and no ship exhaust, Aerosols sampling carried out using HVS (High Volume Sampler).

Table 3: Details of aerosol sampling by SPL, VSSC

Aerosols Sampling Sample No Date Time(IST) Duration Latitude Longitude Remarks Start Stop

1 7/16/2009 18:25 22:10 3:45

2 7/17/2009 8:00 11:00 3:00 ship exhaust affected

3 7/17/2009 15:57 19:27 3:30

4 7/18/2009 5:55 9:25 3:30 high sea-spary

5 7/19/2009 16:13 19:43 3:30 high sea-spary

6 7/20/2009 15:30 18:45 3:15

7 7/21/2009 4:35 5:56

8:16 10:08 3:13

8 7/22/2009 10:23 10:36

11:06 11:40

13:10 15:34 3:13 Not continuous because of drizzle, 1min off

9 7/23/2009 6:05 6:13

6:45 8:25

9:00 10:12 3:00 Not continuous because of drizzle, 1min off

10 7/23/2009 14:55 15:57

16:22 18:20 3:00 Low wind

11 7/24/2009 4:44 5:08

6:53 9:29 3:00

12 7/25/2009 2:05 2:48 0:43

13 7/27/2009 13:25 13:56

23:10 0:56

7/28/2009 1:12 1:30

2:30 3:10 3:15

14 7/29/2009 9:16 9:29

14:11 14:22

20:15 21:55

23:13 0:07 2:58

15 7/29/2009 Blank Blank Blank

16 7/30/2009 9:43 10:33

10:45 11:55 2:00

17 7/30/2009 15:08 15:56

16:10 18:08 2:46

18 7/31/2009 12:12 12:58

13:12 14:06

14:17 15:37 3:00

19 7/31/2009 21:08 21:47

22:02 0:06

8/1/2009 0:20 0:37 3:00

20 8/1/2009 9:19 9:29

16:39 16:59

17:07 19:04

19:18 19:53 3:00 21

8/2/2009 9:10 9:27

20:44 22:23

23:10 23:34 2:20

22 8/3/2009 9:22 12:12

12:18 12:29 3:00 1 min off, Hazy sky

23 8/3/2009 19:36 20:20

20:26 22:42 3:00

24 8/4/2009 13:25 13:43

13:50 14:08

15:27 16:36

17:19 18:33 2:59 small drops on filter

25 8/5/2009 9:15 9:45

12:59 14:48

14:54 15:35 3:00

26 8/6/2009 9:15 9:34

14:40 17:11 2:50 Hazy sky

27 8/7/2009 0:35 3:30 2:55

28 8/7/2009 11:59 12:33

13:18 15:44 3:00

29 8/7/2009 21:38 22:09

23:38 1:58 3:00 1 min off

30 8/8/2009 Blank Blank Blank

31 8/8/2009 13:00 15:40

16:04 16:06

17:05 17:23 3:00

32 8/8/2009 23:18 23:55

8/9/2009 0:15 2:53 3:15

33 8/9/2009 11:12 14:27 3:15

34 8/9/2009 22:01 23:37 1:36

35 8/10/2009 9:02 9:30

14:15 14:41

17:02 17:24

19:04 20:48 3:00

36 8/11/2009 13:00 15:00 3:00

37 8/12/2009 22:05 22:37

22:46 23:30

23:40 1:05

8/13/2009 1:25 1:45 3:01

38 8/13/2009 7:59 9:44

11:54 13:09 3:00

39 8/13/2009 17:01 18:02 1:01

40 8/14/2009 10:47 13:48 3:00 1 min off

41 8/14/2009 19:00 22:00 3:00

42 8/15/2009 6:15 7:47

8:32 10:00 3:00

43 8/15/2009 15:35 18:35 3:00

44 8/16/2009 4:32 5:02 Near to Kakinada

5:55 6:42

As per Ship’s Navigation data Low wind

Expected Outcome:

1. In case of rain water and aerosols, analysis cannot be done here.

2. All trace gases show typical diurnal pattern over land because of photochemical reaction during daytime, whereas it is not observed during cruise. Looking towards data, it can be said that there is no strong photochemistry existing over BOB. For few days, variations (in trace gases) of few ppb over 24 hours are observed.

3. Most of the days trace gases data are badly affected by ship exhaust. However, only on 09th August; the exhaust effect was very less (~ 2 hour). The plots of various trace gases (NO, NO2, CO, O3) for the same day are shown below.

0 0 : 0 0 0 4 : 0 0 0 8 : 0 0 1 2 : 0 0 1 6 : 0 0 2 0 : 0 0 2 4 : 0 0- 0 . 0 5

0 . 0 0

0 . 0 5

0 . 1 0

0 . 1 5

0 . 2 0

0 . 2 5

0 . 3 0

NO

(ppb

)

T I M E ( I S T )

0 9 A u g 0 9

0 0 : 0 0 0 4 : 0 0 0 8 : 0 0 1 2 : 0 0 1 6 : 0 0 2 0 : 0 0 2 4 : 0 00 . 2

0 . 4

0 . 6

0 . 8

1 . 0

1 . 2

1 . 40 9 A u g 0 9

NO

2(ppb

)

T I M E ( I S T )

0 0 : 0 0 0 4 : 0 0 0 8 : 0 0 1 2 : 0 0 1 6 : 0 0 2 0 : 0 0 2 4 : 0 00 . 0 0

0 . 0 4

0 . 0 8

0 . 1 2

0 . 1 6

0 . 2 00 9 A u g 0 9

CO

(ppm

)

T I M E ( I S T )

0 0 : 0 0 0 4 : 0 0 0 8 : 0 0 1 2 : 0 0 1 6 : 0 0 2 0 : 0 0 2 4 : 0 02 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 00 9 A u g 0 9

O

3(ppb

)

T I M E ( I S T )

Contact Person:

Girach Imran: SPL,VSSC Office: 04712562265 Email: imran_girach@yahoo.co.in

Dr. Prabha R. Nair, SPL, VSSC Office: 04712562563 Email: prabha_nair@vssc.gov.in

Data:

Table 5: Aerosols data collection detail by IITM using Anderson Sampling

Sr No. Date Total time (Hrs) Volume (m3/lit) 1 15-Jul-09 to 21-Aug-09 116 204 2 21-Jul-09 to 28-July-09 120 218 3 6-Aug-09 to 10-Aug-09 48 60 4 12-Aug-09 to 17-Aug-09 90 100

Table 5.1 : Aerosols data collection detail by IITM (PM 10 and PM 2.5 Sampling)

Sr No. Date Total time (Hrs) Volume (m3/lit) 1 19-Jul-09 to 20-Jul-09 26.5 27 2 20-Jul-09 to 21-Jul-09 25 23 3 22-Jul-09 to 23-Jul-09 26 25 4 29-Jul-09 to 30-Jul-09 26 25 5 30-Jul-09 to 31-Jul-09 25 24 6 5-Aug-09 to 6-Aug-09 14 14 7 6-Aug-09 to 7-Aug-09 19 18 8 7-Aug-09 to 8-Aug-09 21 20 9 8-Aug-09 to 9-Aug-09 23 23

10 9-Aug-09 to 10-Aug-09 23 23 11 10-Aug-09 to11-Aug-09 22 22 12 11-Aug-09 to12-Aug-09 19 18 13 13-Aug-09 to15-Aug-09 32 30

Table 5.3: Rain water sampling records of IITM

Sr No. Date Volume (ml)

1 21-Jul-09 250 2 22-Jul-09 300 3 25-Jul-09 430 4 25-Jul-09 250 5 26-Jul-09 310 6 27-Jul-09 120 7 28-Jul-09 600 8 29-Jul-09 485 9 30-Jul-09 210 10 1-Aug-09 110 11 2-Aug-09 95 12 3-Aug-09 710 13 3-Aug-09 100 14 4-Aug-09 70 15 5-Aug-09 290 16 8-Aug-09 635 17 9-Aug-09 80 18 10-Aug-09 190 19 11-Aug-09 240 20 12-Aug-09 310 21 12-Aug-09 390

Expected results: Samples has to be analyzed in lab. Contact Person: IITM data Dr. P.S.P. Rao ( PM & A Division, IITM, Pune) Email: psprao@tropmet.res.in Phone: 020-25893600 ext. 256

Trace gases Observations by IITM

Objectives:

1. To study the trace gas elements (Ozone, CO) over the Bay of Bengal. 2. To characterize central and North BOB in terms of trace gases (O3, CO).

Data:

Continuous measurements of the trace gases, Ozone and CO has been made during CTCZ cruise period (16/07/2007 to 16/08/09). Expected results:

From the preliminary results of these measurements, the diurnal variation of these gases on 09/08/2009 is shown below. The detailed analysis of the data will be done.

O z o n e C o n c . O n0 9 A u g 2 0 0 9

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

0 : 0 0 2 : 2 4 4 : 4 8 7 : 1 2 9 : 3 6 1 2 : 0 0 1 4 : 2 4 1 6 : 4 8 1 9 : 1 2 2 1 : 3 6 0 : 0 0

T i m e ( m i n )

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pb)

Figure 1: Ozone concentration on 09/08/2009.

C O C o n . o n0 9 A u g 2 0 0 9

0 . 5

0 . 7

0 . 9

1 . 1

1 . 3

1 . 5

1 . 7

0 : 0 0 2 : 2 4 4 : 4 8 7 : 1 2 9 : 3 6 1 2 : 0 0 1 4 : 2 4 1 6 : 4 8 1 9 : 1 2 2 1 : 3 6 0 : 0 0

T i m e ( m i n )

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pm)

Figure 2: CO concentration on 09/08/2009.

Data smoothening and bias factor correction has to be done in CO measurements.

Participant: Santosh Kulkarni (Research Associate, IITM, Pune) Email: santoshkulkarni1@gmail.com Contact Person: Dr. G. Beig (PM & A Division, IITM, Pune) Email: beig@tropmet.res.in Phone: 020-25893600 ext. 261

Black Carbon measurements by SPL, VSSC

Objective:

To characterize the spatiotemporal variability of the atmospheric Black Carbon (BC) over

Central and Northern Bay of Bengal during the monsoon period and to understand the role of

synoptic conditions in the variability, its after effects.

Data collection:

Continuous measurements of atmospheric BC were carried using a two channel Aethalometer

(Magee Scientific) from the beginning the cruise. Raw data consists of date, time BC mass

concentration (ng/m^3).BC is absorbing aerosol, good tracer for atmospheric transport as there

will be no local sources over the ocean. Data has to be analyzed after spatially gridding individual

data files using GPS data.

Expected results:

The data collected will be processed and analyzed by keeping the following ‘basic scientific

intents’.

1. Spatiotemporal variability of BC along the cruise track, which help in identifying the hot

spots.

2. Diurnal variation of BC in the 15 day time series location (19N, 89E) where mesoscale

processes can play a role. Role of synoptic circulations in BC variability in monsoon period

over BOB.

3. If combined with other collocated observations like size segregated mass concentration of

aerosols, the study may give some interesting insights of composite aerosol characteristics

over the region during the study period.

Contact Person:

Dr. K. Krishna Moorthy,

Project Director,(ARFI,ICARB),

Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Center,

ISRO P.O., Thiruvananthapuram-695022.

krishnamoorthy_k@vssc.gov.in

krishnamoorthyspl@gmail.com

Atmospheric CO2 monitoring over Bay of Bengal through Air Sampler by IITM

Table6. : Details of the atmospheric CO2 data collected by the IITM Date Time Lat Long Wind

Speed (m/sec)

Wind Direction

Pressure hpa

Condition

17.07.09 12:30 11°47’60”N 85°.48.43’ 14.5 263° 1004.9 Clear Instrument Problem –No sampling

19.07.09 12:05 11°00’66”N 89°00’82”E 7.0 NW330 998.2 Cloudy 20.07.09 12:05 13°46’N 89°00’E 11.0 NW330 1004.0 Cloudy 21.07.09 02:55 16°5730’N 88°59’67”E 9.0 257 1001.0 Cloudy 22.07.09 03:15 19°01’N 89°05’E 10.5 258 1002.5 Cloudy 23.07.09 12:00 19°00’N 89°03’E 9.0 NW330 1003.5 Clear 24.07.09 12:05 19°00’N 89°04’E 7.0 NW320 1002.5 Clear 25.07.09 12:00 18°59’95”N 89°04’E 8.0 NW350 1002.5 Clear

Heavy Rain- No favorable condition for Sampling* 27.07.09 01:30 19°00’N 89°04’E 9.0 NW320 1001.4 Cloudy 29.07.09 12:05 18°59’90”N 89°04’10”E 7.5 NW280 1004.2 Clear

Heavy Rain- No favorable condition for Sampling* 30.07.09 02:55 19°00’09”N 89°04’92”E 10.0 SW240 1003.0 Cloudy 31.07.09 12:00 18°59’88”N 89°04’04”E 10.0 NW350 1002.4 Clear 01.08.09 04:55 19°00’45”N 89°05’17”E 7.0 NW320 1001.2 Cloudy

Rain continuously till evening - No favorable condition for Sampling* 03.08.09 12:05 19°00’N 89°03’09”E 3.0 SW270 1002.5 Clear 04.08.09 01:50 18°59’92”N 89°04’14”E 8.5 NE20 1003.8 Cloudy 05.08.09 01:20 19°00’42”N 89°04’82”E 9.0 SW250 1002.0 Clear 06.08.09 02:30 19°00’10”N 89°05’81”E 5.5 NW300 1002.0 Cloudy 07.08.09 12:20 20°42’79”N 88°16’51”E 3.0 NW340 1003.0 Clear 08.08.09 01:25 19°53’03”N 89°47’54”E 8.0 NW320 1002.0 Clear 09.08.09 12:05 19°00’18”N 88°49’02”E 15.0 N10 1002.4 Clear 10.08.09 02:35 18°59’99”N 89°59’95”E 7.5 NW320 1000.0 Cloudy 11.08.09 01:25 19°46’46”N 86°17’26”E 2.5 SE160 1002.5 Cloudy 12.08.09 05:05 20°09’38”n 86°38’70”E 11.5 W270 1001.0 Cloudy 13.08.09 12:05 19°01’23”N 87°02’25”E 12.0 SW210 1004.5 Clear 14.08.09 12:05 16°54’04”N 87°59’32”E 12.0 SW230 1006.0 Clear 15.08.09 12:05 16°22’31”N 85°19’31”E 10.0 SW230 1005.0 Clear

*Unfavorable condition for the air sampling is rain; either it is heavy moderate or even drizzling. CONTACT PERSON: Dr.Y.K.TIWARI, PH.NO.020-25893600 ext 350 Email: yktiwati@tropmet.res.in

QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE IMPACTOR DETIALS DURING THE CRUISE SK261 PERIOD OPERATED by SK University Sl. No Date Instrument

Description Starting Time

Ending Time

Remarks

01. 16-07-2009 Operated 9:00 20:00 After that period RH>85 02. 17-07-2009 Operated 9:00 16:00 After that period RH>85 03. 18-07-2009 Not Operated RH is > 85%. 04. 19-07-2009 Not Operated RH is > 85%. 05. 20-07-2009 Not Operated RH is > 85%. 06. 21-07-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 07. 22-07-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 08. 23-07-2009 Operated 9:00 16:00 After that period RH>85 09. 24-07-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 10.

25-07-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%,

draggling 11 26-07-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 12

27-07-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%,

driggling 13 28-07-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 14 29-07-2009 Operated 9:00 16:00 After that period RH>85 15 30-07-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 16 31-07-2009 Operated 9:00 17:00 After that period RH>85 17 01-08-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 18 02-08-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 19 03-08-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 20 04-08-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 21 05-08-2009 Not Operated RH is > 85%. 22

06-08-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%,

draggling 23 07-08-2009 Operated 13:00 16:30 After that period RH>85 24 08-08-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 25

09-08-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%,

draggling 26 10-08-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 27 11-08-2009 Operated 14:00 18:00 Morning onwards rainy and

draggle and after 13:OO sky is clear

28 12-08-2009 Not Operated Rainy & RH is > 85%. 29 13-08-2009 Operated 9:00 13:00 After that period RH>85 30 14-08-2009 Operated 9:00 15:00 After that period RH>85 31 15-08-2009 Not Operated RH is > 85%.

7.5 Atmospheric electricity measurements (IITM)

[Team: Deen Mani Lal, IITM]

Objective: Study of small Ions on sea surface due to water bubble bursting and wave breaking.

Abstract

As we know the aerosol particle formation in the atmosphere is a significant factor affecting both

climate and the ecosystem. The new ion formation is also absorbed on the sea surface due to

breaking of small water bubbles. Since generation of small ions due to water burst affect the

adjacent environmental electricity, it is more interesting for researchers.

I am interested to study such phenomena over Bay of Bengal along the cruise track of Sagar

Kanya.

Instrument-

The objective of the study is to count the concentration of charged small ions (size range

<1.45nm), intermediate ions (size range 1.45-12.6nm) and particles concentration of aerosol size

range 0.5-20 micrometer. I have used self made indigenous ion counter for small and intermediate

ion count and APS (Aerodynamic Particle Seizer) of USA made, for aerosol size ion.

Measurements-

The data has been taken continuously from 14thJul09 to 16Aug09 (excepting for some small

interval when I faced some electrical problem which has been solved after some time). The data

was recorded at the rate of 60 samples per second and stored after averaging every minute. Data

during rain time and high humidity time could not be taken due to temporary arrangement.

The data is recorded in Dat. and A21. format file.

Result-

Since data is recorded in A21. format it cannot be opened on board Sagar Kanya. The data will be

processed in the lab with the prescribed software. Some results of ions are shown below.

Data details- Table 6: Details of the atmospheric electricity observations S.N0. Date Lat Long Instruments

APS(file name) Ioncounter(file name

1 16.07.09 Aps-sk160709 ION160709

2 17.07.09 Aps-sk170709 ION170709

3 18.07.09 Aps-sk180709 ION180709

4 19.07.09 Aps-sk190709 ION190709

5 20.07.09 Aps-sk200709 ION200709

6 21.07.09 Aps-sk210709 ION210709

7 22.07.09 Apssk220709 ION210709

8 22.07.09 Aps-sk220709 ION220709

9 23.07.09 Aps-sk230709 ION230709

10 24.07.09 Aps-sk240709 ION240709

11 25.07.09 Aps-sk250709 ION250709

12 26.07.09

As per ship

navigation data

Aps-sk260709 ION260709

14:1

8:01

.593

15:1

8:01

.593

16:1

8:01

.593

17:1

8:01

.593

18:1

8:01

.593

19:1

8:01

.593

20:1

8:01

.593

21:1

8:01

.593

22:1

8:01

.593

23:1

8:01

.593

00:1

8:01

.593

01:1

8:01

.593

02:1

8:01

.593

03:1

8:01

.593

04:1

8:01

.593

05:1

8:01

.593

06:1

8:01

.593

07:1

8:01

.593

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

smal

l ion

s

Time

lighning

18-19jUL 09

0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4- 0 . 5

- 0 . 4

- 0 . 3

- 0 . 2

- 0 . 1

0 . 0

0 . 1

0 . 2

0 . 3

Smal

l ion

s

T im e

5 - 6 A u g 0 9

13 27.07.09 Aps-sk270709 ION270709

14 28.07.09 Aps-sk280709 ION280709

15 29.07.09 Aps-sk290709 ION290709

16 30.07.09 Aps-sk300709 ION300709

17 31.07.09 Aps-sk310709 ION310709

18 01.08.09 Aps-sk010809 ION010809

19 02.08.09 Aps-sk020809 ION020809

20 03.08.09 Aps-sk030809 ION030809

21 04.08.09 Aps-sk040809 ION040809

22 05.08.09 Aps-sk050809 ION050809

23 06.08.09 Aps-sk060809 ION060809

24 07.08.09 Aps-sk070809 ION070809

25 08.08.09 Apssk080809 ION080809

26 09.08.09 Aps-sk090809 ION090809

27 10.08.09 Aps-sk100809 ION100809

28 11.08.09 Apssk110809 ION110809

30 12.08.09 Aps-sk120809 ION120809

31 13.08.09 Aps-sk130809 ION130809

32 14.08.09 Aps-sk140809 ION140809

33 15.08.09 Aps-sk150809 ION150809

34 16.08.09 Aps-sk160809 ION160809

7.6 Surface synoptic observations [Team: Tarun Verma, Deepesh Kumar Jain (IISC), Suneel (NIO), Mahaptra, Ashish (IITM), Srikanth (AU)]

Objective: IISC team made continuous meteorological parameters, to observe surface meteorological parameters using Automatic Weather Station installed onboard ORV Sagar Kanya for SK-261 cruise. NIO and IITM teams have made synoptic observations at regular six hourly intervals.

All the data collected by this team is shared freely with other teams with an understanding that the data will be acknowledged properly either through authorship in research papers or through the mutual agreement if the data is only used as a reference.

Weather Summary during the cruise:

Over the whole period, the eastern side of the TCZ (and monsoon trough) deepened in east central Bay of Bengal (BoB). A low pressure area was formed over northwest BoB on 18 July 2009 and became well marked on 19 July. (Sagarkanya was at Intercomparison Location, south of main convective region). The system concentrated into a depression on 20 July and was centred near 21°N, 88.5°E and intensified into a deep depression on 21 July over NW BoB moving WNW direction. Later it was centered over north Orissa, 50 km NE of Jharsugda. Next day, it weakened into a low pressure area and passed through east MP (22 July), west MP and adjoining SE Rajasthan (23 July) and became less marked on 24 July. Satellite picture showed deep convective clouding over NW and central BoB during 21 and 22 July. Convective clouding are seen over parts of EC and SE BoB and Andaman sea on 23 and 24 July whereas convective clouds are seen over parts of central and adjoining BoB on 25 July. SK reached the Time Series Location (TSL) on 22 July and experienced overcast cloudy conditions with heavy winds (SEly-Sly upto 15 kts), rough sea, rain and visibility becoming poor during rain. The country as a whole experienced good rainfall during passage of the depression and the subsequent low during 19th -24th July, 2009. TCZ at mslp shifted northward and its western and central end came close to foothills of Himalayas whereas its eastern end deepened in BoB during 25 – 28 July. Pressure gradient was strong over BoB. SK experienced overcast sky, very strong winds (SWly-Wly upto 30 kts), rough sea and rain (sometimes heavy rain) during this period. During the first week of August, the western part of TCZ was running close to the foothills of Himalayas, while eastern part to EC BoB and this induced a break like condition over the country with subdued rainfall activity over western, central and peninsular parts of the country but widespread rainfall activity over NE states, West Bengal, Sikkim, Bihar and Jharkhand. Satellite imageries showed convective clouding over parts of North and EC BoB on 1 August; over NW and central BoB on 2 August and parts of central BoB and north Andaman Sea thereafter. SK was at the TSL till 6 August and experienced overcast sky, rough sea, strong winds (southerly to SWly upto 20 kts) and sometimes rain, visibility becoming poor during rain (sometimes sunshine). Diurnal variability of TCZ was steady during past days of break monsoon period. On 7 August rainfall activity over the country improved slightly with TCZ on mslp being fairly close to the normal position. Satellite cloud imagery of 9 August showed convective clouds over parts of north BoB and north Andaman Sea, inducing fairly widespread rainfall over parts of NE states and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. SK was in the northern BoB (closer to Bangladesh –WB coast) and experienced overcast sky, winds (SE to southerly upto 20 kts), rough sea and good rainfall on 10 August. Then SK moved towards Paradip. TCZ on mspl remained 2° to3° north of its normal position on 8-10 August. On 11 August it shifted southwards and was slightly south of its normal position. One cyclonic circulation was observed at 200 hPa off Orissa coast on 10 August and it moved in land on 11 August. SK (anchored near Paradip) experienced good rainfall in the morning of 11 August (good sunshine in the afternoon). On 12 August it rained heavily in the morning with hot and humid weather prevailing. This cyclonic circulation led to good rainfall over Gangetic WB, Orissa, Chattisgarh, east MP etc. On 13-14 August, SK moved southwards for Argo floats deployment towards central BoB and experienced overcast sky and gentle wind with relatively calm sea. On its return journey to Chennai the weather was quite pleasant with drizzle in the morning of 17th August.

Table 7: Details of data collected using AWS S.No. Date Parameters

Measured Filename Remarks

1

15-Jul-09

P, T , RH,WS,WD(Raw),

LW & SW Radiation (both downward and

upward) SK_261_AWS_jul_15.txt

Started collecting

data at 1925 hrs.

2 16-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_16.txt 3 17-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_17.txt 4 18-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_18.txt 5 19-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_19.txt 6 20-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_20.txt 7

21-Jul-09

-do-

SK_261_AWS_jul_21.txt

Noise in T & RH data 2200 hrs onwards.

8 22-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_22.txt 9 23-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_23.txt 10 24-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_24.txt 11

25-Jul-09

-do-

SK_261_AWS_jul_25.txt

T & RH sensor

problem rectified by

noon. 12

26-Jul-09

-do-

SK_261_AWS_jul_26.txt

Data unavailable

from 1430 to 1950 hrs.

13 27-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_27.txt 14 28-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_28.txt 15 29-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_29.txt 16 30-Jul-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_jul_30.txt 17 31-Jul-09 -do- ------------- . 18

1-Aug-09 -do-

SK_261_AWS_aug_1.txt Part of data Unavailable.

19 2-Aug-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_aug_2.txt 20 3-Aug-09 -do- ------------- 21 4-Aug-09 -do- ------------- 22 5-Aug-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_aug_5.txt 23

6-Aug-09 -do-

SK_261_AWS_aug_6.txt Part of data Unavailable.

24 7-Aug-09

-do- SK_261_AWS_aug_7.txt

Part of data Unavailable.

25 8-Aug-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_aug_8.txt 26 9-Aug-09 -do- ------------- 27 10-Aug-09 -do- ------------- 28

11-Aug-09 -do-

SK_261_AWS_aug_11.txt Part of data Unavailable.

29 12-Aug-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_aug_12.txt 30

13-Aug-09 -do-

SK_261_AWS_aug_13.txt Part of data Unavailable.

31 14-Aug-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_aug_14.txt 32 15-Aug-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_aug_15.txt 33 16-Aug-09 -do- SK_261_AWS_aug_16.txt 34 16Jul

to16Aug-09

Daily rainfall Data SK_261_Rainfall.txt

Note: P-Pressure, T-Temperature, RH-Relative Humidity, WS- Wind speed, WD- Wind Direction. Contact Person for data Prof. G S Bhat CAOS, IISc, Bangalore. Email: bhat@caos.iisc.ernet.in

7.7 Light penetration into the ocean (AU, INCOIS) [Team: Srikanth A Somayajula, R. R. V. Suresh, A.U ]

Aim / Objective of the Participation: To study the optical properties in the open ocean waters of Bay of Bengal. Data collection: Table 8: Details of Radiometer observations

Date Time Latitude/ Longitude

Parameters Measured

File name Remarks

18.07.09 14:34:44 Downwelling irradiance, upwelling irradiance, PAR, surface irradiance

july18-09aa.raw Due to strong underwater current radiometer is operated up to 60m depth

19.07.09 10:37:47 12:54:27

110 00.66 N 890 00.82 E

“ ” 19jul012009aa.raw 19jul012009ab.raw 19jul022009aa.raw 19jul022009ab.raw

Operated up to 50m Operated up to 07 m

22.07.09 09:19:36 180 59.86 N 890 03.89 E

“ ” 22jul200901aa.raw 22jul200901ab.raw

Operated up to 25m

23.07.09 13:39:39 180 59.86 N 890 03.89 E

“ ” 23jul200902aa.raw 23jul200903aa.raw

Operated up to 15 m

11.08.09 16:02:46 “ ” 11aug2009 paradeep01aa.raw 11aug2009 paradeep01ab.raw

Operated up to 20 m depth

Radiometer is not operated on dark cloudy days and rainy days during the entire cruise period. During the cruise period when the winds are greater than 6 m/s over the sea, since it causes the strong currents to operate the instrument. Contact Person: Prof. K. Gopala Reddy, Department of Meteorology & Oceanography Andhra University, Visakhapatnam -530 003. Andhra Pradesh. E-mail: kgreddy_52@yahoo.co.in Phone No: 09989191239 Expected outcome: From the obtained data profiles of spectral irradiance, PAR%, chlorophyll fluorescence, downwelling irradiance and upwelling radiance are obtained that are useful in calculation of chlorophyll pigment concentration, and by inversion methods other optical properties are calculated.

30

25

20

15

10

5

00.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

Chl-fluoresence (g/l)

Dep

th (m

)

yanam 05-03-09 ynm 01 ynm 02 ynm 03 ynm 04

30

25

20

15

10

5

027.2 27.4 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.2 28.4 28.6

Temperature (0c)

Dep

th (m

)

yanam 05-03-09 ynm 01 ynm 02 ynm 03 ynm 04 30

25

20

15

10

5

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

PAR (%)

Dep

th (m

)

yanam 05-03-09 ynm 01 ynm 02 ynm 03 ynm 04

Interaction of visible spectrum, profiles of PAR, fluorescence and temperature

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

00 1 2 3 4 5 6

chl -fluorescence (g/l)

Dep

th (m

)

vsp 07-03-09 vsp 01 vsp 02 vsp 03 vsp 04

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

PAR(%)

Dep

th (m

)

vsp 07-03-09 vsp 01 vsp 02 vsp 03 vsp 04

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

018 20 22 24 26 28

Temperature (0c)

Dep

th (m

)

vsp on 07-03-2009 vsp 01 vsp 02 vsp 03 vsp 04

7.8 Biological Oceanography (NIO, NIORCK) [Team: Dr. N. V. Madhu, Dhiraj,NIO] Objectives:-To study the pattern of distribution of chlorophyll-a in the surface and euphotic water column of the central and northern Bay of Bengal

For the estimation of chlorophyll a, water samples were collected from the surface and also

from various depths (0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 80 & 120m) of the euphotic zone of the central (89ºE)

and northern Bay of Bengal. After the filtration of water samples through the Whatman GF/F

filters (pore size 0.7m), the filter papers were kept in a liquid nitrogen cylinder for onshore

fluorometric analysis. In addition, water samples were collected for the estimation of major

inorganic nutrients (Ammonia-NH3-, Nitrate-NO3-, Phosphate-PO4-, Silicate-SiO3-) as well as for

the studies of phytoplankton and microzooplankton (20-200µm) community structure.

Experiments of size fractionated phytoplankton (pico-, nano- & micro-) biomass (chlorophyll a)

were carried out from the time series station (19ºN & 89ºE) for a continuous 15 days. The

preliminary results of vertical distribution of chlorophyll a (Figure 1) recorded by the Seapoint

Fluorometer sensor attached to the CTD showed an occurrence of distinct subsurface chlorophyll

maxima (SCM) at 30 to 60m along the southern latitude (11º-14º N), while between 15º and 18ºN,

the SCM found to shifted towards the surface layers (above 35m) and at 19ºN, again it reached

slightly deeper (40-60m).

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Latitude (oN)

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

Dep

th (m

)

Figure .1- Vertical distribution of chlorophyll a (g L-1) in the upper 150m water column along

89ºE from 11º to 19º N (recorded by Sea point fluorometer sensor, Inc. USA, attached to the CTD)

Station location & sampling details:-

Date Time

(hrs)

Lat

(°N)

Long

(°E) Chl a Nuts. Phyto. Micro. Fract.

1 18.07.09 11 10 11 00.47 89 00 76 -

2 19.07.09 21 25 11 59.64 89 00.07 -

3 20.07.09 05 30 13 00.05 89 00.08 -

4 20.07.09 14 00 14 00.40 89 00.40 -

5 20.07.09 22 30 14 59.86 89 00.19 -

6 21.07.09 07 00 15 59.93 89 00.47 -

7 21.07.09 14 00 17 00.23 89 00.03 -

8 22.07.09 00 50 17 59.84 89 00.10 -

9* 22.07.09 10 00 19 00.94 89 03.76

10 06.08.09 21 40 19 41.95 88 42.01 - -

11 07.08.09 05 00 20 15.12 88 27.02 - -

12 07.08.09 10 45 20 35.97 88 18.04 - -

13 07.08.09 21 30 21 06.00 89 15.00 - -

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

14 08.08.09 03 00 20 30.31 89 30.06 - -

15 08.08.09 11 00 20 03.01 89 42.42 - -

16 08.08.09 03 45 19 35.00 89 53.00 - -

17 08.08.09 22 00 19 00.00 90 00.00 - -

18 08.08.09 19 15 19 00.00 88 00.05 - -

19 09.08.09 05 30 19 00.76 87 00.75 - -

20 09.08.09 14 30 19 00.76 86 00.05 - -

21 11.08.09 00 20 18 59.91 85 05.00 -

22 12.08.09 19.30 19 52.05 86 26.66 -

23 13.08.09 01.30 19 34.00 86 38.00 -

24 13.08.09 06 42 19 15.00 86 51.00 -

25 13.08.09 11 00 19 00.09 87 00.67 -

26 16.08.09 03 40 17 12.06 82 49.71 -

27 16.08.09 07 00 17 01.82 82 57.37 -

28 16.08.09 09 45 16 53.02 83 04.22 -

29 16.08.09 13 00 16 40.00 83 14.00 -

(* Time series station; Chl a - Chlorophyll a; Nuts - Nutrients; Phyto. - Phytoplankton; Micro.-Microzooplankton; Fract. – Fractionated chlorophyll a)

Contact person:

Dr. R. Jyothibabu (Sci. C)/ Dr. N. V. Madhu (Sci.B) Biological Oceanography Division NIO Regional Centre, Kochi-682018 Phone:- 0484 -2390814 (Office); E-Mail:- rjyothibabu@nio.org OR nmadhu@nio.org NIO GOA Component Objectives:

To study the spatial & depth wise variation in phytoplankton species composition in Bay of Bengal.

Effect of bottom rich nutrient water on surface phytoplankton. Cell cycle analysis of dominant phytoplankton for estimating growth rate. To study the Dinoflagellate cyst distribution along the northeast coast of India.

Parameters collected: Water sample for phytoplankton preservation, pigment analysis & nutrient estimation. Sediment sample for dinoflagellate cyst distribution study.

Details of Sample collection:

S. No Date Time Lat Long Parameters 1 15-Jul-09 20.30 13005.59’’N 80020.00’’E Sediment Sample 2 18-Jul-09 12.00 11000.47’’N 89000.79’’E Water Sample 3 18-Jul-09 18.00 11000.47’’N 89000.79’’E Water Sample 4 18-Jul-09 00.00 11000.47’’N 89000.79’’E Water Sample 5 18-Jul-09 6.00 11000.47’’N 89000.79’’E Water Sample 6 19-Jul-09 12.00 11000.47’’N 89000.79’’E Water Sample 7 19-Jul-09 21.30 12000’ N 88059’ E Water Sample 8 20-Jul-09 6.30 12000’ N 89000’ E Water Sample 9 20-Jul-09 14.00 12000’ N 89000’ E Water Sample

10 20-Jul-09 22.00 12000’ N 89000’ E Water Sample 11 21-Jul-09 7.00 12000’ N 89000’ E Water Sample 12 21-Jul-09 15.15 16059’ N 89000’ E Water Sample 13 24-Jul-09 8.00 16059’ N 89000’ E Water Sample 14 24-Jul-09 10.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 15 24-Jul-09 12.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 16 24-Jul-09 14.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 17 24-Jul-09 16.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 18 24-Jul-09 18.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 19 24-Jul-09 21.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 20 25-Jul-09 00.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 21 25-Jul-09 3.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 22 25-Jul-09 6.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 23 25-Jul-09 8.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 24 25-Jul-09 10.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 25 26-Jul-09 12.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 26 26-Jul-09 14.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 27 26-Jul-09 16.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 28 26-Jul-09 18.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 29 26-Jul-09 21.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 30 27-Jul-09 00.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 31 27-Jul-09 3.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 32 27-Jul-09 8.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 33 27-Jul-09 10.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 34 27-Jul-09 12.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 35 27-Jul-09 14.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 36 27-Jul-09 16.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 37 27-Jul-09 18.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 38 27-Jul-09 21.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 39 28-Jul-09 00.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 40 28-Jul-09 3.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 41 28-Jul-09 6.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 42 28-Jul-09 8.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 43 28-Jul-09 10.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 44 28-Jul-09 12.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 45 28-Jul-09 14.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample

46 28-Jul-09 18.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 47 29-Jul-09 00.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 48 29-Jul-09 6.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 49 29-Jul-09 12.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 50 29-Jul-09 18.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 51 30-Jul-09 6.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 52 30-Jul-09 12.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 53 30-Jul-09 14.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 54 30-Jul-09 16.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 55 30-Jul-09 18.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 56 30-Jul-09 21.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 57 31-Jul-09 00.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 58 31-Jul-09 6.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 59 31-Jul-09 10.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 60 31-Jul-09 12.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 61 31-Jul-09 14.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 62 31-Jul-09 16.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 63 31-Jul-09 18.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 64 31-Jul-09 21.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 65 1-Aug-09 00.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 66 1-Aug-09 3.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 67 1-Aug-09 6.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 68 1-Aug-09 8.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 69 1-Aug-09 10.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 70 1-Aug-09 12.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 71 1-Aug-09 14.00 19000’ N 89003’ E Water Sample 72 7-Aug-09 8.45 20024.19’’N 88023.92’’E Water Sample 73 7-Aug-09 10.45 20035.95’’N 88018.08’’E Water Sample 74 7-Aug-09 21.00 20006.05’’N 89015.11’’E Water Sample

75 7-Aug-09 22.45 20056.01’’N 89019.00’’E Sediment & water Sample

76 8-Aug-09 3.14 20030.11’’N 89029.99’’E Sediment & water Sample

77 8-Aug-09 11.00 20003.01’’N 89042.42’’E Water Sample 78 8-Aug-09 15.45 19035.86’’N 89053.74’’E Water Sample

79 11-Aug-09 2.00 19000.96’’N 89053.74’’E Sediment & water Sample

81 12-Aug-09 8.00 19052.36’’N 86026.66’’E Sediment & water Sample

82 13-Aug-09 3.48 19026’N 86043’E Water Sample 83 13-Aug-09 11.30 19000.67’’N 87001.49’’E Water Sample 84 16-Aug-09 3.35 17012.04’’N 82049.67’’E Water Sample

85 16-Aug-09 4.15 17006.86’’N 82053.73’’E Sediment & water Sample

84 16-Aug-09 8.15 16058’N 82049.67’’E Water Sample 85 16-Aug-09 3.35 17012.04’N 82049.67’E Water Sample

Contact Person: Dr. A.C. Anil National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa- 403 004 Email : acanil@nio.org Contcat No : (0832) 2450 404 Dr. J. S. Patil National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa- 403 004 Email : patilj@nio.org Contcat No : (0832) 2450 432

7.9: Isotopic analysis of Air/Rain/Sea water Air CO2 Isotopic Analysis OBJECTIVES

1. Effect of South-west Monsoon on 13C of Atmospheric CO2 over Bay of Bengal.

2. Partitioning of gaseous CO2 between atmosphere & ocean.

3. Correlation between SST and atmospheric CO2 concentration.

DATA COLLECTION Table 9: Details of Atmospheric CO2 sampling

Sample No.

Date Time Latitude Longitude

Wind Speed

Wind Direction

Temperature

Humidity

SST (in

C)

Surface Salinity

1 17/07/09 12:30 11°48’N 85 48’E AWS AWS AWS AWS 29.5 Portable CTD

2 18/07/09 12:40 11 N 89 E AWS AWS AWS AWS 28.5 Portable CTD

3 20/07/09 22:30 14 59’N 89 E AWS AWS AWS AWS 28.5 Portable CTD

4 23/07/09 12:40 18 59’N 89 03’E AWS AWS AWS AWS 28.5 Portable CTD

5 30/07/09 16:55 19 N 89 94’E AWS AWS AWS AWS 28.7 Portable

CTD 6 07/08/09 13:00 20 43’N 88 16’E AWS AWS AWS AWS 29.5 Portable

CTD 7 11/08/09 15:30 19 52’N 86 26’E AWS AWS AWS AWS 29.5 Portable

CTD 8 16/08/09 03:46 17 12’N 82 49’E AWS AWS AWS AWS 29.2 Portable

CTD 9 *

AWS AWS AWS AWS Portable CTD

*Sample No. 9 will be collected near Chennai. For each sample Surface Water is collected for the analysis of gaseous CO2 (Isotopic values ) dissolved into the water. All the samples will be analyzed using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (MAT-253) in the stable isotope lab. (OASIS LAB.) at IISc.

Rain Water Isotopic Analysis OBJECTIVES

1. Identifying the source of water vapour using 18O for rain water

2. Spatial & temporal Variation of 18O of Rain Water.

3. Correlation between 18O of rain water & Air Temperature.

4. Effect of South-west monsoon on 18O of rain water.

DATA COLLECTION Table 10: Rain water sample details collected by IISC Sample No Date Time Latitude Longitude Temperature Relative

Humidity 1 15/07/09 19:40 13 N 80 E AWS AWS 2 25/07/09 09:00 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 3 25/07/09 13:00 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 4 27/07/09 10:00 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 5 27/07/09 13:30 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 6 28/07/09 10:30 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 7 28/07/09 10:30 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 8 28/07/09 13:00 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 9 28/07/09 13:00 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 10 29/07/09 13:00 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 11 29/07/09 13:00 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 12 30/07/09 13:00 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 13 30/07/09 13:00 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 14 01/08/09 13:30 19 N 89 E AWS AWS

15 03/08/09 13:30 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 16 04/08/09 17:15 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 17 05/08/09 15:00 19 N 89 E AWS AWS 18 08/08/09 10:15 20 N 89 E AWS AWS 19 10/08/09 11:30 19 N 86 E AWS AWS 20 11/08/09 11:30 19 N 84 E AWS AWS 21 12/08/09 10:00 20 N 86 E AWS AWS 22 12/08/09 11:30 20 N 86 E AWS AWS 23 13/08/09 18:00 20 N 86 E AWS AWS 24 13/08/09 19:30 18 N 87�E AWS AWS

Subsurface Water Sampling OBJECTIVES

1. To find the profile of 18O of water with depth.

2. Determination of nitrate & bicarbonate dissolved in water.

DATA COLLECTION Table 11: Subsurface water sampling for isotopic analysis by IISC.

SI. No

Date Time Cast No.

Latitude Longitude

Depth of Sampling (in meters)

1 17/07/09 12:30 1 11 48’N 85 48’E 801,612,435,259,201,81,75,49,19,9 & surface

2 18/07/09 12:00 2 11 N 89 E 500,200,100,80,50,30,20 & surface 3 18/07/09 14:00 3 11 N 89 E 10 4 19/07/09 12:00 17 11 N 89 E Surface 5 20/07/09 14:00 21 14 N 89 E Surface 6 20/07/09 22:45 22 15 N 89 E 500,200,100,80,50,30,20,10 &

surface 7 21/07/09 15:00 - 16 N 88 E Surface (CTD cable disturbed) 8 23/07/09 16:00 42 18 59’N 89 03’E 1000,900,800,700,600,500,400,300,

200,100 & surface 9 23/07/09 17:15 43 18 59’N 89 03’E 120,80,60,50,30,20,10 10 25/07/09 18:00 72 18 59’N 89 04’E Surface 11 25/07/09 21:00 74 19 N 89 04’E 120,80,60,50,30,20,10 & Surface 12 29/07/09 16:00 128 19 N 89 04’E 120,80,60,50,30,20,10 & Surface 13 29/07/09 21:00 131 19 N 89 04’E 120,80,60,50,30,20,10 & Surface 14 30/07/09 16:00 143 19 N 89 04’E 120,80,60,50,30,20,10 & Surface 15 06/08/09 11:30 234 18 59’N 89 03’E 1000 & 900 (error in the CTD

sampler) 16 07/08/09 10:54 241 20 35’N 88 18’E 100,80,60,50,30,20,10 & Surface 17 12/08/09 20:00 266 19 52’N 86 26’E 20,10 & Surface 18 12/08/09 21:20 267 19 46’N 86 30’E 75,60,50,30,20,10 & Surface

19 13/08/09 09:59 270 19 N 87 E 1000,900,800,700,600,500,400,300 & 200

20 13/08/09 11:06 271 19 N 87 E 100 & Surface 21 14/08/09 07:52 - 17 05’N 88 10’E 1000,900,800,700,600,500,400,300,

200 22 14/08/09 09:09 - 17 05’N 88 10’E 120,100,80,60,50,30,20,10 &

Surface 23 14/08/09 22:11 - 15 50’N 86 49’E 1000,900,800,700,600,500,400,300

& 200 24 14/08/09 23:22 - 15 50’N 86 49’E 100 & Surface

All the samples will be analyzed within next 6 months 8.0 PERFORMACE OF THE EQUIPMENT USED CTD We were supposed to use Sea Bird 9/11 plus CTD for casts during this cruise. At the last minute it was found that, the lifting bail of the SBE CTD was not shipped with the main equipment. Therefore, we could not use the SBE 9/11 plus CTD on this cruise. Therefore, we ended up using Idronaut Ocean seven online CTD for this purpose. During the cruise period, the continuous observations are hampered at least five times due to some problems with Idronaut CTD communication problems. On 6/8/09 the Idronaut CTD developed problems with water sample rosette, forcing us to proceed to Pardip to collect the lifting bail of the SBE CTD to collect water samples. Dissolved oxygen sensor started functioning erratically from 28/7/09 and the problem could not be resolved. The problems of the CTD, though some of them are resolved by the NORINCO, they should have been minimized if proper maintenance schedule of the instruments is followed. Thermosalinograph

To test the performance of the TSG, we compare its measurement with that from the CTD temperature and salinity at 5.5 m at the TSL, where CTD casts were made every 2 hours for a fortnight. The CTD data form the benchmark for evaluating the performance of the TSG.

TSG values were consistent for a few days after the time series started and recorded good data. However, some erratic data with respect to CTD for temperature and salinity are observed occasionally either due to malfunction of pump or discharge of waste water from ship AWS A few observations were made from the monkey bridge using calibrated instruments for making a comparison with the data from the AWS installed on board ORV Sagar Kanya. At the same time, the values displayed by the AWS computer were noted down. Since the AWS was programmed to

record data at an interval of one minute, one-to-one comparison was not possible. In general, however, the following inferences can be drawn from the range of values.

1.Wind speed and direction more or less matched with AWS readings. During one observation the expected differential response of the two anemometers of AWS was clearly seen. When the wind was blowing from one side of the ship, the anemometer on the windward side was responding fully while that exactly on the leeward side was not at all responding.

2. Temperature values of the AWS are lesser than the thermometer readings, the difference being between.1 to 1.4°C. Further examination of this has shown that it is when the thermometer readings are above 30°C that the differences are prominent. On examining the timings it is seen that AWS values between 1000 hrs to 1700 hrs are less, on an average, by about 1°C.

3. The pressure recorded by the AWS also shows slightly lower values compared to the barometer readings. The average difference is about 1.0 mb.

CTD and Autosal We tried to make comparisons of the CTD salinity values with bottle samples collected at different depths (mostly at around 500 or 1000 m) during CTD casts. 120 different samples were collected, but after checking them for quality, the performance of the autosal was found not satisfactory. NORINCO staff conducted standardization of the instrument, however they failed to get reasonable comparison with the CTD water samples. NORINCO staff informed me that they need to get some spare parts to repair the autosal. Now these same samples will be analyzed at NIO. 9.0 PERFORMANCE OF THE SHIP Ship speed and winch speed are two very essential parameters, which go into planning of the cruise duration and observations. Even though ship speed was satisfactory, the winch speed was not at all satisfactory. The winch speed we could get was about 0.6 m/sec. The optimal speed required to operate CTDs is 1 m/sec. The performance of the air conditioners in the laboratories and the accommodation was not satisfactory. During the whole cruise, about four days we had problems with the centralized air conditioner. During this time lot of moisture is accumulated in the rooms, which might result in spoiling laptops of the scientists. The ship is infested with pests (cockroaches and bed bugs). It resulted in loss of sleep to many scientists and some of them started sleeping in recreation room. Some of the cockroaches are found even in the food served.

10.0 CONCLUSIONS The objectives of the cruise were successfully accomplished. All the planned sections were completed and the time series observations went off smoothly. We have carried out additional observations; such as inter comparison of various CTD instruments at different locations and one additional cross-shore leg across Kakinada coast for participants’ who could not get water samples at previous legs due to failure of Idronaut CTD water sample rosette. A plus (North South East West section) was done every night at the location of the time series (TSL) to permit computation of gradients of temperature and salinity. Inter comparison of various CTD instruments was carried at three different locations. This exercise will provide, for the first time in Indian seas, the details on biases/errors in various sensors used in these instruments. 11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

The temperature/salinity data from the new thermosalinograph have been shown to be reliable. However, we could not get continuous data due to the problems with the pump. Occasionally the pump was switched off without informing the chief scientist. Prior to the Therefore, we could not get continuous dataThe temperature data have more errors probably because of greater exposure of the sensor to fouling on account of its being located closer to the intake and before any filter. An instrument that can provide continuous data on salinity (even if at 5.5 m) is useful, and it can be calibrated better if CTD data at 5.5 m are collated along with data from the thermosalinograph for a few months to cover a wider salinity range than was possible during this cruise. This will require cooperation from the chief scientists of future cruises.

There should be at least one PC on board running Linux. Packages like Ferret, GMT, GrADS, etc. can be installed on this PC; data sets like the Levitus climatology, Reynolds SST, altimeter sea level, etc. can also be made available on this PC. This would go a long way towards making ORV Sagar Kanya a more powerful platform for research.

The PC projector in the conference room is not working and needs to be replaced. The problem of viruses is endemic. An uptodate virus scan should be installed on all

computers and updates should be sent to ship as and when new updates are available. It would be good to have a documentary on Sagar Kanya available on board for newcomers. Library in recreation room should have both academic and leisure reading material

12. Acknowldgements The chief scientist and participants of cruise SK-261 place on record their deep sense of gratitude to the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi for financial support for this field programme of CTCZ through their research grants to various PIs. Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi made available ship time on Sagar Kanya, making possible this programme. The PAMC on MONTCLIM and ICRP conceived the CTCZ programme and gave necessary guidelines through the science and implementation plans. We sincerely acknowledge and thank them all. Arrangements made by NCAOR, Goa helped make this cruise a reality. We wish to thank the Director, NCAOR for his willingness to allow us to carry out observations without any hindrance

throughout the cruise period. Support extended by Mr. Subramaniam is commendable and without his initiatives this cruise would not be a great success. CTCZ cruise was tough, with work on round the clock, especially during the time series. This also tests the ship and the equipment (those used) on board to the fullest. That the cruise objectives were successfully accomplished is a tribute to the vessel and to the officers and crew on board. The support received during the operations from the Master and his officers on the bridge, the CEO and his officers in the engine room, and the crew on the deck, in the saloon, and elsewhere on the vessel is gratefully acknowledged. Catering officer made all his attempts to provide good food to all of the participants and took care of the needs of each and every participant. The NORINCO personnel were always there to help with the operations. They not only participated in the operations involving ship-based equipment, but also were ready to help with observations involving equipment brought on board by the various teams. In particular, Shri Biju and his colleagues went out of their way to help Radion sonde and CTD groups.

Appendix I

Training imparted One of the objectives of the cruise was to impart training to research students from universities and research institutions. The students participated in the observational programs, and were in particular associated with the CTD operations.

Lectures on various topics were also organized during the cruise. The details of these talks, organized by Dr. Santosh Kulkarni are given below

. SCHEDULE OF SEMINARS ONBOARD ORV SAGAR KANYA

Time: 8:00 pm – 8:45 pm

Sr. No. Name Title of Seminar Date 1 Suryachandra. Rao (IITM) Role of Oceans in Climate Variability 04/08/09 2 V. Suneel (NIO) XBT/XCTD 05/08/09 3 Ashish Dhakate (IITM) CTD 05/08/09 4 S. Mahapatra (IITM) Climate change 06/08/09 5 Sabeerali (IITM) Introduction to IOD 06/08/09 6 Samir Pokhrel (IITM) Basic Remote Sensing 07/08/09 7 Deepesh Kumar (IISc) IR Rainfall estimation technique 07/08/09 8 D. Sunder (NIO) Ocean tides 09/08/09 9 Srikanth A.S. Radiometer – Ocean colour RS 09/08/09 10 R.R.V Suresh (AU) Ocean Waves 09/08/09 11 Tarun Verma (IISc) Introduction to Data assimilation 10/08/09 12 Santosh M. (SPL) Temperature and its vertical profiles

in the atmospheric boundary layer 10/08/09

13 Subodh Saha (IITM) Land Surface Processes 11/08/09 14 D. M. Lal (IITM) Atmospheric ions and its

characteristics 11/08/09

15 Girach Imran (SPL) Trace Gases 12/08/09 16 K. Ravikumar (IITM) Atmospheric CO2 12/08/09 17 Tania Guha (IISc) Isotopic analysis of CO2 12/08/09 18 Sobhan Kumar (SPL) Atmospheric Aerosol 13/08/09 19 Santosh Kulkarni (IITM) Aerosol Study using Raman

Spectroscopy 13/08/09

20 Prijith S.S. (SPL) Aerosol Transport:An introduction 13/08/09 21 G. Balakrishna (SKU) Atmospheric aerosols 14/08/09 22 K. B. Budhavant (IITM) Aerosol & Rain water chemistry 14/08/09 23 Usha (IISc) Geographical aspects of Marine

resources 14/08/09

24 Madhu N V (NIO-K) Phytoplankton and its importance in the Marine Ecosystem

15/08/09

25 Dheeraj Narale (NIO) Dinoflagellate distribution 15/08/09

SK-261 Participants