ocr a level chemistry a h432 specification - tutor...
TRANSCRIPT
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 13
2
DŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module acts as an important bridge into AS and A Level Chemistry from the study of chemistry within ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞĐŽƵƌƐĞƐĂƚ^ůĞǀĞů
This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of A Level Chemistry
atomic structure
ƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐamount of substance and the mole
ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
bonding and structure
The importance of these basic chemical concepts is seen as a prerequisite for all further chemistry modules and it is recommended that this module ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĮƌƐƚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ
This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŵĂƐƐĞƐŐĂƐĂŶĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶǀŽůƵŵĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐapparatus
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůskills during their study of amount of substance and ǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
ϮϭƚŽŵƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶďƵŝůĚƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵ^^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐƚĂƌƟŶŐwith basic atomic structure and isotopes
ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚďĂƐŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁƌŝƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨamount of substance
The role of acids bases and salts in chemistry is ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƐƚƵĚŝĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ
ϮϭϭƚŽŵŝĐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŝƐŽƚŽƉĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƚŽŵŝĐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŝƐŽƚŽƉĞƐ
(a) isotopes as atoms of the same element with ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨŶĞƵƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚmasses
(b) atomic structure in terms of the numbers of protons neutrons and electrons for atoms and ions given the atomic number mass number and any ionic charge
^tϭŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĂƚŽŵŝĐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶĂĞŐƚŚĞŽŚƌŵŽĚĞůĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
HSW7 The changing accepted models of atomic ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽǀĞƌƟŵĞdŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞƚŽĂĐĐĞƉƚŽƌƌĞũĞĐƚƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŵŽĚĞůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A14
2
ZĞůĂƟǀĞŵĂƐƐ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞŝƐŽƚŽƉŝĐŵĂƐƐ (mass compared with 112th mass of carbon-12) and ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐ (weighted mean mass compared with 112th mass of carbon-12) based on the mass of a 12C atom the standard for atomic masses
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(d) use of mass spectrometry in (i) ƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞŝƐŽƚŽƉŝĐ
ŵĂƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞisotope
(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐŽĨĂŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞƐŽĨŝƚƐisotopes
M02 M12 M31
Knowledge of the mass spectrometer not required
Limited to ions with single charges
(e) use of the terms ƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŵĂƐƐ Mr and ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐĞƐ
For simple molecules the term ƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌmass will be used
For compounds with giant structures the term ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂŵĂƐƐ will be used
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞformula mass will not be required
ϮϭϮŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ampŽƌŵƵůĂĞĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(a) ƚŚĞǁƌŝƟŶŐŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵionic charges including(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŚĂƌŐĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ
of an element in the periodic table(ii) recall of the names and formulae for the
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝŽŶƐEK3ndash CO3
2ndash SO42ndash OHndash
E4+ Zn2+ and Ag+
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK3
ndash and SO42ndash
Charges on ions other than in (i) and (ii) will be provided
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐͿŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐƚĂƚĞƐLJŵďŽůƐĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĂŶĚĨŽƌƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŐŝǀĞŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
M02
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 15
2
ϮϭϯŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
The mole
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) amount of substance(ii) mole (symbol lsquomolrsquo) as the unit for amount
of substance(iii) the Avogadro constant NA (the number of
ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐƉĞƌŵŽůĞϲϬϮпϭϬ23 molndash1)(iv) molar mass (mass per mole units g molndash1)(v) molar gas volume (gas volume per mole
units dm3 molndash1)
M00 M01 M02 M04
Amount of substance will be used in exams using the formula of the substance ĞŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨEĂl amount of O2
The value for NA and the molar gas volume at RTP are provided on the Data Sheet
ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞ
(b) use of the terms(i) empirical formula (the simplest whole
ŶƵŵďĞƌƌĂƟŽŽĨĂƚŽŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚpresent in a compound)
(ii) molecular formula (the number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ not required
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶďLJŵĂƐƐŽƌƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐďLJŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌmass
M02 M22 M23 M24
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵelemental analysis data (see also 632 e)
(d) the terms anhydrous hydrated and water of ĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂof a hydrated salt from given percentage ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŵĂƐƐĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽƌďĂƐĞĚŽŶexperimental results
M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG1
ĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŶŐŵĂƐƐĞƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞŝŶŵŽůinvolving(i) mass(ii) gas volume(iii) ƐŽůƵƟŽŶǀŽůƵŵĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶin mol dmndash3 and g dmndash3
(f) ƚŚĞŝĚĞĂůŐĂƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ pV = nRT
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
The value for R is provided on the Data Sheet gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶ SI units
ŐͿ ƵƐĞŽĨƐƚŽŝĐŚŝŽŵĞƚƌŝĐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐŝŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ M02
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A16
2
WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚƐĂŶĚĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ(i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚ
ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
M02 M11 M22 M23 M24
(i) the techniques and procedures required during experiments requiring the measurement of mass ǀŽůƵŵĞƐŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐ
PAG1 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(j) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐchemical processes with a high atom economy
HSW10 Use of processes with high atom economy in chemical industry and other areas
214 AcidsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) the formulae of the common acids (HCl H2SO4 EK3 and CH3COOH) and the common alkalis EĂKltKĂŶĚE3ͿĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐŝĚƐrelease H+ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐrelease OHndashŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ
(b) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐĂŶĚǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) H+ and OHndash to form H2O(ii) acids with bases including carbonates
metal oxides and alkalis (water-soluble ďĂƐĞƐͿƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
ĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG2 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨfamiliar and non-familiar acids and bases
M01 M02 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 17
2
215 RedoxgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ
(a) ƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumber for atoms in elements compounds and
ions
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŬŶŽǁŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides
(b) ǁƌŝƟŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞƵƐŝŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ^tϴƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝŶǁƌŝƩĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ
(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the
ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌǁŚĞŶan element may have compoundsions with
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
Examples should include but not be limited to
iron(II) and iron(III) Learners will be expected to write formulae from
names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice versa
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚΖŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚŶŽƐŚŽǁŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK
3
ndash and
SO4
2ndash
^tϴ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂŶĚƵŶĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) electron transfer
(ii) ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ
Should include examples of s- p- and d-block
elements
(e) ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŵĞƚĂůƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 214 c)
Metals should be from s- p- and d-blocks
eg Mg Al Fe Zn
ŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐnot required
In (e)ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂƐĂůƚĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐnitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid could be
assessed in the context of (f)
(f) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ(e) and
ƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶůŽƐƐgain
M02
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A18
2
ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of
ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ
ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ
(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells
(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold
up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and
d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ
HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure
(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ
orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy
ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ
Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure
(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ
(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36
(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19
2
ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states
HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain
ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms
(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of
molecules and ions to describe
(i) single covalent bonding
(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs
(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom
(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a
measurement of covalent bond strength
Learners should appreciate that the larger the value
of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the
covalent bond
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required
ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f
dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and
ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone
pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted
ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone
pairs of electrons
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to
illustrate shapes of molecules and ions
HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to
predict molecular shapes
(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following
shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear
trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and
octahedral
Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel
more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for
common examples of each shape including
CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE
3 (107deg) and H
2O (1045deg)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20
2
ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ
(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table
^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type
(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within
molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ
(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape
A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole
ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ
ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces
ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces
^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding
(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp
Including the role of lone pairs
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice
(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21
2
DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ
The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry
ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ
ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability
This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
31 The periodic table
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A22
2
311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ
ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)
(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks
(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius
(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)
^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ
ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons
(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 23
2
(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate
HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)
M31
Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ
ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ
(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions
(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity
(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid
soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A14
2
ZĞůĂƟǀĞŵĂƐƐ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞŝƐŽƚŽƉŝĐŵĂƐƐ (mass compared with 112th mass of carbon-12) and ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐ (weighted mean mass compared with 112th mass of carbon-12) based on the mass of a 12C atom the standard for atomic masses
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(d) use of mass spectrometry in (i) ƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞŝƐŽƚŽƉŝĐ
ŵĂƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞisotope
(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐŽĨĂŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞƐŽĨŝƚƐisotopes
M02 M12 M31
Knowledge of the mass spectrometer not required
Limited to ions with single charges
(e) use of the terms ƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŵĂƐƐ Mr and ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂƚŽŵŝĐŵĂƐƐĞƐ
For simple molecules the term ƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌmass will be used
For compounds with giant structures the term ƌĞůĂƟǀĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂŵĂƐƐ will be used
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞformula mass will not be required
ϮϭϮŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ampŽƌŵƵůĂĞĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(a) ƚŚĞǁƌŝƟŶŐŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵionic charges including(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŚĂƌŐĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ
of an element in the periodic table(ii) recall of the names and formulae for the
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝŽŶƐEK3ndash CO3
2ndash SO42ndash OHndash
E4+ Zn2+ and Ag+
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK3
ndash and SO42ndash
Charges on ions other than in (i) and (ii) will be provided
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐͿŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐƚĂƚĞƐLJŵďŽůƐĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĂŶĚĨŽƌƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŐŝǀĞŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
M02
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 15
2
ϮϭϯŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
The mole
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) amount of substance(ii) mole (symbol lsquomolrsquo) as the unit for amount
of substance(iii) the Avogadro constant NA (the number of
ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐƉĞƌŵŽůĞϲϬϮпϭϬ23 molndash1)(iv) molar mass (mass per mole units g molndash1)(v) molar gas volume (gas volume per mole
units dm3 molndash1)
M00 M01 M02 M04
Amount of substance will be used in exams using the formula of the substance ĞŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨEĂl amount of O2
The value for NA and the molar gas volume at RTP are provided on the Data Sheet
ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞ
(b) use of the terms(i) empirical formula (the simplest whole
ŶƵŵďĞƌƌĂƟŽŽĨĂƚŽŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚpresent in a compound)
(ii) molecular formula (the number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ not required
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶďLJŵĂƐƐŽƌƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐďLJŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌmass
M02 M22 M23 M24
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵelemental analysis data (see also 632 e)
(d) the terms anhydrous hydrated and water of ĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂof a hydrated salt from given percentage ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŵĂƐƐĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽƌďĂƐĞĚŽŶexperimental results
M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG1
ĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŶŐŵĂƐƐĞƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞŝŶŵŽůinvolving(i) mass(ii) gas volume(iii) ƐŽůƵƟŽŶǀŽůƵŵĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶin mol dmndash3 and g dmndash3
(f) ƚŚĞŝĚĞĂůŐĂƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ pV = nRT
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
The value for R is provided on the Data Sheet gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶ SI units
ŐͿ ƵƐĞŽĨƐƚŽŝĐŚŝŽŵĞƚƌŝĐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐŝŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ M02
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A16
2
WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚƐĂŶĚĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ(i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚ
ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
M02 M11 M22 M23 M24
(i) the techniques and procedures required during experiments requiring the measurement of mass ǀŽůƵŵĞƐŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐ
PAG1 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(j) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐchemical processes with a high atom economy
HSW10 Use of processes with high atom economy in chemical industry and other areas
214 AcidsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) the formulae of the common acids (HCl H2SO4 EK3 and CH3COOH) and the common alkalis EĂKltKĂŶĚE3ͿĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐŝĚƐrelease H+ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐrelease OHndashŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ
(b) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐĂŶĚǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) H+ and OHndash to form H2O(ii) acids with bases including carbonates
metal oxides and alkalis (water-soluble ďĂƐĞƐͿƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
ĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG2 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨfamiliar and non-familiar acids and bases
M01 M02 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 17
2
215 RedoxgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ
(a) ƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumber for atoms in elements compounds and
ions
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŬŶŽǁŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides
(b) ǁƌŝƟŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞƵƐŝŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ^tϴƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝŶǁƌŝƩĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ
(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the
ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌǁŚĞŶan element may have compoundsions with
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
Examples should include but not be limited to
iron(II) and iron(III) Learners will be expected to write formulae from
names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice versa
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚΖŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚŶŽƐŚŽǁŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK
3
ndash and
SO4
2ndash
^tϴ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂŶĚƵŶĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) electron transfer
(ii) ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ
Should include examples of s- p- and d-block
elements
(e) ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŵĞƚĂůƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 214 c)
Metals should be from s- p- and d-blocks
eg Mg Al Fe Zn
ŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐnot required
In (e)ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂƐĂůƚĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐnitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid could be
assessed in the context of (f)
(f) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ(e) and
ƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶůŽƐƐgain
M02
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A18
2
ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of
ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ
ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ
(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells
(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold
up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and
d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ
HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure
(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ
orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy
ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ
Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure
(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ
(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36
(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19
2
ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states
HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain
ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms
(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of
molecules and ions to describe
(i) single covalent bonding
(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs
(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom
(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a
measurement of covalent bond strength
Learners should appreciate that the larger the value
of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the
covalent bond
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required
ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f
dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and
ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone
pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted
ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone
pairs of electrons
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to
illustrate shapes of molecules and ions
HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to
predict molecular shapes
(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following
shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear
trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and
octahedral
Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel
more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for
common examples of each shape including
CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE
3 (107deg) and H
2O (1045deg)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20
2
ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ
(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table
^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type
(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within
molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ
(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape
A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole
ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ
ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces
ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces
^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding
(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp
Including the role of lone pairs
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice
(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21
2
DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ
The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry
ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ
ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability
This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
31 The periodic table
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A22
2
311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ
ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)
(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks
(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius
(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)
^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ
ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons
(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 23
2
(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate
HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)
M31
Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ
ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ
(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions
(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity
(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid
soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 15
2
ϮϭϯŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
The mole
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) amount of substance(ii) mole (symbol lsquomolrsquo) as the unit for amount
of substance(iii) the Avogadro constant NA (the number of
ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐƉĞƌŵŽůĞϲϬϮпϭϬ23 molndash1)(iv) molar mass (mass per mole units g molndash1)(v) molar gas volume (gas volume per mole
units dm3 molndash1)
M00 M01 M02 M04
Amount of substance will be used in exams using the formula of the substance ĞŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨEĂl amount of O2
The value for NA and the molar gas volume at RTP are provided on the Data Sheet
ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞ
(b) use of the terms(i) empirical formula (the simplest whole
ŶƵŵďĞƌƌĂƟŽŽĨĂƚŽŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚpresent in a compound)
(ii) molecular formula (the number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ not required
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶďLJŵĂƐƐŽƌƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐďLJŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌmass
M02 M22 M23 M24
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞĨƌŽŵelemental analysis data (see also 632 e)
(d) the terms anhydrous hydrated and water of ĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂof a hydrated salt from given percentage ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŵĂƐƐĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽƌďĂƐĞĚŽŶexperimental results
M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG1
ĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŶŐŵĂƐƐĞƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞŝŶŵŽůinvolving(i) mass(ii) gas volume(iii) ƐŽůƵƟŽŶǀŽůƵŵĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶin mol dmndash3 and g dmndash3
(f) ƚŚĞŝĚĞĂůŐĂƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ pV = nRT
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
The value for R is provided on the Data Sheet gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶ SI units
ŐͿ ƵƐĞŽĨƐƚŽŝĐŚŝŽŵĞƚƌŝĐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐŝŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ M02
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A16
2
WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚƐĂŶĚĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ(i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚ
ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
M02 M11 M22 M23 M24
(i) the techniques and procedures required during experiments requiring the measurement of mass ǀŽůƵŵĞƐŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐ
PAG1 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(j) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐchemical processes with a high atom economy
HSW10 Use of processes with high atom economy in chemical industry and other areas
214 AcidsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) the formulae of the common acids (HCl H2SO4 EK3 and CH3COOH) and the common alkalis EĂKltKĂŶĚE3ͿĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐŝĚƐrelease H+ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐrelease OHndashŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ
(b) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐĂŶĚǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) H+ and OHndash to form H2O(ii) acids with bases including carbonates
metal oxides and alkalis (water-soluble ďĂƐĞƐͿƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
ĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG2 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨfamiliar and non-familiar acids and bases
M01 M02 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 17
2
215 RedoxgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ
(a) ƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumber for atoms in elements compounds and
ions
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŬŶŽǁŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides
(b) ǁƌŝƟŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞƵƐŝŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ^tϴƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝŶǁƌŝƩĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ
(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the
ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌǁŚĞŶan element may have compoundsions with
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
Examples should include but not be limited to
iron(II) and iron(III) Learners will be expected to write formulae from
names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice versa
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚΖŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚŶŽƐŚŽǁŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK
3
ndash and
SO4
2ndash
^tϴ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂŶĚƵŶĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) electron transfer
(ii) ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ
Should include examples of s- p- and d-block
elements
(e) ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŵĞƚĂůƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 214 c)
Metals should be from s- p- and d-blocks
eg Mg Al Fe Zn
ŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐnot required
In (e)ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂƐĂůƚĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐnitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid could be
assessed in the context of (f)
(f) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ(e) and
ƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶůŽƐƐgain
M02
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A18
2
ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of
ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ
ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ
(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells
(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold
up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and
d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ
HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure
(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ
orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy
ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ
Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure
(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ
(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36
(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19
2
ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states
HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain
ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms
(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of
molecules and ions to describe
(i) single covalent bonding
(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs
(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom
(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a
measurement of covalent bond strength
Learners should appreciate that the larger the value
of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the
covalent bond
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required
ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f
dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and
ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone
pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted
ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone
pairs of electrons
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to
illustrate shapes of molecules and ions
HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to
predict molecular shapes
(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following
shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear
trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and
octahedral
Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel
more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for
common examples of each shape including
CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE
3 (107deg) and H
2O (1045deg)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20
2
ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ
(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table
^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type
(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within
molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ
(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape
A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole
ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ
ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces
ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces
^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding
(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp
Including the role of lone pairs
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice
(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21
2
DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ
The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry
ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ
ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability
This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
31 The periodic table
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A22
2
311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ
ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)
(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks
(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius
(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)
^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ
ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons
(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 23
2
(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate
HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)
M31
Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ
ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ
(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions
(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity
(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid
soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A16
2
WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚƐĂŶĚĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ(i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞLJŝĞůĚŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚ
ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂƚŽŵĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
M02 M11 M22 M23 M24
(i) the techniques and procedures required during experiments requiring the measurement of mass ǀŽůƵŵĞƐŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐ
PAG1 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(j) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐchemical processes with a high atom economy
HSW10 Use of processes with high atom economy in chemical industry and other areas
214 AcidsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) the formulae of the common acids (HCl H2SO4 EK3 and CH3COOH) and the common alkalis EĂKltKĂŶĚE3ͿĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐŝĚƐrelease H+ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐrelease OHndashŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ
(b) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐĂŶĚǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƌĞůĂƟǀĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) H+ and OHndash to form H2O(ii) acids with bases including carbonates
metal oxides and alkalis (water-soluble ďĂƐĞƐͿƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
ĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG2 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨfamiliar and non-familiar acids and bases
M01 M02 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 17
2
215 RedoxgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ
(a) ƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumber for atoms in elements compounds and
ions
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŬŶŽǁŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides
(b) ǁƌŝƟŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞƵƐŝŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ^tϴƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝŶǁƌŝƩĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ
(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the
ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌǁŚĞŶan element may have compoundsions with
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
Examples should include but not be limited to
iron(II) and iron(III) Learners will be expected to write formulae from
names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice versa
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚΖŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚŶŽƐŚŽǁŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK
3
ndash and
SO4
2ndash
^tϴ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂŶĚƵŶĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) electron transfer
(ii) ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ
Should include examples of s- p- and d-block
elements
(e) ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŵĞƚĂůƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 214 c)
Metals should be from s- p- and d-blocks
eg Mg Al Fe Zn
ŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐnot required
In (e)ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂƐĂůƚĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐnitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid could be
assessed in the context of (f)
(f) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ(e) and
ƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶůŽƐƐgain
M02
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A18
2
ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of
ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ
ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ
(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells
(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold
up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and
d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ
HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure
(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ
orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy
ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ
Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure
(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ
(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36
(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19
2
ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states
HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain
ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms
(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of
molecules and ions to describe
(i) single covalent bonding
(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs
(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom
(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a
measurement of covalent bond strength
Learners should appreciate that the larger the value
of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the
covalent bond
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required
ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f
dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and
ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone
pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted
ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone
pairs of electrons
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to
illustrate shapes of molecules and ions
HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to
predict molecular shapes
(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following
shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear
trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and
octahedral
Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel
more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for
common examples of each shape including
CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE
3 (107deg) and H
2O (1045deg)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20
2
ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ
(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table
^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type
(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within
molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ
(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape
A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole
ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ
ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces
ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces
^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding
(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp
Including the role of lone pairs
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice
(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21
2
DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ
The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry
ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ
ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability
This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
31 The periodic table
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A22
2
311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ
ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)
(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks
(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius
(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)
^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ
ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons
(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 23
2
(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate
HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)
M31
Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ
ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ
(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions
(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity
(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid
soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 17
2
215 RedoxgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ
(a) ƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumber for atoms in elements compounds and
ions
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŬŶŽǁŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶnumbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides
(b) ǁƌŝƟŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞƵƐŝŶŐŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ^tϴƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƵƐĞŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝŶǁƌŝƩĞŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ
(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the
ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌǁŚĞŶan element may have compoundsions with
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
Examples should include but not be limited to
iron(II) and iron(III) Learners will be expected to write formulae from
names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice versa
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚΖŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƐƵůĨĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚŶŽƐŚŽǁŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞEK
3
ndash and
SO4
2ndash
^tϴ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂŶĚƵŶĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) electron transfer
(ii) ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ
Should include examples of s- p- and d-block
elements
(e) ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŵĞƚĂůƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐƚŽĨŽƌŵƐĂůƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨƵůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 214 c)
Metals should be from s- p- and d-blocks
eg Mg Al Fe Zn
ŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐnot required
In (e)ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂƐĂůƚĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐnitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid could be
assessed in the context of (f)
(f) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ(e) and
ƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶůŽƐƐgain
M02
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A18
2
ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of
ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ
ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ
(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells
(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold
up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and
d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ
HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure
(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ
orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy
ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ
Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure
(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ
(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36
(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19
2
ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states
HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain
ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms
(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of
molecules and ions to describe
(i) single covalent bonding
(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs
(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom
(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a
measurement of covalent bond strength
Learners should appreciate that the larger the value
of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the
covalent bond
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required
ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f
dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and
ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone
pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted
ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone
pairs of electrons
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to
illustrate shapes of molecules and ions
HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to
predict molecular shapes
(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following
shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear
trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and
octahedral
Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel
more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for
common examples of each shape including
CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE
3 (107deg) and H
2O (1045deg)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20
2
ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ
(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table
^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type
(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within
molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ
(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape
A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole
ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ
ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces
ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces
^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding
(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp
Including the role of lone pairs
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice
(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21
2
DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ
The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry
ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ
ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability
This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
31 The periodic table
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A22
2
311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ
ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)
(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks
(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius
(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)
^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ
ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons
(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 23
2
(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate
HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)
M31
Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ
ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ
(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions
(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity
(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid
soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A18
2
ϮϮůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐand develops a deeper understanding of electron ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied The important role of
ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ
ϮϮϭůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶĞƌŐLJůĞǀĞůƐƐŚĞůůƐƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐĂƚŽŵŝĐŽƌďŝƚĂůƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ
(a) ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĨŽƵƌshells
(b) atomic orbitals including (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold
up to two electrons with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s- p- and
d-sub-shells and the number of electrons ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĮůůƐͲƉͲĂŶĚĚͲƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůƐ
HSW17 Development of models to explain electron structure
(c) ĮůůŝŶŐŽĨŽƌďŝƚĂůƐ(i) ĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƐŚĞůůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞϰƐĂŶĚϰƉ
orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy
ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐůLJďĞĨŽƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ
Learners are expected to be familiar with the ΖĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶďŽdžΖƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϭĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĮŶĞĚŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶstructure
(d) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ
(i) atoms given the atomic number up to Z = 36
(ii) ions given the atomic number and ionic charge limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z = 36
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶŝĞĨŽƌoxygen 1s22s22p4
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19
2
ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states
HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain
ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms
(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of
molecules and ions to describe
(i) single covalent bonding
(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs
(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom
(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a
measurement of covalent bond strength
Learners should appreciate that the larger the value
of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the
covalent bond
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required
ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f
dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and
ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone
pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted
ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone
pairs of electrons
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to
illustrate shapes of molecules and ions
HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to
predict molecular shapes
(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following
shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear
trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and
octahedral
Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel
more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for
common examples of each shape including
CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE
3 (107deg) and H
2O (1045deg)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20
2
ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ
(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table
^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type
(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within
molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ
(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape
A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole
ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ
ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces
ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces
^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding
(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp
Including the role of lone pairs
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice
(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21
2
DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ
The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry
ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ
ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability
This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
31 The periodic table
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A22
2
311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ
ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)
(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks
(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius
(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)
^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ
ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons
(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 23
2
(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate
HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)
M31
Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ
ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ
(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions
(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity
(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid
soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 19
2
ϮϮϮŽŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(a) ŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨΖdot-and-crossΖĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞůLJĐŚĂƌŐĞĚŝŽŶƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚŝŶĂůůĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĞŐEĂl
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽůŝĚliquid and aqueous states
HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain
ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
(d) ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂƐŚĂƌĞĚƉĂŝƌŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐĂŶĚthe nuclei of the bonded atoms
(e) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨdot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of
molecules and ions to describe
(i) single covalent bonding
(ii) ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ(iii) ĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
lsquoDot-and-crossrsquo diagrams of up to six electron pairs
(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom
(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a
measurement of covalent bond strength
Learners should appreciate that the larger the value
of the average bond enthalpy the stronger the
covalent bond
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐnot required
ǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉŝĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐare covered in detail in 321 f
dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ the shapes of and bond angles in molecules and
ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone
pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted
ďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞrepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone
pairs of electrons
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to
illustrate shapes of molecules and ions
HSW12 Using electron pair repulsion theory to
predict molecular shapes
(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following
shapes of molecules and ions linear non-linear
trigonal planar pyramidal tetrahedral and
octahedral
Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel
more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for
common examples of each shape including
CH4ϭϬϵϱΣͿE
3 (107deg) and H
2O (1045deg)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20
2
ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ
(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table
^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type
(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within
molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ
(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape
A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole
ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ
ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces
ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces
^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding
(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp
Including the role of lone pairs
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice
(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21
2
DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ
The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry
ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ
ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability
This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
31 The periodic table
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A22
2
311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ
ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)
(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks
(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius
(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)
^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ
ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons
(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 23
2
(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate
HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)
M31
Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ
ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ
(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions
(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity
(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid
soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A20
2
ůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚďŽŶĚƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJ
(i) ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĂƚŽŵƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨWĂƵůŝŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJincreases towards F in the periodic table
^tϭϮhƐŝŶŐŝĚĞĂƐĂďŽƵƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƚLJƚŽpredict chemical bond type
(j) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within
molecules containing covalently-bonded ĂƚŽŵƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĞŐĂƟǀŝƟĞƐ
(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape
A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles ƚŚĂƚĚŽŶŽƚĐĂŶĐĞůĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŐ2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole
ŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ
ŬͿ intermolecular forces based on permanent ĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Permanent dipolendashdipole and induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶboth be referred to as van der Waalsrsquo forces
ŶĚƵĐĞĚĚŝƉŽůĞʹĚŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞreferred to as London (dispersion) forces
^tϭϮŝƉŽůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶintermolecular bonding
(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐEKŽƌampĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƚŽŵŽĨʹEʹKŽƌamp
Including the role of lone pairs
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽŵĂůŽƵƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨ2O ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶďŽŶĚŝŶŐĞŐ(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) ŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(n) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐĂƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůLJďŽŶĚĞĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŝŶƚĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĨŽƌĐĞƐ eg I2 ice
(o) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21
2
DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ
The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry
ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ
ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability
This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
31 The periodic table
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A22
2
311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ
ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)
(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks
(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius
(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)
^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ
ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons
(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 23
2
(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate
HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)
M31
Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ
ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ
(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions
(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity
(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid
soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 21
2
DŽĚƵůĞϯWĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ
The focus of this module is inorganic and physical ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĞƚŽeveryday life and industrial processes and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry
ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ
ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚLJŝĞůĚŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐsustainability
This module allows learners to develop important ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůwork
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
31 The periodic table
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞhalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŽŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A22
2
311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ
ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)
(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks
(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius
(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)
^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ
ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons
(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 23
2
(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate
HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)
M31
Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ
ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ
(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions
(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity
(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid
soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A22
2
311 PeriodicitygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ
(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) ŝŶƉĞƌŝŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉĞĂƟŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐ
ŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ(periodicity)
(iii) ŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
HSW1711 The development of the Periodic Law ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
HSW711 The extension of the periodic table ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁelements
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(b) (i) ƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 221 d)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽƐͲƉͲĂŶĚd-blocks
(c) ĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
energies across Periods 2 and 3 and down a ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŶƵĐůĞĂƌĐŚĂƌŐĞand atomic radius
(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŽŶůLJ džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (eg between ĞĂŶĚͿĂŶĚƉͲŽƌďŝƚĂůƌĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĞŐďĞƚǁĞĞŶEand O)
^tϭϮdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞBohr model of the atom
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŵĞƚĂůůŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƐƚĂƟĐ
ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐĂƟŽŶƐƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŝŽŶƐͿand delocalised electrons
(ii) ĂŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐůĂƫĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞŐĂůůmetals
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐƵďŝĐŽƌŚĞdžĂŐŽŶĂůƉĂĐŬŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŽĨcarbon (diamond graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
HSW19 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚĞŶĞĂŶĚŝƚƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 23
2
(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate
HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)
M31
Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ
ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ
(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions
(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity
(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid
soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 23
2
(f) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨŐŝĂŶƚŵĞƚĂůůŝĐĂŶĚŐŝĂŶƚĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚůĂƫĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŵĞůƟŶŐĂŶĚďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĐŽŶĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚbonding
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĂůĂƫĐĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐinvolved as appropriate
HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 222 o)
M31
Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant ĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐŝŵƉůĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌůĂƫĐĞ
ϯϭϮƌŽƵƉϮgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƌŽƵƉϮŵĞƚĂůƐ
(a) the outer shell s2ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵ2+ ions
(b) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ Mg ĺĂƐŚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŝƌƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚŽƐĞproducing a salt and hydrogen
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdown the group (see also 311 c)
M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝƐnot required but learners should be able to write an ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) ƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŽŶƌŽƵƉϮŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞƉŽĨĂŶLJƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐincluding the trend of increasing alkalinity
(e) ƵƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƌŽƵƉϮĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƐďĂƐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďƵƚŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚĞĚto)(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid
soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3ĂƐĂŶƚĂĐŝĚƐŝŶƚƌĞĂƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A24
2
ϯϭϯdŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨCl 2 Br2 and I2 in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(b) the outer shell s2p5ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶand the gaining of one electron in many redox ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŽĨŽƌŵϭʹŝŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ(see also 215 Redox)
(c) ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐl 2 Br2 and I2ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŚĂůŝĚĞions
Including colour change in aqueous and organic ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ(c) from the decreasing ease of forming 1ndash ions ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƚŽŵŝĐƌĂĚŝƵƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶshielding
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶ as ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚillustrated by(i) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚǁĂƚĞƌĂƐƵƐĞĚ
in water treatment(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĐŽůĚĚŝůƵƚĞ
aqueous sodium hydroxide as used to form bleach
(iii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶ(i) and (ii)
(f) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞƵƐĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (eg hazards of toxic chlorine gas and ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞĚhydrocarbons)
HSW91012 Decisions on whether or not to ĐŚůŽƌŝŶĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƉƵƌŝĨLJŝŶŐdrinking water
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĂŶŝŽŶƐl ndash Brndash and Indash with aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞĂƐĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚhalide ions
Complexes with ammonia are not required other ƚŚĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ
PAG4 (see also 314 a) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 25
2
ϯϭϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound(i) anions ͻ K3
2ndashďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚ+(aq) forming CO2(g) (see 214 c)
ͻ ^K42ndashďLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂ2+(aq)
ͻ l ndash Brndash Indash ƐĞĞϯϭϯŐͿ(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁĂƌŵEĂKĂƋͿĨŽƌŵŝŶŐE3
Sequence of tests required is carbonate sulfate then halide (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble)
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
32 Physical chemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞgeneral theme of energy
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĮƌƐƚůĞĂƌŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵexperimental results including enthalpy cycles
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƚĂůLJƐŝƐ
ZĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and ƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨequilibrium
Finally the integrated roles of enthalpy changes rates catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand improving the sustainability of industrial processes
ϯϮϭŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ6HŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic (6HŶĞŐĂƟǀĞͿŽƌĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ (6HƉŽƐŝƟǀĞͿ
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐcompared with products
M31
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A26
2
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergyŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞdiagrams
M31ĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐand standard states
ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐͿ(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (enthalpy
ĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƚĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ6rH)
(iii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof 1 mol of a compound from its elements 6fH)
(iv) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(complete ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ6cH)
(v) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ6neutH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐϭϬϬŬWĂand a stated temperature 298 K
(e) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵappropriate experimental results including use ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉq = mc6T
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
PAG3
Bond enthalpies
(f) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵaverage bond enthalpy (breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds
(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ(see also 222 f)
M00 M02 M22 M23 M24
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJnot required
Learners are expected to understand that an actual ďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞ
ĞƐƐůĂǁĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
ŐͿ ĞƐƐůĂǁĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ(i) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶ(ii) ĂŶĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ
ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy
cycles
M00 M02 M11 M22 M23 M24 M31
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƐůĂǁnot required Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨenergy to determine enthalpy changes
(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly
M31 M32
To include the enthalpy changes covered in 521 c
PAG3 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 27
2
ϯϮϮZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Simple collision theory
(a) ƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽĨŐĂƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶterms of frequency of collisions
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚƐŽĨŐƌĂƉŚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŚŽǁĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƟŵĞ
M31 M32 M35
^ƵŝƚĂďůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĐŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞŵĂƐƐĞƚĐ
Catalysts
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚ(i) ŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚďĞŝŶŐ
ƵƐĞĚƵƉďLJƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŶĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚǀŝĂĂ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚůŽǁĞƌĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJƉƌŽĮůĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ
Details of processes are not required
(d) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐhomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand ĨƌŽŵĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶK2 emissions
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts
(e) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂƐƐŐĂƐǀŽůƵŵĞƐĂŶĚƟŵĞ
PAG9 ^tϰDĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
dŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ
(f) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶenergy (see also 321 c)
M31
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞĨŽƌ(i) temperature changes(ii) ĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ(see also 322 c)
M31
^tϭϮϱhƐĞŽĨŽůƚnjŵĂŶŶĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A28
2
ϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
LJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĞdžŝƐƚƐin a closed system when the rate of the forward ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚproducts do not change
(b) ůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ ƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂƚŽĚĞĚƵĐĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĨŽƌůĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌΖƐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞnot required
HSW125 Use of le Chatelierrsquos principle to explain ĞīĞĐƚŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďŽƚŚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(d) the techniques and procedures used to ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶůLJ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůindustry of a compromise between chemical ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶĚĞĐŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
^tϲĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƌĂƚĞƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĞŐĂďĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
dŚĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Kc
(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant KcറĨŽƌŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐof the equilibrium constant KcറĨƌŽŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
M02 M11 M23 M24
Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc
ŐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌŽŵthe magnitude of Kc
M03
ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 29
2
DŽĚƵůĞϰŽƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
This module introduces organic chemistry and its ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability
The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2 ampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry
ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚisomerism
ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐŚLJĚƌŽĐĂƌďŽŶƐ
alcohols and haloalkanes
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
This module also provides learners with an opportunity ƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐĨŽƌĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdžĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
In the context of this module it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels processing ƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƵƐĞŽĨŽnjŽŶĞͲĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƐĞƚƚŚĂƚlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry
41 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemistry
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƐĞĚƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞand the important concepts of homologous series
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐusing curly arrows
dŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůŝĚĞĂƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚof the hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A30
2
ϰϭϭĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
EĂŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨhWƌƵůĞƐŽĨŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
EŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞǁŝůůďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Eg CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2KŚĂƐƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶĂŵĞ 2-methylbutan-1-ol Learners will be expected to know the names of the ĮƌƐƚƚĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂŶĞƐŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐand their corresponding alkyl groups
^tϴhƐĞŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞƚŽĂǀŽŝĚambiguity
^tϭϭdŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨhWŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐframework for chemical nomenclature
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic
formula of a member of a homologous series) eg for an alkane CnH2n+2
(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) eg for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
(iii) displayed formulaƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐof atoms and the bonds between them) eg for ethanol
H
C
H
H
C
H
H O H
(iv) skeletal formula ƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐformula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a ĐĂƌďŽŶƐŬĞůĞƚŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups) eg for butan-2-ol
OH
M42
See also 213 b for empirical formula and molecular formula
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐnot required
In structural formulae the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene
^tϴŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĨŽƌŵƵůĂfor the context
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 31
2
ampƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) homologous series (a series of organic
ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroup but with each successive member ĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐďLJ2)
(ii) ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉ(a group of atoms ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof a compound)
(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐ (a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen joined together in straight ĐŚĂŝŶƐďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĐŚĂŝŶƐŽƌŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐrings)
(v) alicyclicĂŶĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶŶŽŶͲĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚŽƌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞchains)
(vi) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐ (a compound containing a benzene ring)
(vii) saturated (single carbonndashcarbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐC=C C C ĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐƐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŚŽŵŽůŽŐŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŽŶůLJ
R may be used to represent alkyl groups but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved ŝŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used ƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚƐĂƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƌƚĞƌŵĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌĂŶLJŵƵůƟƉůĞďŽŶĚƐĂŶĚcyclic compounds
(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series
Isomerism
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular ĨŽƌŵƵůĂďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞͿĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽĨan organic molecule given its molecular formula
M42
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
(f) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚĮƐƐŝŽŶ(i) ŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚďŽŶĚŝŶŐ
atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals)
(ii) ŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŽŶĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A32
2
ŐͿ the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of lsquodotsrsquo to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽƚƐͻĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĂůůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐa single unpaired electron (eg Cl ͻĂŶĚ3ͻͿŽƚƐare not required for species that are diradicals (eg O)
(h) a lsquocurly arrowrsquo described as the movement of an ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚ
lsquoHalf curly arrowsrsquo are not required see 412 f
HSW18 Use of the lsquocurly arrowrsquo model to ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŇŽǁŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐƚŽƐŚŽǁclearly the movement of an electron pair with lsquocurly arrowsrsquo and relevant dipoles
Any relevant dipoles should be included Curly arrows should start from a bond a lone pair of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƐŽƌĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĐŚĂƌŐĞ
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 33
2
ϰϭϮůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing ƐŝŶŐůĞʹĂŶĚʹďŽŶĚƐĂƐʍͲďŽŶĚƐŽǀĞƌůĂƉof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) ĨƌĞĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƚƌĂŚĞĚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚďŽŶĚangle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐŝŶďŽŝůŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚbranching in terms of induced dipolendashdipole ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐgtŽŶĚŽŶĨŽƌĐĞƐͿƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŬͿ
M31
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(d) ƚŚĞůŽǁƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJƌĞĂŐĞŶƚƐin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low ƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʍͲďŽŶĚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(see also 222 j)
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(e) ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĨƵĞůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞĨƵĞůƐŝŶĂůŝŵŝƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĂŶŐĞƌƐĨƌŽŵK
(f) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŚůŽƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďƌŽŵŝŶĞďLJƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐŚŽŵŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭĨʹŐͿ
Learners are not required to use lsquohalf curly arrowsrsquo in this mechanism ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐŚŽǁǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŽƚ ͻƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƵŶƉĂŝƌĞĚelectron
ŐͿ ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝdžƚƵƌĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A34
2
ϰϭϯůŬĞŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing ĂсďŽŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂʋͲďŽŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂLJƐoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below ƚŚĞďŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƚŽŵƐͿĂŶĚĂʍͲďŽŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƉŽĨorbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 412 a)ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ʋͲďŽŶĚ
LJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐnot required
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŐŽŶĂůƉůĂŶĂƌƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚϰϭϮďͿ
M41 M42
^ƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(c) (i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ ͻ ƐƚĞƌĞŽŝƐŽŵĞƌƐ (compounds with the
same structural formula but with a ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͿ
ͻ Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽďĞĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚŽŵŽĨƚŚĞC=C group)
ͻ ĐŝƐndashtrans isomerism (a special case of Z isomerism in which two of the ƐƵďƐƟƚƵĞŶƚŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƩĂĐŚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)
(ii) use of CahnndashIngoldndashPrelog (CIP) priority ƌƵůĞƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞ and Z stereoisomers
M42 M43
C C
H
HE-but-2-ene
(trans)
M42 M43
Z-but-2-ene(cis)
CH3
H3C
H3C
C C
H
CH3
H
Use of as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond
ƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐWƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐƚŽĚŽƵďůĞŽƌƚƌŝƉůĞďŽŶĚƐwithin R groups is not required
C C
R
R
M42 M43
R
R
(d) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞZ or cisndashtrans stereoisomers of an organic molecule given its structural formula
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 35
2
ĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(e) ƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁďŽŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚ
(f) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐǁŝƚŚ(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable
ĐĂƚĂůLJƐƚĞŐEŝƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůŬĂŶĞƐ(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes including
the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for ƵŶƐĂƚƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶ
(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst
eg H3PO4 to form alcohols
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
ŐͿ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)
(h) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŝŶĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJŚĞƚĞƌŽůLJƟĐĮƐƐŝŽŶƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(i) ƵƐĞŽĨDĂƌŬŽǁŶŝŬŽī ƐƌƵůĞƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵĂũŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐof HndashX to unsymmetrical alkenes eg HndashBr to ƉƌŽƉĞŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ
džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĞůĂƟǀĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽĐĂƟŽŶƐnot required
HSW125 Use of stability to explain products of ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
WŽůLJŵĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂůŬĞŶĞƐ
(j) ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůŬĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂůŬĞŶĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ(i) ƚŚĞƌĞƉĞĂƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌ
deduced from a given monomer(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶpolymer
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A36
2
tĂƐƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞpolymers by(i) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂƐƟĐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐchemicals
(iii) removal of toxic waste products eg removal of HCl formed during disposal by ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐ (eg PVC)
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞĂƉŽŝůͲĚĞƌŝǀĞĚƉůĂƐƟĐƐcounteracted by problems for environment of ůĂŶĚĮůůƚŚĞŵŽǀĞƚŽƌĞͲƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƵƐĞof resources
(l) ƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers
^tϵϭϬĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŽŶĮŶŝƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůŽĨƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƉůĂƐƟĐǁĂƐƚĞ
ϰϮůĐŽŚŽůƐŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚǁŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups alcohols and haloalkanes and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůŝƋƵŝĚƐ
Finally the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
421 AlcoholsgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(a) (i) ƚŚĞƉŽůĂƌŝƚLJŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶin terms of hydrogen bonding of the water ƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁǀŽůĂƟůŝƚLJŽĨalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 222 l and 412 c)
(ii) ĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
(b) ĐŽŵďƵƐƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 37
2
(c) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĐŽŚŽůƐďLJĂŶŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĞŶƚĞŐCr2O7
2ndashH+ (ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) including
(i) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵaldehydes and carboxylic acids the control ŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
(ii) ƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂůĐŽŚŽůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵketones
(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƟĂƌLJalcohols
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞKƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŽdžŝĚŝƐŝŶŐagent
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(d) ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (eg H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes
Mechanism not required
(e) ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚĂůŝĚĞŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĐŝĚĞŐEĂƌ2SO4) to form haloalkanes
Mechanism not required
ϰϮϮĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
^ƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐ
(a) ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐŝŶĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) ďLJǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŐEK3 and
ethanol to compare experimentally the ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶʹhalogen bonds
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(b) ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵnucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞhydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐŝƐof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbonndashhalogen bonds (CndashF CndashCl CndashBr and CndashI)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A38
2
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐĨƌŽŵƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŽŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(e) ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐďLJƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƵůƚƌĂǀŝŽůĞƚhsͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶŽŶampƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞĚďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞŽnjŽŶĞůĂLJĞƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ(i) ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂůŽŐĞŶƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl ͻ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐĞŐͻEK
^ŝŵƉůĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞrequired eg
CF2Cl 2 ĺ CF2Cl ͻнͻl
ͻl + O3 ĺͻl O + O2
ͻl O + O ĺͻl + O2
Learners could be expected to construct similar ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞĚƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨampƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐŽnjŽŶĞĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚampƵƐĞ
ϰϮϯKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures for(i) ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌ
ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
liquid including ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐĨƵŶŶĞůƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞĂŶ
organic layer from an aqueous layer ͻ ĚƌLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶĂŶŚLJĚƌŽƵƐƐĂůƚĞŐ
MgSO4 CaCl 2) ͻ ƌĞĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶ
PAG5 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 4
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ƚǁŽͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two-ƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 39
2
ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Infrared spectroscopy
(a) ŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚZͿƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚďŽŶĚƐƚŽvibrate more and absorb energy
(b) ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶďLJĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐgases containing C=O OndashH and CndashH bonds (eg H2O CO2 and CH4) the suspected link to ŐůŽďĂůǁĂƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶĞƌŐLJusage
^tϵϭϬϭϭϭϮĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies
(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ(i) ĂŶĂůĐŽŚŽůĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨƚŚĞ
OndashH bond(ii) ĂŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞŽƌŬĞƚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ
peak of the C=O bond(iii) ĂĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚĨƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬŽĨ
ƚŚĞсKďŽŶĚĂŶĚĂďƌŽĂĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶƉĞĂŬof the OndashH bond
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cmndash1ĚƵĞƚŽĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶďLJʹďŽŶĚƐ
(d) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƌĞĚspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data
M31
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĞŐKĂŶĚEKĨƌŽŵĐĂƌemissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
^tϭϮhƐĞŽĨĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence for law courts eg drink driving
Mass spectrometry
(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound ƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽŶƉĞĂŬĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŽdetermine molecular mass
M31
Limited to ions with single charges Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ(see also 632 e)
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂƐŵĂůůDнϭƉĞĂŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶof carbon-13
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A40
2
ŐͿ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉĞĂŬƐŝŶĂŵĂƐƐƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ
M31
Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions
^tϯϱŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(h) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra
M31
gtŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 41
2
DŽĚƵůĞϱWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϯPeriodic table and energy
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶrates and equilibria and the periodic table
The main areas of physical chemistry studied include
ƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞͲdetermining step
equilibrium constants Kc and Kp acidndashbase equilibria including pH KaĂŶĚďƵīĞƌ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ
entropy and free energy
electrochemical cells
The main areas of inorganic chemistry studied include
redox chemistry
ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 3 Periodic table and energy
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
WĞƌŝŽĚŝĐŝƚLJ ƌŽƵƉϮĂŶĚƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶƐ
Enthalpy changes
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Chemical equilibrium
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϯǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϱϭZĂƚĞƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞůĂƌŐĞůLJƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐand equilibria encountered in Module 3 is developed ǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐĂŶĚĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚǁŚĞŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A42
2
ϱϭϭŽǁĨĂƐƚgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
KƌĚĞƌƐƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐrate of ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ order overall order rate constant half-life rate-determining step
(b) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) orders from experimental data(ii) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ
rate = kmn where m and n are 0 1 or 2
M02
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐĚĂƚĂto determine orders with respect to reactants ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞnot required
PAG10 ^tϴhƐĞŽĨƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚk and related ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ
M00 M01 M04 M11 M22 M23 M24
ZĂƚĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌƐ
(d) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬŽƌϭͿǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
to a reactant from the shape of the graph(ii) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
measurement of gradients (see also 322 b)
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚƐĐĂŶďĞƉůŽƩĞĚĨƌŽŵĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂŬĞŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐͿ
(e) ĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶʹƟŵĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲůŝĨĞ t12
M31 M32
Learners should be aware of the constancy of half-ůŝĨĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(f) ĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞrate constant k from the constant half-life t12 ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉk = ln 2t12
M01 M04 M11 M23 M24 M25
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚŝƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƟŵĞс0Ğ
ndashkt
ŐͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƌĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŐƌĂƉŚ(i) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌϬϭŽƌϮͿǁŝƚŚ
respect to a reactant from the shape of the graph
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ
M01 M04 M11 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35
ZĂƚĞʹĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚĂŶƚƐůŽĐŬƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƟŵĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶhas not proceeded too far
HSW5 Link between order and rate
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 43
2
(h) the techniques and procedures used to
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůƌĂƚĞƐŵĞƚŚŽĚĂŶĚďLJĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐuse of colorimetry (see also 322 e)
WϵϭϬ ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
ZĂƚĞͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐƚĞƉ
(i) ĨŽƌĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĞƉƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
rate-determining step
(ii) ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĞƉƐŝŶĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĂƚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
HSW1 Use of experimental evidence for the
ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
īĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
(j) ĂƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚhence the rate constant ƐĞĞϯϮϮĨʹŐͿ
M03
ŬͿ ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ(i) ƚŚĞĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
rate constant k and temperature T given by
ƚŚĞƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶk = AendashaRT
(ii) ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨa and A graphically
using ln k = ndashaRT + ln A derived from the
ƌƌŚĞŶŝƵƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25 M31 M32 M33 M34
aсĂĐƟǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ AсƉƌĞͲĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌ
R = gas constant (provided on the Data Sheet) džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨA is not required
ƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞData Sheet
HSW5 Link between k and T
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A44
2
ϱϭϮŽǁĨĂƌgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(a) use of the terms ŵŽůĞĨƌĂĐƟŽŶ and ƉĂƌƟĂůpressure
^ĞĞĂůƐŽϯϮϯŚĞŵŝĐĂůƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
(b) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵgiven appropriate data
M02
(c) the techniques and procedures used to ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ
Not for Kp
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(d) expressions for Kc and Kp for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria (see also 323 f)
M02
EŽƚĞůŝƋƵŝĚĂŶĚƐŽůŝĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŝŶŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐKc and Kp expressions
(e) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨKc and KpŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶŝƚƐ (see also 323 f)
M00 M01 M02 M04 M22 M23 M24
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(f) (i) ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚŽŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵconstants of changing temperature for ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(ii) the constancy of equilibrium constants with ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽƌŝŶƚŚĞpresence of a catalyst
M03
ŐͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŽǁĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵŽŶĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
M03
(h) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶϱϭϮŽǁfar for Kc Kp to other equilibrium constants where appropriate (see also 513 c etc)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 45
2
ϱϭϯĐŝĚƐďĂƐĞƐĂŶĚďƵīĞƌƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ƌƆŶƐƚĞĚʹgtŽǁƌLJĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚďĂƐĞƐ
(a) (i) a BroslashnstedndashLowry acid as a species that donates a proton and a BroslashnstedndashLowry base as a species that accepts a proton (see also 214 Acids)
(ii) use of the term conjugate acidndashbase pairs(iii) monobasic dibasic and tribasic acids
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝĂ
^tϭϳĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞůƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞto explain acidndashbase behaviour
(b) the role of H+ŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚmetals and bases (including carbonates metal ŽdžŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐͿƵƐŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĐϮϭϱĞͿ
(c) (i) ƚŚĞĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ Ka for the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŝĚĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ(see also 214 b)
(ii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶKa and pKa
M01 M02 M04 M23 M24 M25
pH and [H+(aq)]
(d) use of the expression for pH as
ƉсʹůŽŐ+
+сϭϬndashpH
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
HSW8 pH as convenient terminology for ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ+
(e) use of the expression for the ionic product of water Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24
(f) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌ(i) strong monobasic acids
(ii) strong bases using Kw
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
ŐͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉKaŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬŵŽŶŽďĂƐŝĐĂĐŝĚƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐ
M01 M04 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25
ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
equilibrium ~undissociated
ŝĞхх+ +equilibrium ~ndashequilibrium
ŝĞŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞĚŝƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ2O
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƟĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A46
2
(h) ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽKa related ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚƐ
M03
Including reasons why
equilibrium ~undissociated may no longer be valid
HSW6 Understanding of the circumstances under which KaĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶƐďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ
ƵīĞƌƐĂĐƟŽŶƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĂƐĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞƐƉĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĂŶĂĐŝĚor a base
(j) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ(i) a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid
eg CH3COOHCH3KKEĂ(ii) excess of a weak acid and a strong alkali
eg excess CH3KKEĂK
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĂŶĂĐŝĚďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶ eg CH3COOHCH3COOndash in the control of pH
(l) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽĨĂďƵīĞƌƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵthe Ka value of a weak acid and the equilibrium ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞĂĐŝĚʹďĂƐĞƉĂŝƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ
M01 M04 M22 M23 M24 M25
(m) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨďůŽŽĚƉďLJƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶŝĐĂĐŝĚʹŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞďƵīĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ
The H2CO3HCO3ndashďƵīĞƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶďůŽŽĚƉůĂƐŵĂ
maintaining a pH between 735 and 745
EĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ
(n) ƉƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƚƌŽŶŐand weak acids with strong and weak bases including(i) ƐŬĞƚĐŚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐŚĂƉĞƐ(ii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ
indicators given the pH range of the indicator
(iii) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵƐŚŝŌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞand Andash forms of the indicator
M31
EŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŝƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚǁĞĂŬďĂƐĞƟƚƌĂƟŽŶ The indicator should be considered as a weak acid HA
(o) the techniques and procedures used when measuring pH with a pH meter
PAG11 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 47
2
ϱϮŶĞƌŐLJ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůŵŽĚĞůto illustrate the energy changes associated with ionic bonding
Entropy and free energy are then introduced as ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞůLJƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJof chemical change
Redox chemistry permeates chemistry and the introductory work in Module 2 is developed further ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
ϱϮϭgtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
gtĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨϭŵŽůŽĨŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞĨƌŽŵŐĂƐĞŽƵƐions 6LEH) and use as a measure of the strength ŽĨŝŽŶŝĐďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶĂŐŝĂŶƚŝŽŶŝĐůĂƫĐĞ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮďʹĐͿ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ
(b) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŶʹĂďĞƌĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
Relevant energy terms enthalpy change of ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƚŽŵŝƐĂƟŽŶand ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĂĸŶŝƚLJ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĮƌƐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĞŶĞƌŐLJ (see also 311 c) ĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ(see also 321 d) only
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
(c) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐ(i) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶ (dissolving of 1
mol of solute 6solH)(ii) ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ (dissolving of
1 mol of gaseous ions in water 6hydH)
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶnot required
(d) ƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŝŵƉůĞŝŽŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚĞŐEĂl MgCl 2) and relevant energy terms (ĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ and ůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJ) for(i) ƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐLJĐůĞƐ(ii) ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ
M22 M23 M24 M31
^tϮƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƚŽdetermine enthalpy changes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A48
2
(e) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŝŽŶŝĐcharge and ionic radius on the exothermic value ŽĨĂůĂƫĐĞĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĂŶĚĞŶƚŚĂůƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŚLJĚƌĂƟŽŶ
522 Enthalpy and entropygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Entropy
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌŽƉLJŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞdispersal of energy in a system which is greater the more disordered a system
HSW1 The model of entropy to explain thermodynamic stability
(b) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨƚŚĞentropy of a system(i) of solids liquids and gases(ii) ĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶ
the number of gaseous molecules
(c) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ6SĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĨŽƌĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞentropies of the reactants and products
M22 M23 M24
ampƌĞĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐdepends upon the entropy change and temperature in the system T6S and the enthalpy change of the system 6H
HSW156 Use of entropy enthalpy and temperature ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
(e) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĨƌĞĞenergy change 6G as 6G = 6H ndash T6S ƚŚĞŝďďƐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĨĞĂƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶ6G ŚĂƐĂŶĞŐĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĞ
M00 M22 M23 M24
HSW5 Link between 6G and feasibility
(f) ƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďLJ6G about ĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌŽƉLJĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŝŶdetermining feasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 49
2
ϱϮϯZĞĚŽdžĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Redox
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐoxidising agent and reducing agent (see also 215 Redox)
(b) ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
M02
(c) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐinvolving electron transfer
ZĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ
(d) the techniques and procedures used when ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞinvolving Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϱĞʹĨͿ
^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(e) ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ(i) Fe2+MnO4
ndash and I2S2O3Ϯо
(ii) non-familiar redox systems
M01 M02 M04 M11 M12 M22 M23 M24
EŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƟƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĐŽƵůĚďĞexamined in the context of both acidndashbase and ƌĞĚŽdžƟƚƌĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϭϰĚʹĞͿ
ůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(f) use of the term ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƌĞĚŽdžͿƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ൶o including its measurement using a hydrogen electrode
൶o ĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƉĂƉĞƌƐ
ŐͿ the techniques and procedures used for the ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŽĨ(i) metals or non-metals in contact with their
ŝŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ(ii) ŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚĂWƚelectrode
ampŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ 1 mol dmndash3 or be equimolar
PAG8 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
(h) ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďLJĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ
(i) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐĞůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵĐŚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŬŝŶĞƟĐƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ
M03
^tϲdŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐfeasibility of processes
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A50
2
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐ
(j) ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐto modern storage cells
ĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĐĞůůƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚother data will be supplied
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐĞůůƐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĮƌĞĨƌŽŵgtŝͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞůůƐ
ŬͿ ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĨƵĞůĐĞůůƵƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĨƵĞůǁŝƚŚŽdžLJŐĞŶƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂvoltage and the changes that take place at each electrode
ZĞĐĂůůŽĨĨƵĞůĐĞůůƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůnot be ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚZĞůĞǀĂŶƚĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌdata will be supplied
ϱϯdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞĞƉĞƌknowledge and understanding of the periodic table ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨůŝŐĂŶĚƐŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐƐƚĞƌĞŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐdŚĞĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƵŶŬŶŽǁŶionic compounds
ϱϯϭdƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ
(a) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŽŵƐĂŶĚŝŽŶƐŽĨthe d-block elements of Period 4 (ScndashZn) given the atomic number and charge (see also 221 d)
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚƵƐĞƐƵďͲƐŚĞůůŶŽƚĂƟŽŶĞŐĨŽƌampĞ1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
(b) ƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdŝʹƵĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝĞ d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell
(c) ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶelements of(i) ƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶ
state for each element in its compounds ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŬͿ
(ii) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŝŽŶƐ(see also ϱϯϭŚũʹŬͿ
(iii) ƚŚĞĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚtheir compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 322 d)
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŚŽǁĐŽůŽƵƌĂƌŝƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Cu2+ĨŽƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ MnO2ĨŽƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ2O2
EŽĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨĐĂƚĂůLJƟĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĞŶĞƌŐLJƵƐĂŐĞƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƚŽdžŝĐŝƚLJŽĨŵĂŶLJƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŵĞƚĂůƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 51
2
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŽŶƐ
(d) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵligand in terms ŽĨĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚĂƟǀĞĐŽǀĂůĞŶƚͿďŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂmetal ion or metal including bidentate ligands
Examples should include monodentate H2O Cl
ndashĂŶĚE3 ďŝĚĞŶƚĂƚĞE2CH2CH2E2 (lsquoenrsquo)
In exams other ligands could be introduced
(e) use of the terms complex ion and ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶnumber and examples of complexes with(i) ƐŝdžͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽĐƚĂŚĞĚƌĂů
shape(ii) ĨŽƵƌͲĨŽůĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉůĂŶĂƌ
or tetrahedral shape ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϮϮϮŐʹŚͿ
M41 M42
Examples Octahedral many hexaaqua complexes eg Ƶ2O)6
2+ampĞ2O)63+
Tetrahedral many tetrachloro complexes eg CuCl 4
2ndash and CoCl 42ndash
^ƋƵĂƌĞƉůĂŶĂƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐŽĨWƚĞŐƉůĂƟŶWƚE3)2Cl 2 ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϱϯϭŐͿ
(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes including those associated with bidentate and ŵƵůƟĚĞŶƚĂƚĞůŝŐĂŶĚƐ(i) cisndashtransŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐWƚE3)2Cl 2
ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ(ii) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĞŐ
EŝE2CH2CH2E2)32+ (see also 622 c)
M41 M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW8
ŐͿ use of cisͲƉůĂƟŶĂƐĂŶĂŶƟͲĐĂŶĐĞƌĚƌƵŐĂŶĚŝƚƐĂĐƟŽŶďLJďŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŽEƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĐĞůůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ
^tϵĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĐŚĞŵŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƐŝĚĞĞīĞĐƚƐ
gtŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(h) ůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof(i) ƵE3)4(H2O)2
2+ĂŶĚƵl 42ndash from
Ƶ2O)62+
(ii) ƌE3)63+ĨƌŽŵƌ2O)6
3+ (see also 531 j)
Complexed formulae should be used in ligand ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐ
(i) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŝƌŽŶŝŶŚĂĞŵŽŐůŽďŝŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶinvolving O2 and CO
WƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
(j) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŽŶŝĐĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞaccompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ and Cr3+ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia including(i) ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ(ii) ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐĂƋƵĞŽƵƐ
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
ampŽƌƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂĞŽƌcomplexed formulae are acceptable eg Cu2+(aq) or Ƶ2O)6
2+ Cu(OH)2(s) or Cu(OH)2(H2O)4 tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐEĂKŽŶůLJƌKͿ3 reacts further ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌKͿ6
3ndash tŝƚŚĞdžĐĞƐƐE3 only Cr(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 react ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƌE3)6
3+ĂŶĚƵE3)4(H2O)22+
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ(see also 531 h)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A52
2
ZĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŬͿ ƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐĐŽůŽƵƌchanges for(i) interconversions between Fe2+ and Fe3+
(ii) interconversions between Cr3+ and Cr2O72ndash
(iii) ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƵ2+ to Cu+ and ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƵ+ to Cu2+ and Cu
Fe2+ can be oxidised with H+MnO4ndash and Fe3+
reduced with Indash Cr3+ can be oxidised with H2O2OHndash and Cr2O7
2ndash reduced with ZnH+ Cu2+ can be reduced with IndashŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƵ+ readily ĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞƐ
Learners will notďĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĞĐĂůůĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐbut may be required to construct and interpret ƌĞĚŽdžĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŚĂůĨͲĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞĞϱϮϯďʹĐͿ
(l) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŝŐĂŶĚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĚŽdž
ϱϯϮYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
Tests for ions
(a) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƚĞƐƚͲƚƵďĞƐĐĂůĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞfollowing ions in an unknown compound
(i) anions CO32ndash Cl
ndash Brndash Indash SO42ndash
(see 314 a)(ii) ĐĂƟŽŶƐE4
+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Cr3+ ƐĞĞϯϭϰĂϱϯϭũͿ
PAG4 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 53
2
DŽĚƵůĞϲKƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed ŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚDŽĚƵůĞϰCore organic chemistry
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐand emphasises the importance of organic synthesis dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůƐŽĂĚĚƐEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚforensic analysis
The main areas of organic chemistry studied include
ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
carboxylic acids and esters
organic nitrogen compounds amines and amino acids
ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
ƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJĂŶĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
ƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐin organic analysis
^LJŶŽƉƟĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĨŽƌƐLJŶŽƉƟĐassessment and the subject content links strongly with ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶDŽĚƵůĞϮampŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶchemistry and Module 4 Core organic chemistry
Atoms moles and stoichiometry
ĐŝĚĂŶĚƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
Bonding and structure
Organic nomenclature and structures
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and haloalkanes
Synthesis and analysis
Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 and DŽĚƵůĞϰǁŝůůďĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐwill be set that link their content with this module and other areas of chemistry
ϲϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĐĂƌďŽŶLJůƐĂŶĚĂĐŝĚƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐencountered in Module 4
ƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĂƌĞĮƌƐƚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƌŽůĞŽĨĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJŽĨĂƌĞŶĞƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽintroduced including their importance to organic synthesis
The important carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones are then studied
ampŝŶĂůůLJ ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups acyl chlorides and esters are studied The importance of acyl chlorides in organic synthesis is emphasised
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A54
2
ϲϭϭƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĞŶnjĞŶĞĂŶĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) the comparison of the Kekuleacute model of benzene with the subsequent delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbital overlap forming a ĚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵ
Learners may represent the structure of benzene in ĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂƐ
or
HSW17 Development of the model for benzene ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ
(b) the experimental evidence for a delocalised rather than Kekuleacute model for benzene in terms of bond lengths enthalpy change of ŚLJĚƌŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ (see also 611 f)
HSW11 Acceptance of the delocalised benzene ŵŽĚĞůďLJƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝŶůŝŐŚƚŽĨƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ
(c) use of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŶĂŵŝŶŐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds
hƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŐϮϰͲĚŝŶŝƚƌŽŵĞƚŚLJůďĞŶnjĞŶĞ
^tϴŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ
ůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ
(d) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐcompounds with(i) concentrated nitric acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen
carrier (iii) a haloalkane or acyl chloride in the
ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐďLJĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂʹďŽŶĚƚŽĂŶĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƌŝŶŐ(see also 624 d)
Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides
(e) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶĂƌĞŶĞƐĨŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϭŚʹŝͿ
ampŽƌŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨEK2
+ Halogen carriers include iron iron halides and aluminium halides ampŽƌƚŚĞŚĂůŽŐĞŶĂƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůĞcan be assumed to be X+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 55
2
(f) ƚŚĞĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďƌŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŬĞŶĞƐin terms of the delocalised electron density ŽĨƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶďĞŶnjĞŶĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞʋͲďŽŶĚŝŶalkenes ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĂϲϭϭĂͿ
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŐͿ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƵŶĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ
džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐ
Phenols
(h) the weak acidity of phenols shown by the ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEĂKďƵƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞƐ(see also 513 b)
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
(i) ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŚĞŶŽů(i) with bromine to form 246-tribromophenol(ii) with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŚĞŶŽůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚEK3 or the presence of a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
(j) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĞĂƐĞŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶof phenol compared with benzene in terms of ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶƉĂŝƌĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞʋͲƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶoxygen p-orbital in phenol (see also 413 a)
ůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶŝƚƌŝĐacid džƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌŝŶŐƚŽΖĂƩĂĐŬΖĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨintermediate
HSW25 Use of delocalised benzene model to ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ
ŬͿ ƚŚĞϮͲĂŶĚϰͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐKE2ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞϯͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐEK2) in ĞůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
Learners will not be expected to know further ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲĚŽŶĂƟŶŐŽƌĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶͲǁŝƚŚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ
^tϱŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
(l) ƚŚĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞimportance to organic synthesis (see also 625 KƌŐĂŶŝĐ^LJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐͿ
ϲϭϮĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(a) ŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƌ2O72ndashH+
(ie K2Cr2O7H2SO4) to form carboxylic acidsŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĚŽdžƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐKĂŶĚshould be used
PAG7 (see also 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A56
2
(b) ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶLJůcompounds with(i) EĂ4 to form alcohols(ii) EŝĞEĂEĂƋͿ+ĂƋͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
hydroxynitriles (see also 624 b)
(c) ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEĂ4 ĂŶĚE
ampŽƌEĂ4 the nucleophile can be considered as being the hydride ion Hndash with subsequent ƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĨƌŽŵ2O
ampŽƌEŝŶŝƟĂůŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂƩĂĐŬŝƐĨƌŽŵEndash ions ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƉƌŽƚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞĐĂŶďĞƐŚŽǁŶƵƐŝŶŐH2O or H+
^tϭϮϴhƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚĞƐƚƐĨŽƌĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ
(d) use of 24-dinitrophenylhydrazine to(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in
an organic compound(ii) ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
ŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞ
dŚĞĞƋƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐnot required ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĚĞƌŝǀĂƟǀĞnot required
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
(e) use of Tollensrsquo reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group(ii) ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐĂŶĚŬĞƚŽŶĞƐ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŽdžŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐƚŽĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶof silver ions to silver
ŶĞƋƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚKŝƐacceptable
PAG7 (see also 631 c) ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
613 Carboxylic acids and estersgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŽůƵďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids in terms of hydrogen bonding
(b) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƋƵĞŽƵƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids with metals and bases (including carbonates metal oxides and alkalis)
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĂĐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐnot required
PAG7 (see 631 c)
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 57
2
Esters
(c) ĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the
presence of an acid catalyst (eg concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols
(d) hydrolysis of esters(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids
and alcohols(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate
salts and alcohols
Acyl chlorides
(e) ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐacids using SOCl 2
(f) ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶof esters carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĂĚŝůLJĞƐƚĞƌŝĮĞĚďLJĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐ
ϲϮEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐincluding amines amides and amino acids Chirality ĂŶĚŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶorganic synthesis is stressed Learners are also able
ƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂŶorganic product
dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞĂůůŽǁƐůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŵĂŶLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJin preparing and purifying organic solids including ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
621 AminesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ĂƐŝĐŝƚLJĂŶĚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐ
(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĚŝůƵƚĞĂĐŝĚƐĞŐ HCl (aq) to form salts
ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐŝƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŵŝŶĞƐnot required Restricted to inorganic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A58
2
(b) ƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ĂůŝƉŚĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ
haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) ĂƌŽŵĂƟĐĂŵŝŶĞƐďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŽĂƌĞŶĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƟŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŚLJĚƌŽĐŚůŽƌŝĐacid
ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵŵŽŶŝĂĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƚĞƌƟĂƌLJĂŵŝŶĞƐĨƌŽŵamines ^ĞĞĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐ(see 624 c)
ϲϮϮŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐĂŵŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŝƌĂůŝƚLJgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ZĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚƐ
(a) ƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌĂŶɲͲĂŵŝŶŽĂĐŝĚĂƐZE2ͿKKĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨamino acids(i) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚ
ĂůŬĂůŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƐƚĞƌƐ(see also 613 c)
(ii) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŝŶĞŐƌŽƵƉǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚƐ
Amides
(b) structures of primary and secondary amides ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϯĨ ϲϮϯĂʹďͿ
Chirality
(c) ŽƉƟĐĂůŝƐŽŵĞƌŝƐŵĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨstereoisomerism in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϭϯĐʹĚͿ
M42 M43
Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate stereoisomerism
HSW18
(d) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƌĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶĂŵŽůĞĐƵůĞŽĨany organic compound
M42 M43
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 59
2
623 Polyesters and polyamidesgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
ŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌƐ
(a) ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵ(i) polyesters(ii) polyamides
ampŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐĚŝĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐŽƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĂĐLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞƐͿĂŶĚĨƌŽŵĂůĐŽŚŽůƐĚŝŽůƐor aminesdiamines Learners will not be expected to recall the structures ŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƉŽůLJĞƐƚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽůLJĂŵŝĚĞƐŽƌƚŚĞŝƌmonomers
(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of(i) the ester groups in polyesters(ii) the amide groups in polyamides
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨ(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)(ii) ƚŚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶ
of a polymer molecule(iii) ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ
See also 413 j
ϲϮϰĂƌďŽŶʹĐĂƌďŽŶďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
džƚĞŶĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĐŚĂŝŶůĞŶŐƚŚ
(a) ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨʹďŽŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŽincrease the length of a carbon chain ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϭĚϲϭϮďͿ
(b) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨC C Nndash ďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨ(i) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐǁŝƚŚEndash and ethanol including
ŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ (see also 422 c)
(ii) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐǁŝƚŚEŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶƵĐůĞŽƉŚŝůŝĐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϲϭϮďʹĐͿ
(c) ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŽĨŶŝƚƌŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵ(b)(i) ďLJƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŐǁŝƚŚ2EŝͿƚŽĨŽƌŵ
amines(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A60
2
(d) ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚĂƌŽŵĂƟĐʹďLJĂůŬLJůĂƟŽŶƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞͿĂŶĚĂĐLJůĂƟŽŶ(using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a ŚĂůŽŐĞŶĐĂƌƌŝĞƌampƌŝĞĚĞůʹƌĂŌƐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶͿ (see also 611 d)
ϲϮϱKƌŐĂŶŝĐƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
WƌĂĐƟĐĂůƐŬŝůůƐ
(a) the techniques and procedures used for the ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚƐinvolving use of a range of techniques (see also 423 a) including(i) ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ͻ ƵƐĞŽĨYƵŝĐŬĮƚĂƉƉĂƌĂƚƵƐ ͻ ĚŝƐƟůůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĞĂƟŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞŇƵdž(ii) ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽůŝĚ ͻ ĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ͻ ƌĞĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ͻ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞůƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐ
PAG6 ^tϰKƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞǁŽƌŬ
^LJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(b) for an organic molecule containing several ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(i) ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ(ii) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůgroups encountered in Module 6 (see also 423 b)
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
(c) ŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĚĞǀŝƐĞŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŐĞƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐďLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂůůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ džƚƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŽŶĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌ ƐƚŽŽůŬŝƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ
^tϯĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐLJŶƚŚĞƟĐƌŽƵƚĞƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 61
2
63 Analysis
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞspectroscopic areas of organic chemistry previously encountered (see Module 4 Core organic chemistry ϰϮϰŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐͿ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐintroduced in Module 4 (infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) may be used ŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞevidence of structural features in molecules
dŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚduring the A level course provide learners with an important base of knowledge understanding and ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌŽĂĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĮĞůĚ
dŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂůƐŽůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐĐĂŶďĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƵƐŝŶŐsimple test-tube tests
ϲϯϭŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐgtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
(a) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶĞͲǁĂLJdgtĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶterms of Rf values
M31
PAG6 ^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨdgtƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŐĂƐĐŚƌŽŵĂƚŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ(i) ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ(ii) ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ
components in a mixture
M31 M32
dŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐƚŽĐŽŶĮƌŵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐWĞĂŬŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ
^tϯŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
dĞƐƚƐĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ
(c) ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐon a test-tube scale ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĂŶƵŶŬŶŽǁŶcompound(i) ĂůŬĞŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚďƌŽŵŝŶĞ
(see also 413 f)(ii) ŚĂůŽĂůŬĂŶĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƋƵĞŽƵƐƐŝůǀĞƌ
nitrate in ethanol (see also 422 a)(iii) ƉŚĞŶŽůƐďLJǁĞĂŬĂĐŝĚŝƚLJďƵƚŶŽƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ
with CO32ndash (see also 611 h)
(iv) ĐĂƌďŽŶLJůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚϮϰͲEW(see also 612 d)
(v) ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚdŽůůĞŶƐƌĞĂŐĞŶƚ(see also 612 e)
PAG7 ^tϰYƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A62
2
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and ĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂĐŝĚŝĮĞĚdichromate ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϭĐϲϭϮĂͿ
(vii) ĐĂƌďŽdžLJůŝĐĂĐŝĚƐďLJƌĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚK32ndash
(see also 613 b)
632 SpectroscopygtĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of
NMR Spectroscopy
(a) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of carbon environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ůůĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚǁŝůůďĞproton decoupled ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(b) ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum of an organic molecule to make ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚ(i) the number of proton environments in the
molecule(ii) ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐ(iii) ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽƚŽŶ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƌĞůĂƟǀĞƉĞĂŬĂƌĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƐŽƌƌĂƟŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŚĞŶrequired
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spinndashƐƉŝŶƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞn + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule
M31
ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐEDZĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝůůďĞprovided on the Data Sheet ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ gtĞĂƌŶĞƌƐǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂƌŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽƚŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌǀĂůƵĞƐďƵƚǁŝůůnot be ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƉůŝƫŶŐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ
^tϯϱŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐƚƌĂƚŽĂŶĂůLJƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐcompounds
(c) ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂƌďŽŶͲϭϯŽƌƉƌŽƚŽŶEDZspectrum for a given molecule
M31
(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane TMS as the ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐŚŝŌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents eg CDCl 3ǁŚĞŶƌƵŶŶŝŶŐĂŶEDZƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ
(iii) ƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKʹĂŶĚEʹƉƌŽƚŽŶƐby proton exchange using D2O
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds
copy OCR 2016A Level in Chemistry A 63
2
ŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ
(e) ĚĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůĚĂƚĂincluding
(i) elemental analysis (see also 213 c)(ii) mass spectraƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĨʹŐͿ(iii) IR spectra ƐĞĞĂůƐŽϰϮϰĚʹĞͿ(iv) EDZƐƉĞĐƚƌĂ
M31
Spectral reference data will be provided on the Data Sheet
ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds
^tϯϱϲŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚevidence to analyse organic compounds