October 28, 2009October 28, 2009

Exam 2 on Monday, Nov. 2Covers material in Ch. 7, 9-12

Presentations begin Nov. 9 (Monday)

Climate map shows human impacts

A map designed to show the predicted effects of a 4°C rise in global average temperature has been unveiled by the UK government. It shows a selection of the impacts of climate change on human activity. These include extreme temperatures, drought, effects on water availability, agricultural productivity, the risk of forest fire and sea level rise. According to the Department of Energy and Climate Change, agricultural yields would be expected to decrease for all major cereal crops in all major regions of production. In addition, half of all Himalayan glaciers will be significantly reduced by 2050, leading to 23% of the population of China being deprived of the vital dry season glacial meltwater.

Energy Energy Resources Resources (Ch. (Ch.

14)14)

coal

gas

oil

nuclear

hydro

http://www.greenvalhalla.com/2007/11/http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122main.html

http://www.ecofuels.ca/~ecofuels/alternatives/index.php

World Consumption

World Production

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=oil_refininghttp://geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca/calgary/topics/fuels_e.php

Fossil Fuels: Oil and Gas Composition? Formation?

Rapid burial; organic matterChemical reactions due to heat/pressure

• heavy oils, light oils and gas• refining process

Fossil Fuels: Oil and Gas

Petroleum depositsRocks

• Source rocks• Reservoir rocks• Cap rocks

SeepsTraps

Nonrenewable

http://www.consrv.ca.gov/dog/kids_teachers/Seeps/seep1/Pages/photo_01.aspx

Oil and Gas Reserves Reserves generally declining

In US, oil supplies 40% of energy, gas 25%

Strategic Petroleum Reserve• Prudhoe Bay, ANWR, NPRA

World Gas Reserves (proven)

http://www.arabianbusiness.com/blogs/tag/oilhttp://www.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/gas/market.htmhttp://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/fossil_fuels/fossil_fuels.html

Future Prospects More exploration

Deepwater discoveries• Jack (5 mi depth), Big Foot, St. Malo fields

Enhanced recovery of reservesThermal (steam)Pressurized gases (CO2)Surfactants

http://www.canopetro.com/technology.asphttps://www.llnl.gov/str/November01/Kirkendall.htmlhttp://www.scandoil.com/moxie-bm2/news/mustang-awarded-feed-for-chevron-jack-st-malo-deep.shtml

Alternate Oil Resources (Unconventionals)

Oil Shale (kerogen)U.S. has 2/3 world supplyNot used because:

• Not financially competitive• Waste rock

– Strip mining

• Water shortage– Reclamation of land

– Current technology

Tar SandProblems similarCanada mining

• Huff-n-puff

Geopressurized gasPros and cons

Methane hydratesNo technology

Alternate Natural Gas

Coal-bed methaneProblems with briny water