october 28, 2015s. mathews & d. six1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 3 key issue 4...
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April 21, 2023 S. Mathews & D. Six 1
Human Geography
By James Rubenstein
Chapter 3Key Issue 4
Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
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Internal migration for most people is
less disruptive than international
migration.
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Two main types of internal migration:
Interregional (rural to urban)
Intraregional (older cities to suburbs)
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MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS OF A COUNTRY
The most famous example of large-scale internal migration is the opening of the American West.
Through mass interregional migration, the interior of the continent was settled and developed.
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Changing Center of Population
The U.S. Census Bureau computes the country’s population center at the
time of each census.
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Changing Center of Population
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Center of Population Gravity
The average location of everyone in the country.
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In 1790 The population center was in
Chesapeake Bay, east of Baltimore Maryland.
Appalachians blocked western development.
Hostile indigenous residents retarded western settlement.
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By 1830 The population center was west
of Moorefield, West Virginia. Transportation improvements
helped open the interior.- Canals such as the Erie Canal- Diffusion of steam powered boats
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in 1880 The population center was just
west of Cincinnati, Ohio. Until the advanced settlements
reached the 98th meridian, the population center moved westward at a rate of 7 miles per year.
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Settlement of the Great Plains
Between 1880 and 1950, the center moved 3 miles a year.
Agricultural technology aided farmers.
The expansion of railroads encouraged western settlement.
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Recent Growth of the South
After constant westward movement, in the 1920s the center moved southward.
Americans migrated to the “Sunbelt” for job opportunities and environmental reasons.
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Sunbelt
The southern and southwestern states of the United States,
from the Carolinas to southern California, characterized by a warm climate and, recently,
rapid population growth.
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Regional Imbalance
In 1920, average income of the south was 2/3rds lower than the Northeast.
In the 1960s, the average income had risen to 1/3rd of the Northeast.
By 2000, the average income of the South was just 10% lower.
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Migration Patterns
African Americans lived in the South due to forced migration.
During the 20th century, African Americans moved north for $s.
Since the 1990s, migration of African Americans, whites, and Hispanics is about equal.
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In the 20th Century
Net migration between each pair of regions is
now close to Zero.
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Changing Center of Population-
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Changing Center of Population-
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Migration Between Regions in Other
Countries
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Russia The Soviet Union encouraged the
develop of industries at the site of raw materials.
The Soviet Union encouraged voluntary migration to the north.
The Russian Government no longer dictates locations for factory.
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Brazil Most Brazilians live in coastal
cities. Brasilia was built 600 miles from
the Atlantic Coast to encourage interregional migration.
Brasilia’s population has grown rapidly.
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Indonesia Since 1969, the government paid
to move 5 million people from Java to less populated islands.
Recent movement of families have decreased;- environmental concerns- disruption of indigenous people
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EuropeThe pattern of interregional
migration throughout Western Europe is reflected in the
differences in per capita income and unemployment in different
regions.
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India Regional governments limit the
ability of people to migrate from one region to another.
Restrictions date from British colonial era.
Designed to protect ethnic identity.
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Migration Within One Region
More people move within the same region than
between regions.
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Migration from Rural to Urban
Areas Urbanization began in the 1800s in Europe and North America (Industrial development)
In U.S.; from 5% in 1800s to 50% in 1920s, and 3/4th today.
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Rural to Urban in Europe and North
America Urbanization began in the 1800s (Industrial development)
In U.S.; from 5% in 1800s to 50% in 1920s, and 3/4th today.
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Rural to Urban in LDCs; Africa, Asia,
L.America Skyrocketed in recent years.
Nearly 50% of population increase in urban areas.
Nearly 20 million move to cities annually.
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Rural to Urban in Brazil
Sao Paulo has reached 300,000 per year.
Many must live in Favelas.
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FavelasSquatter settlements in the urban areas of Brazil.Most lacked electricity, running water, proper sanitation, and paved
streets.
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Favela
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Favelas of Rio
de Janeiro
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Push/Pull of Urbanization
People seek economic advancement.
– Pushed from Rural– Pulled to the Cities
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Migration from Urban to Suburban
Areas: In MDCS: most intraregional
migration is from central cities out to the suburbs
Twice as many Americans migrate from cities to suburbs each year than suburbs to central cities
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Push/Pull of Suburban Areas
Major reason for large-scale migration to suburbs not
related to employment but to the pull of the suburban
lifestyle.
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Suburban Lifestyle Houses rather than apartments
Private yards where children can safely play
A garage or driveway
Schools tend to be more modern and well-equipped and safer
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Suburbanization Territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded.
Farms on the periphery of urban areas are converted to housing developments.
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Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas.
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Migration from Metropolitan to Non-metropolitan AreasDuring late 20th century,
MDCs of North America and Europe saw more people
migrate to rural areas than move out of them.
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Counter-urbanization results from:
Rapid expansion of suburbs Abandon hectic pace of city life for leisure of countryside
Modern technology allows us to work anyplace
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Counter-urbanization in U.S.
Many migrants from urban to rural areas are retired people attracted to access to leisure activities.
Counter-urbanization has stopped in the U.S. because of poor economic conditions in some rural areas
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U.S. Intra-
regional migratio
n
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Future Migration Trends
Mostly unpredictable. In Houston; Revitalization of downtown areas has increased migration of suburban to urban.
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Buffalo Bayou Park
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The Wortham Center
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Houston Light Rail
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Tranquility Park
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George Brown Convention
Center
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Toyota Center
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Minute Made Park
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Reliant Stadium