ocw sbq 2423 lecture 6

7/30/2019 Ocw Sbq 2423 Lecture 6

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SBQ2423

FARADIVAMUSTAPADEPARTMENT OF UANTITY

SURVEYING,FACULTYOFBUILT

ENVIRONMENT


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Labour


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Typesofconstructionlabour

Componentso La our Costs

BasicprincipleforEstimatingLabour Monetaryfactors


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Constructionindustr isaver labourintensive

industries. InMalaysia,duetoheavyrelianceontraditional

cons ruc onme o , eusageo cons ruc onlabours aremuchmorecomparedtotheEuropean

countries.

Thelabour costcomponents ofabuildingprojectoftenrangesfrom30% 50%fromtotaloverallcost.In

,costs.

Hence it is a vital com onent of a construction ro ect.


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available inMalaysia/yourcountry?

Duration:1minute

Answers:


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Constructionoutputismadeupofseveraldifferentsystemssuchasthestructuralsystem,exteriorclosuresystem,HVACsystemetc.

Thesesystemscanbebrokendownintomanymoresubsystemsandsubsubsystems.

Thisresultsinseveralworkpackagesandthereforetheworks(package)canbecompletedbyeitherindividualoragroupofgang(crew).

Additionally,thereare3typesofconstructionlabournamely; Skilledworkers Unskilledworkers

Generallabours


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.

Monetary

Hourl wa erates

Productivity

Ratioofin utVs.

Wagepremiums

Insurance

Fringebenefits

RespectiveOutput

Eg.Workhoursofaworkers(bricklayer)Vs.

Taxes(Levy) produced(laying500bricks)


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=

produced timeduration

Eg.Ifabricklayercanlay500bricksin8hours,encet eassoc ate construct on

productivityisthus,

500 8=62bricks


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monetaryfactorremainrelativelyconstant.

constructionphase,productivityontheother

.

Toaccuratelyestimateproductivity,an

record,butalotofexperience.


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Theformulaforcomputingthetotalcostoflabour isquitesimple.Itrequ res now e geo e o a ouror a ours nee e oper orm

allthetasksandapplyittothe correspondingwagerates.

=

Determiningthetotalworkhoursforataskinvolvesaknowledgeof

forthespecificcrewthatwillbeperformingthework.

Thequantityofworkassociatedwiththematerialquantityisdeterminedb the uantit takeoffdiscussedin reviouslecture.


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BasicprinciplesforEstimatingLabour

contd

Hours StraightTime TotalcostBricklayers 3bricklayersx

3daysx8

hr/da =72

RM50 ?

hrs

General

labour

2general

labour x3

RM20 ?

daysx8hr/day=48

hrs

o a


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BasicprinciplesforEstimatingLabour

contd

Hours StraightTimeRate(RM/hr) Totalcost

Bricklayers 3bricklayersx

3daysx8

hr/day=72

RM50 RM3,600.00

General

labour

2general

labour x3

daysx

RM20 RM960.00

8hr/day=48hrs

Total RM4560.00


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componentsofcostestimateasitincludes.

Thesesareseveralfactorsthataffectpricingof

I. Basewagerates

. r nge ene ts, nsurancean taxes evyIII. Wagepremiums


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I. Basewa erates Thisisadollars erhour aidto

anemployeeforeachstraighttimehourworkers.

Straighttimehoursornormalhoursreferstothe

regularworkinghoursof8hoursperdayMon Fri..

9 location

9 craft

ypeo wor w nacra


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establishedlabour classificationswith

Generalworkers servesasabenchmark

morethangeneralworkers

thanskilledlabour andsometimereceivesfixed

amountonto ofthebaseoftheskilledlabour

andalsoknowaskepala.


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sometimesprovidedforspecialskills,suchas

remotelocationsanddangerouswork

closetovoltage.


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contractormustpayvariousfringebenefitsfortheworkers.Itmayincludecontributionssuchashealth

andwelfare.Someexamplesforfringebenefitsare

SOCSOandLevy.


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paidtoworkersforovertimework(OT).Itispaidataminimumoftimeandhalfor150%overthebase

rate.However,overtimepremiumsof200%or

doubletimemayberequiredforovertimeworkonun ayor u c o ays.

Wagepremiumforhazardousworkconditionsor

increaseoverthebasewagerate.


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CostElement RM/hourBase Wage 8.75 @RM70per

day)

SOCSO 0.20@RM40permont

Levy 0.55@RM100per

month

GrossHourly wagerate

RM9.50

PercentIncrease 8.57%

ver ase a e


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JKRpublications

Bui ingCostIn exes


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tendencytovaryfrom; Individuals

Daytoday

Asaresult,itbecomesoneofthemostinaccurate

as ectsofestimatin .


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alabour


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ExternalFactor InternalFactor

Marketconditions

Workconditions

ma cconditions

anagemen conditions


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ExternalFactor

Marketconditions whentheeconomyisbloomingwithlotsofconstructionwork,workerscanbescarce.

Likewise,whentheneighboringcountriesstopexportingmm gran wor ers, ewor erscana so escarce.

Theconditioncanresultsininfluxoflesstrainedorunskilled

workersintothemarketandhencerequiremoretimeto.

However,whenconstructionworkisscarce(few),therewillbefewerunskilledworkersinthemarketduetocompetitionforobsandalimitedamountofwork.

Thecontractorwillbecomemoreselectiveandhireonly themostskilledworkersandthatlabours (workers)aremoremotivatedtoworktoremainonthejob.


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Climaticconditionsreferstotemperature,wind

. ,

affecttheproductivityoflabour.

Too hot could lead to exhaustion

Toocoldcouldimpairmotorskills

tosee

Hence it could all resulted in slowin down or

stoppingtheproject.


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InternalFactor

Workconditionsreferstoworkspace,sitelayoutandorganisation,lightingandnoises.

Workersworkinginamplespacewillworkfasterthanthosewor ng nacon ne or m e wor room.

Thisalsocouldduetotheacceleratedworkwhichputsmore

menonthejobandleadtositecongestion.

materials)arelocatedawayfromtheworkwheretheworkersneedtospendmoretimemovingbackandforthtogetmaterialsandthereforespentlesstimeonproductivework.

Hence,propermaterialstorageandgoodsitelayoutplanningisneededtoensureampleworkspaceandbetterproductivity.


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a our ro uc v y con InternalFactor

Managementconditions

referringtoconsturctionsupportsuchasschedulling,procurementandinformation

.

Schedulling ofworkactivitiesonsiteaffectsworkflowand

theamountofactivitiesonsite. Properschedulingofactivitiescanminimise disruptions

andfacilitateworkflow,thusimprovingproductivity.

Mana ementcanalsoim rove roductivit b makin

surethatallmaterials,tools, equipmentandlabour areadequatelyprovidedtocarryouttheworkinanefficientmanner.


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BuildingConsturction CostData

Bui er sPu ication REHDA

Textbooks(butmostlyreferringtoUKorUSAsproductivity)


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thatarederivedfromhistoricaldataareoftenforavera eorstandards ro ects.

Therefore,theproductivityratesneedtobe

modified to take into consideration how the newprojectdeviatesfromthestandardcondition.

WeightedWageRate(BareCost)=3(RM26.65)x2(22.35)

3x2

= . r


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=

ratex productivityfactor

Productivityfactorcanbedeterminedforasingle

variablesuchasweather.Eg.Productivityrateforaworkerduringaveryhotdayis0.9.

So,itonnormaldaytheworkercouldlay100m2of

concrete,thenon0.9factor,heorshecouldonlylay90m2ofconcreteduringaveryhotday.


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Productivityimpactandthecostof

overtime Overtimeisthemostcommonmethodusedonsiteto

expediteprogressofwork.

However,schedulingovertimeformorethanseveralweeks

canresu n ugepr o uc v y osses.


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Productivityimpactandthecostof

overtime(contd)

Daysper Hoursper Week1 Week2 Week3 Week4 Average4week day (%) (%) (%) (%) weeks

(%)

5 8 100 100 100 100 100.0010 100 95 90 85 92.50

12 90 85 70 60 76.25

6 8 100 100 95 90 96.25

10 95 90 85 80 87.50

12 90 80 65 60 73.75


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, , . , . .

EstimatingConstructionCosts,5th EditionMc , .

Popescu,C.M,Phaobunjong,K,Ovararin,N

,

2003.


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Theend.Thankyouforyour

attentions.

ocw sbq 2423 lecture 6

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