oecd green cities programme -...
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How cities contribute to green growth --- experience from the OECD Setsuko Saya Head of the Regional Policies for Sustainable Development Division, OECD Low Carbon Model Town Task Force 18 March 2013 – Samui, Thailand [email protected]
WHY CITIES ARE IMPORTANT IN GREEN GROWTH
Social equity
and justice
Three equivalent
pillars of
sustainable
development
Green growth
initiatives
Efforts to integrate social concerns into green growth efforts
Environment
EconomyEconomy
Environment
Social equity and justice
Urban areas tend to feature higher
income and productivity.
Source: Calculation based on data from the OECD regional database
Per capita GDP in current prices and PPP(2007) Ur
ba
n s
ha
re
of
tota
l p
op
ula
tio
n (
20
07
)
Cities create environmental problems, but they also provide solutions.
Per capita carbon emissions tend to reduce as urban areas become denser and rely to a greater extent on public transit, walking and cycling.
Berlin
Hamburg
Frankfurt
Barcelona
Paris
Athina
Milano Sapporo Tokyo
Nagoya
Osaka
Fukuoka Seoul Incheon Daegu
Busan Monterrey
Guadalajara Mexico City Puebla
Warszawa
Katowice
London Birmingham
Manchester
Cincinnati
Washington San Francisco
Los Angeles
Houston
Boston
Chicago New York
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
CO
2 e
mis
sio
ns
pe
r c
ap
ita
(2
00
6)
Total population density (2006)
Europe North America Japan and Korea
Expenditure shares of major cities by function (2010)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Building Transport Water Waste Other environment Other
Major cities spend 10-45% of their budget in potential green, which is expected to generates employment.
Other environment: Green spaces, parks management, environmental services, streets and sanitation, power, environmental protection
Cities are the main spender of green
infrastructure
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CAN USA BEL CHE AUT MEX DEU ITA JAP ESP FRA NDL AUS DEN IRL KOR FIN ISR SVK POL PTR SVN SWE CZE NOR GBR HUN LUX TUR NZL ISL EST GRE
State Local Central
Sub-national governments spend 60% of public investment 2009
Source: based on financial statements of cities in 2009
Source: OECD regional outlook 2009
OECD GREEN CITIES PROGRAMME
• Conceptual framework (June 2011)
• Case studies
• Synthesis report: Green Growth in Cities Launch: 23 May 2013 in Stockholm
OECD Green Cities Programme;
Project framework
City case studies Paris (2011) Chicago (2011-12) Kitakyushu (2012) Stockholm (2012)
National-level case studies Korea (2011) China (2012)
Goals of green cities:
Green growth policies to prioritise are:
Jobs Energy-efficiency building retrofits, public transport, and waste management
Urban attractiveness
Increase the efficiency of transport system, sustainable public service delivery, climate change adaptation
Green products/ services
Identifying potential for green product and service specialization, fostering green technology R&D and innovation activities
Urban land values
Urban redevelopment (including eco-districts), reducing incentives for green field development
Energy issues plays an important role in
making green cities.
• Urbanisation poses important environmental challenges, including:
– rapid urban land expansion, traffic congestion, air and water pollution, and the inappropriate disposal of household and industrial waste.
• Green development has grown as a priority in the 11th and 12th Five-Year Plans (FYPs). The 12th FYP (2011-2015) sets targets for:
– energy/carbon efficiency, air and water pollution, land management and green products and services.
Case study: Urbanisation and Green
Growth in China Key Facts
Case Study: Chicago Tri-state metro-area
Recommendation
– Connect property owners to Energy Service Companies for retrofits
– Green design standards to stimulate building-sector innovation
– Increase public transit funding (congestion charges and value-added taxes)
– Regional priority-setting and information sharing
– Federal price signals and legislative changes for property-tax loans
– Restructure water and waste pricing
– Regional wind consortia
Case Study: Kitakyushu
Recommendation
•More fully integrate land-use and transport planning to revive urban centres and reduce urban sprawl
•Foster high value added recycling and maximise recycling synergies between industries and residential areas
•Scale up the Higashida smart-grid experiment and make use of national feed-in tariffs for renewable energy supply
•Further improve industrial energy efficiency and exploit energy savings in commercial and residential buildings
Why indicators are necessary?
OECD’s three key principles for selecting indicators
1. Policy relevance
– Provide balanced coverage of the key features
– Be easy to interpret and transparent
– Provide a basis for comparisons across countries
– Lend itself to adaptation to different national contests and to analysis at different levels of details or aggregation
2. Analytical soundness
3. Measurability
– Be based on data that are available or that can be made so.
(OECD’s Green Growth Strategy (2012))
How to measure the success of green cities? ---Indicators
Policies need reflect the reality of cities, where people live and work
• Many cities don’t match the city boundaries
Source: OECD calculations based on population density disaggregated with Corine Land Cover.
How does the new approach of Functional Urban Area change our views of cities?
• Urban areas can be organised around one or more densely populated “urban core” and its extension of “hinterlands”
Old measurement method:
4 Large metropolitan regions
New measurement method: London
Urban cores
Hinterland
Leeds
Manchester
Birmingham
London
Indicators in OECD Metropolitan Database
Economic Environment Social Demographic
GDP (millions of US $) Air pollution Unemployment
Population (persons)
GDP per capita (US $) CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons per person)
Crime statistics Population density (people
per km2)
GDP growth (%) Urbanised area (%) Population growth (%)
GDP share of national value (%)
Urbanised area growth (%)
Population share of national value (%)
Employment CO2 emissions by sector (transport, industry,…)
Participation rates
Total PCT patent applications
Total Co-Patents
• OBJECTIVE: Increase the availability of statistics on economic, social and environmental areas for functional urban areas.
ALREADY AVAILABLE
WORKING ON (end 2012/beginning 2013)
FUTURE INDICATORS
Where to find the metropolitan database?
• http://measuringurban.oecd.org/
Tentative list of urban environmental
indicators Category Main and complementary indicators
Land use 12items --- density of city/metro
Urban air 4 items
Water use 8 items
Urban water quality 12 items
Waste management 10 items
Transport & traffic 13 items
Climate change & energy Carbon intensity of regional/city GDP in tonnes of CO2 e/unit/year, broken down by sector
Carbon intensity of local energy production in tonnes of Co2e/unit/year
Energy intensity, by sector,(manufacturing, transport, commercial & public service, residential), TPES and TFC per capita or unit of city GDP
Share of city/metro region energy consumption that comes from renewable resources as a percentage of total city TFC
Share of city/metro region energy production that comes from renewable resources
Environmental health 9 items
General awareness & behavior 7 items
OECD Urban Environmental Indicators (2011)
How do indicators of “density” explain cities’
performance?
Mexico City
(20.2 million, 5 167 km2 total,
1 272 km2 urban)
New York
(18.2 million, 6 838 km2
total, 5 683 km2 urban)
0 5000 10000 15000
New York
Vancouver
Montreal
Tronto
Monterrey
Toluca
Guadalajara
Daegu
Puebla
Busan
Seoul-Incheon
Mexico City
Population density on urban land
Pop/km2
Portland Max 35324 Vancouver
Max 11413
Source: OECD “Compact City Policies “(2012)
GREEN GROWTH IN FAST-GROWING ASIAN CITIES:
(2013 - )
Green Cities Programme in
fast-growing cities in Asia
OECD Green Growth Strategy(May 2011)
OECD Green Cities Programme (May 2013)
Defined green growth and policies to achieve it.
Defined green growth in cities.
OECD Strategy on Development (May 2012)
OECD Green Cities Programme in fast-growing cities in Asia(2013-14)
Green Growth, Development and Developing Countries
(forthcoming 2013)
Incorporating inclusive green growth into development policies
Key policy questions
• Is urban green growth different for cities in developing countries?
– What policy frameworks and instruments are needed, and practical, in fast-growing Asian city contexts?
• How can the OECD support cities in developing countries, while at the same time learning from the diverse contexts?
– How can we facilitate knowledge sharing among OECD and fast-growing Asian cities so they all can benefit from the mutual learning process?
Project framework: linking OECD’s green
cities with Asia
1. Concept paper (to be delivered in Q2 2013) – Provide analytical framework in assessing green
growth policies in fast-growing Asian cities
– Parallel work with OECD’s “Green Growth and Developing Countries Report”
2. City case study (4-6 cities in 2013-14) – Assess the impact of urban green growth policies on
economic performance and environmental quality
– Individual report as the deliverable
3. Knowledge sharing platform (2013-14) – Manila, the Philippines (4-5 February, 2013)
– Kitakyushu, Japan (18-20 October, 2013)
– ……
