38 第三課だいさん か

第三課 LESSON 3

Places

だいがくのちかくにゆうびんきょくがありますThere’s a post office near campus

21

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5 6��� �� !"#��

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第三課 39

かい わ

会話 Dialog

1 �� : �� !"�� !"#$$%&'�()*+&",-./+0

(Lit.) Son-san, is there a special library for Japanese books at this university?

Son-san, does this university have a special library for Japanese books?

�� : ����� !"#

Yes, there is / Yes, it does.

2 �� : �� !"#$%&

Where is it?

�� : �� !"#$%&'()'*+,�-,./0

It’s next to the building where the Japanese Program office is.

3 �� : �� !�� !"#$%&'()*+,-./0

Ummm, which one is the Japanese Program office?

�� : �� !"#$

That building.

4 �� : ���� !"#�� !"#$%&'(!)*+,-./

Oh, I see. Is there a post office on campus, too?

5 �� : ��� �� !"#�� �� !"#$%&'($)*+$,-./0

��

No, there isn’t. But there’s one near campus.

6 �� : �� !"#�� !"#$%&'(

I see. Thank you.

�� : �� �� ! "#$%&'#()�� !"#$%&'()*+),-

��

Oh, that’s Koyama-san over there. She’s my roommate.

7 �� : �� !"#$%

Which person is she?

8 �� : �� !"�#$%&'

That woman over there.

�� : ����� !"#$%

Oh, that person.

40 第三課

つか かた

使い方 Usage

1 �� !"#$%& literally means a “library of the Japanese language”.

��� is less formal and gentler than �� “yes”.

3 �� is equivalent to “Ummm ...” or “Well, ~”. It indicates that the speaker has something to

say, but is hesitant to say it for some reason. �� can also be used to cut in on a conversation.

In general, it allows the speaker to sound less direct, and therefore more polite.

5 �� means “but ⁄ however”. It’s a casual expression—a more formal one is �� !.

6 �� in this sentence expresses surprise.

8 ��� conveys the same meaning as � in ���� !".

ぶんぽう

文法 Grammar

3a Existential Verbs

LOCATION � SUBJECT � �� !"# !"#$%&'# !

SUBJECT � LOCATION � �� !"# !"#$%&'# !

�� ! is used when the subject is a thing; �� when it is a human, animal, etc. The location is

marked with �. The use of �� !"�#$ is necessary when you are supposed to show respect to

the person referred to by the subject.

(1) �� !" =�=��=�=�� !" (Lit.) On the desk there is a book.

There is a book on the desk.

(2) ��=�=�� !" =�=�� !" The book is on the desk.

3a Existential Verbs3b Topic Marker は3c Location Marker に3d なにか／だれか／どなたか／どこかに + Affirmative Predicate

なにも／だれも／どなたも／どこにも + Negative Predicate3e NOUN1 と NOUN2 (NOUN1 and NOUN2)3f Final Particle よ3g Numbers

第三課 41

Although both sentences can be used to depict the same physical situation, they are not interchangeable.

(2) cannot be used unless you believe that the addressee already knows which book you’re talking about.

Note that Japanese does not have different nouns or verbs for singular and plural entities. So, (1) and (2)

can also mean “There are books on the desk” and “The books are on the desk”, respectively.

The negative form of �� is �� !. Note that the negative counterpart of ���=�=�� !is ���=�=�� !". This use of � will be explained in Lesson 6h.

(3) �� : �� !"#$%&�'(=�=�� !"#�� : ��� �� !"#$%&'=�=��=�� =�

(4) �� : �� !"#$%&$'()*+,-

�� : ��� �� !"#$%&$'()=�� =�

(5) �� : �� !"#"�$%&'()�*+�,�-. /

�� : ��� �� !"#"�$%&'()�*+�,�=�� =�

3b Topic Marker は

In grammar classes we were told that the subject is the person or thing that we are talking

about. However, the topic is also an entity that we are talking about. Are they the same?

Well, frequently, but not always. The subject is a notion that directly relates to the predicate

(remember, the predicate usually consists of a VERB, ADJECTIVE, or NOUN + ��). Generally,

when there is a predicate, there is a subject. Topic, on the other hand, is a broader notion. We can talk

about the topic of a sentence or paragraph, or even of a book. Frequently, the topic appears as the

subject, but not always: in sentences like Fish, I hate, the topic fish is the direct object of the predicate

hate.

� is the topic marker, which can mark the subject only when the referred entity is known by both the

speaker and the addressee. �� !" #$%&'()* “There is a book on the desk” can be

uttered if there is a book on the desk, but ��=�=�� !" #$%&' “The book is on the desk”

is meaningful only when the addressee knows which book you are talking about. Because the topic

needs to be identifiable by both the speaker and addressee, WH-interrogative words cannot appear as a

topic. That is, ��=�=�� ! “Who’s there?” is unnatural in Japanese; you must say ��=�=��

�� .

�

42 第三課

3c Location Marker に

� is used with a word of location to indicate that a certain thing or person exists in that

place. The location word can be a proper name or a relational word such as top of, under, in

front of, behind, next to, etc.

(1) �� !"#$%&'()=�=�� !" Yosemite is (located) in California.

(2) �� !"#$%&'()*+=�=�� !" The restroom is next to the office.

(3) �� !"#"�$%&'#()*+=� Ishikawa-sensei is next to Son-san.

�� !"�#$%

�

�� !"#$%#&�'()

The dog is on the desk.

X�� !on (the top of) X, above X

�� !"#$%&'�()*

The dog is under the desk.�� !"#$%&�$'(

The dog is in front of the cat.

u�� !below X, under X

u�� !in front of X

�� !"#$%&'�()*

The dog is behind the cat.

u�� !"behind X �� ��!"#$%&�

��

The dog is {in ⁄ inside} thedoghouse.

�� ��!"#$%&'

�� !

The dog is near the doghouse.

u�� !in X, inside X

u�� !"near X

�� !��ô������õ�� !"The dog is {next to ⁄ beside} the cat.

u�� !"u�� !next to X,beside X

¿u�� !"¡ “next to X” and ¿u�� !¡ “be-

side X” are similar in meaning and thus sometimes

interchangeable. However, while ¿u�� !¡ can

be used for a broad range of objects, the use of =¿u�

�� !¡ is very limited. In ¿u�� !"v �

�� !¡, both X and Y are similar entities of cul-

tural or personal significance: e.g. people, animals,

houses, countries, facilities, furniture, visual symbols

(pictures, letters ⁄ characters, articles, books).

第三課 43

3d なにか／だれか／どなたか／どこかに + Affirmative Predicate

なにも／だれも／どなたも／どこにも + Negative Predicate

With �� !"# !$�% , the use of � is optional; with �� !"# !$�% , �

must not be used.

(1) �� !"#$=�� ==E�F=�� !"#Is there something on the bed?

�� �� !"#$%&'&()*+,

Yes, there’s a letter on the bed.

��� �� !"#$=�� =�� !"#(Lit.) No, there isn’t anything on the bed.

No, there’s nothing on the bed.

(2) �� !"#$%&=�� ==E�F=�� !"(Lit.) Is there someone outside the classroom?

Is anyone outside the classroom?

�� �� !"#$%&'()*+,-./

Yes, Son-san is outside the classroom.

��� �� !"#$%&=�� =�� !"(Lit.) No, there isn’t anyone outside the classroom.

No, there’s no one outside the classroom.

(3) �� !"#=�� !==E�F=�� !"�#$%&(Lit.) Is there someone in the classroom? (respectful)

Is anyone in the classroom? (respectful)

�� �� !"#$!%&'('$)$*+!,$-./

(Lit.) Yes, there is Ishikawa-sensei in the classroom. (respectful)

Yes, Ishikawa-sensei is in the classroom. (respectful)

��� �� !"#=�� !=�� !"�#$%&(Lit.) No, there isn’t anyone in the classroom. (respectful)

No, there’s no one in the classroom. (respectful)

�� something �� anything

�� someone �� anyone

�� ! someone (respectful) �� ! anyone (respectful)

44 第三課

Note that with ��I=� occurs after �, but it occurs before �.

(4) �� !=�� !"� #$%&'()Are there Japanese books somewhere?

�� �� !"##$"%&$"'()*+,

Yes, there are Japanese books in the library.

��� �� !=�� !"#(Lit.) No, there are none anywhere.

No, there aren’t any Japanese books here.

This construction is very different from English, so literal translations result in ungrammatical or un-

natural sentences. In order to make natural English translations, you need to supply some specific loca-

tion, e.g. Are there any Japanese books somewhere on campus?, There aren’t any on campus.

(5) �� !"� #$%�&'()*+

Where are Japanese books?

Where can I find Japanese books?

�� !"� #$%&"'&�()*+,

(The) Japanese books are on the desk.

�� !"� #=�� !=�� !"#(Lit.) Japanese books aren’t anywhere (not on campus, in the library, etc).

(6) �� !"#"�$%&'�()�*�+, -

Where is Ishikawa-sensei?

�� !"#"�$%&'�()�*+�,�-./

Ishikawa-sensei’s in the classroom.

�� !"#"�$=�� !=�� !"�#$%&Ishikawa-sensei isn’t anywhere (on campus, in the building, etc.)

Note that �� !" #�$ #% are WH-interrogative words, whereas �� !"# !$

�� !"# $!�$%!&'%!"��%!"#$% are not.

(7) �� !" #=��=�� !"#$What ’s on the desk?

�� !" #$%&'()*+,

There’s a briefcase on the desk.

�� ! somewhere �� ! anywhere

第三課 45

(8) �� !" #=�� =�� !"#Is there something on the desk?

�� �� !" #$%&'()*+,

Yes, there’s a briefcase on the desk.

��� �� !" #=�� =�� !"#No, there isn’t anything on the desk.

No, there’s nothing on the desk.

3e NOUN1 と NOUN2 (NOUN1 and NOUN2)

When you talk about two entities, X and Y, � is used. When more than two nouns are

mentioned, � may be repeated as in �� !" #$%=�=��� =�=�� !"�� . � cannot be used when X and Y are not nouns; you will learn other expressions

corresponding to the English and shortly.

3f Final Particle よ

� is one of the sentence-final particles that frequently appear in conversation. �=can be

added when you supply new information.

�� : �� !"�� !"#$$%&'�()*+&",-./+0

(Lit.) Son-san, is there a special library for Japanese books at this university?

Son-san, does this university have a special library for Japanese books?

�� : ����� !=�=�Yes, there is / Yes, it does.

In this exchange, �� ! could have said ����� ! without changing the meaning, but the

use of � adds more attentiveness to �� !". On some occasions, � may sound extremely asser-

tive or imposing, i.e. I tell you!. Because such a subtle difference is context dependent, you are advised

to use � with great care. Pronounce � with slightly rising intonation and never put stress on it.

3g Numbers

�

�

1 � ��

2 � �

3 � ��

4 � �� !

5 � �

6 � ��

46 第三課

れんしゅうもんだい

練習問題 Exercises

I. Look at the picture of Young-san’s room. Following the example, ask whether certain things are

in the room. Use the vocabulary you have learned.

Example

Q: �� !"#$%&'�

�� ! "#$%&'(

A: �� �� !"

Q: �� !"#$%&'(

�� !"#$%&

A: ��� �� !"#

7 � �� !!

8 � ��

9 � �� !"

10 � ��

11 �� �� !"

12 �� �� !

13 �� �� !"

14 �� �� !"�� #$

15 �� �� !

16 �� �� !"

17 �� �� !"#�� $$

18 �� �� !"

19 �� �� !"�� #�

20 �� �� !

21 �� �� !"#

100 � ��

101 �� �� !"

111 �� �� !"#$%

1000 � ��

1001 �� �� !

1011 �� �� !"#$

1111 �� ! �� !"#$%&'

2222 ��� �!�

�� �!"#�$%&�

第三課 47

II. Tell your partner where the things are.

Example �� !"#$%&'(')*'+,-./0

III. This is Kimura-san’s room. Tell your partner where the given entities are.

Example

A: �� !"#$%&'()*+,-./012

B: �� �� !"

A: �� !"#$%&'()*

B: �� !"#$%&$'()*+,

Example 2.1.

3. 4. �� !"#

��

� �

���� !"#$

�� �� !"#

�� !

�� �� !

�� !"

A. Ask about �� �!�� !"�� !�� !�� !"

B. Ask about �� �� !�� !"�� ��

48 第三課

IV. This is Son-san’s apartment building.

Find out where each tenant lives.

Example 1

Q: �� !"#$%&"

�� !"#$%&#'

A: �� �� !

Q: �� !"#$%

A: �� !"#$%&'

Example 2

Q: �� !"#$%&'#

�� !"#$%&#'

A: ��� �� !"#$%

V. Look at the pictures below and practice the dialog as shown in the example.

Example

A: �� !!"#$%"#&'()* +

B: ����� !"#

A: E�� !"� #F=�� !"#$%&B: E�� !"� #F=�� !"#$%&'()A: ���� !"#

VI. Reading practice

�� !"#$%&'()�� !"#$%&'()"*+,�� �!"#$#%&

�� �� !"#�$%&'()*"+,*-./012�� !"#�$%"&'()

�� !"#$%�� !"#$%&'(�)*+,-$./0�� !"#$%&'()

�� !"#$%

�� �� ! ��

�� �� ��

�� ! �� ! ��

Example

1. 2. 3. 4.

第三課 49

�=�� !�=�� !

1. �===��� !"#$%&'()*+!+',-.2. �===��� !"#!$!%&'!()*+,-#!.3. �===��� !"#�$%&'!()"*+,-./0124. �===��� !"#$�%&"'(%)*+,-)./

かんじ Introduction to the Ideographic Writing System

�� literally means “characters of the Han dynasty of ancient China (206 BC – 220 AD)”. Record-

ing a language with �� is fundamentally different from writing with the Roman alphabet, ��

�, or ����. These three scripts record the sounds of the language and are called phonographic

(phono = sound). In �� writing, ideas, rather than sounds, are recorded, so we refer to it as an

ideographic writing system (ideo = idea). Each �� is associated with some string of sounds in a

particular language, but this sound association is secondary.

Some �� are pictographs (picto = picture), pictorial representations of what they refer to.

Both phonographic and ideographic writing systems have their own advantages and disadvantages.

(1) Most languages make limited use of ideographic writing, namely numerals. Symbols like 1, 2, 3,

etc. are pronounced differently from language to language, but we know what they mean, regard-

less of their pronunciation. Even within English, the character 2 is pronounced differently in 2

and 2nd, but the idea remains constant.

(2) Each language uses a fairly small number of sounds out of all possible sounds that humans can

produce. So if you record such selected speech sounds, you need a small set of symbols. By

contrast, the ideas that humans can create are limitless. So if you record ideas directly, you need

an infinite number of symbols—which is, of course, impossible. In �� writing, a compro-

Phonographic Writing System Ideographic Writing System

1. Records sounds Records meaningse.g. �� !, ��� , alphabet e.g. �� , numerals

2. Small set of symbols Large number of symbols

3. Language dependent Language independent

4. More processing time Less processing time

50 第三課

mise is made: each character represents a group of ideas, rather than a specific idea. Even so, the

number of �� necessary for recording Japanese is much larger than �� ! or ����.

The Japanese Government has established a set of commonly used 1,945 �� , which can

appear in official documents, newspapers, magazines, etc. Naturally, some �� are used more

frequently than others. If you learn 500 basic �� , you can recognize about 75% of all occur-

rences of �� ; if you know 1,000, your recognition rate rises to approximately 90%. In this

textbook, you will learn a little more than 300.

(3) Ideographic writing has an advantage over phonographic writing.

As exemplified by numerals, ideographs are language independent.

In phonographic writing, a string of symbols like two is meaning-

less unless you know the language, whereas the symbol 2 conveys

its meaning without knowledge of the language. With some ingenu-

ity, you can record English using �� .

(4) The greatest advantage of ideographic writing is its fast processing

time. Compare, for example, fifty three thousand six hundred ninety

one and 53,691. Similarly, ��� �!� is faster to compre-

hend than �� �!"#�$%&�K While English uses ideo-

graphs in only a limited domain, Japanese uses them extensively.

あたら かん じ

新しい漢字 New Kanji

2Ainu tuArabic ithna:nDyirbal bulayFinnish kaksiHebrew shtayimHindi doKorean tulMandarin erMongolian xoyorNavajo naakiPortuguese doisSwahili mbiliTagalog dalawáTibetan nyeeTurkish iki

��

�

�

�

��

�

�� !

��

���

��� !!

���

��� !"

���

���

���

�

� �

�� one

�

� two

�

�� three

第三課 51

あたら ご い

新しい語彙 Vocabulary

�

���� four

�� five

��� six

������ seven

��� eight

����� nine

��� ten

��� hundred

��� thousand

�� ! to exist (things)

�� chair

��

�one

�� dog

�� ! doghouse

�� to exist (people, animals)

52 第三課

�� !"�#$ to exist (respectful)

�� on, above

�� back, behind

�� house

�� !" toilet, lavatory

�� ! office

�� briefcase

�� camera

�� !"

==� nine

�� !" classroom

�� ! bank

�

� five

��

� three

�� !=� four

�� beneath, under, below

�� !!==� seven

�� =� ten

��

� thousand

�� outside

�� ! sofa

�� someone

�� anyone

�� vicinity

�� desk

�� ! table

�� letter

�� watch, clock

�� ! somewhere

�� ! anywhere

�� ! someone (respectful)

�� ! anyone (respectful)

�� next to

�� inside

�� what

�� something

�� anything

�

� two

�� cat

�� notebook

��

� eight

�� =� hundred

�� !" program

�� bed

�� room

�� bookstore

�� front

�� !"#$ post office

�� side

�� radio

�� !�" roommate

��

� six

第三課 53

なまえ (Mostly proper nouns)

�� !"#$ California

�� Kimura

�� Chicago

�� Doyle

�� Pak

�� ! Holmes

�� Yamada

�� Young

�� ! Yosemite

�� Lin

�� ! Watson