UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

LABORATORY MANUAL AND WORKBOOK

BIO 102 GENERAL BIOLOGY II 4UNIT COURSE

PREPARED BY PROF. R.T.IDOWU

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Organization of Life

Life is basically organized into four categories:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The cell is composed of different organelles that carry out different life processes e.g.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Animal tissues can be classified into -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Body composition and working of living organisms are organized into different levels namely:

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GYMNOSPERMS: There are four major phyla of gymnosperm (naked seeded plants).--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

USE ARROWS TO SHOW THE CONECTIONS BETWEEN THESE ASPECTS,

A plant found in savannah called Spins.

Fertilization

Archegonia antheridia mitosis

Megagametophyte microgametophyte embryo

Megaspore microspore

Meiosis meiosis

Megaspore microsporeMother cell mother cell matured seed

Pollen bearing Cone (microsporangia) seedling

Ovulate coneSporophyte

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Examine the Different types of Algae and describe their shapes.

A liverwort (probably Asterella) in southern California. The lobed, dorsi-ventrally flattened thallus (nonvascular plant body) grows flat on moist soil. The upright, palm-like stalks are archegoniophores (female reproductive structures) and bear young spore-bearing capsules (sporophyte) on their undersides.

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Liverwort of Genus Machantia.

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FERNS

PTERIDOPHYTE

Seed plants or seed-bearing plants, also called spermatophytes or Spermatophyta are vascular plants with numerous members belonging to the lignophytes or woody plants. They have the natural ability to produce seeds, a characteristic which likewise distinguishes them from earlier plants. The seed has been defined as an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue and enveloped by a seed coat. The embryo is an immature diploid sporophyte developing from the zygote 

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Seed Plants

General Information

The seed – bearing plants of the subphylum Spermopsida are more complex structurally than theplants of any other grouping. Plants in this subphylum reproduce sexually by means of seeds.Based on the appearance of their seeds, seed – bearing plants are divided into two classes.

a) The seeds of the angiosperms, or the flowering plants are enclosed in a protective structures called fruits.

b) The seeds of the gymnosperms, or coniferous plants are found unprotected on structurescalled cones.

The seed – bearing plants develop specialized plant tissues. For the most part, these tissues aresimilar in both angiosperms and gymnosperms.

Questions

1. List the benefits of the seed

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2. List the major phyla of Gymnosperms and state their differences with examples

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3. Identify the different lifecycle stages in the highlighted lifecycle4. What plant lifecycle is it?

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1. What are angiosperms?

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2. List the major classes of angiosperms and state their morphological differences with examples

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3. State the ecological adaptations of angiosperms

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PHYLUM PROTOZOA (ANIMAL-LIKE PROTIST)

Questions

1. State the major classes and subphyla of protozoa

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2. State in a tabular form the differences in the morphology of the highlighted sub phyla and an example each

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3. State the ecological adaptations of the protozoa

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This is an example of a sessile sponge showing the Ostia and Osculum

Questions

1. State the major classes of the phylum Porifera

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2. State in a tabular form the differences among the classes

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Phylum Cnidarians

General Information

They are mostly marine, although a few species occur in freshwater. They are diploblastic i.e. the body consists of two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm separated by jelly like mesoglaea). The body is reducible to one or two forms: Polyploidy and Medusoid forms. They move by muscular action, the Ectoderm and Endoderm layers contractile fibre aid in movement.

Questions

1. List the classes of the Phylum Cnidarians with examples

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2. Draw an example each from each classes of the Phylum Cnidarians

Questions

1. State the classes of Platyhelminthes

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2. Differences between the classes with an example each

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3. Lifecycle of Taenia spp4. Adaptations of Cestodes and Trematodes to parasitic mode of life

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Phylum Nematoda

General Information

Nematodes are commonly called roundworms. The name nematode is derived from Greek word ‘Nema’-thread. They are mostly parasitic worms.

Showing Strongyloides stercoralis

Questions

1. List the characteristics of Nematodes

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2. List 5 examples of Nematodes

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3. Highlight its adaptations to parasitic mode of living

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1. Discuss the followingi. Metamerism

ii. Strobilisationiii. The Coelom

List 10 examples of invertebrate animals and state their habitats.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

List 6 Examples of Exoskeleton------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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What are Chordates?

List 5 examples of Chordates.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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