of anatomy and physiologyllrc.mcast.edu.mt/digitalversion/table_of_contents_22278.pdf ·...

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PRINCIPLES~-C= OF ANATOMY

AND PHYSIOLOGY

Tenth Edition Volume 1

Organization of the Human Body

.. Gerard J. Tortora ( , Bergen Community College

Sandra Reynolds Grabowski Purdue University

----~ .. ----- -----

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Unit 1 Organization of

the Human Body

Unit2 Principles of Support

and Movement

Unit 3 Control Systems of

the Human Body

Brief Table of Contents

Preface IV

Acknowledgements XVI

To the Student XVIII

Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body 1 2 The Chemical Level of Organization 26 3 The Cellular Level of Organization 59 4 The Tissue Level of Organization 103 5 The Integumentary System 139

Chapter 6 The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue 161 7 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 185 8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 218 9 Joints 243

10 Muscle Tisuue 273 11 The Muscular System 308

Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue 385 13 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 419 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 451 15 Sensory, Motor and Integrative Systems 498 16 The Special Senses 526 17 The Autonomic Nervous System 565 18 The Endocrine System 586 It"

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unit 4

Maintenance of the Human Body

Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood 633 20 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 659 21 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics 696 22 The Lymphatic and Immune System and Resistance to Disease 764 23 The Respiratory System 805 24 The Digestive System 851 25 Metabolism 906 26 The Urinary System 948 27 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis 991

Unit 5 Chapter 28 The Reproductive Systems 1011 Continuity 29 Development and Inheritance 1062

Appendix A Measurements A-1 B Periodic Table B-1 C Normal Values for Selected Blood Tests C-O o Normal Values for Selected Urine Tests 0-1 E Answers E-1

Glossary G-1 Credits CR-1 Index 1-0

XXI

Contents

UNIT 1 ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body 1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined 2 Levels of Body Organization 3 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism 7

Basic Life Processes 7 Homeostasis 7 Body Fluids 8 Control of Homeostasis 8

Feedback Systems 8 Negative Feedback Systems· Positive Feedback Systems

Homeostatic Imbalances 10 Aging and Homeostasis 11 Anatomical Terminology 12

Body Positions 12 Regional Names 12 Directional Terms 12 Planes and Sections 12 Body Cavities 12

Dorsal Body Cavity· Ventral Body Cavity· Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes

Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 19 Medical Imaging 20

~p Clinical Applications Palpation, Auscultation, and Percussion 6 Autopsy 7 Diagnosis of Disease 11

Study Outline 22 Self-Quiz Questions 24 Critical Thinking Questions 25 Answers to Figure Questions 25

Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization 26

How Matter is Organized 27 Chemical Elements 27 Structure of Atoms 27 Atomic Number and Mass Number 28 Atomic Mass 30 Ions, Molecules, Free Radicals, and Compounds 30

Chemical Bonds 31 Ionic Bonds 31 Covalent Bonds 32 Hydrogen Bonds 33

Chemical Reactions 34 Forms of Energy and Chemical Reactions 35 Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions 35 Activation Energy· Catalysts Types of Chemical Reactions 36

Synthesis Reactions-Anabolism· Decomposition Reactions-Catabolism· Exchange Reactions· Reversible Reactions

Inorganic Compunds and Solutions 37 Water 38

Water as a Solvent· Water in Chemical Reactions· High Heat Capacity of Water • Water as a Lubricant

Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions 39 Inorganic Acids, Bases, and Salts 40 Acid-Base Balance: The Concept of pH 40 Maintaining pH: Buffer Systems 40

XXII

Organic Compounds 42 Carbon and Its Functional Groups 42 Carbohydrates 43

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides: The Simple Sugars· Polysaccharides

Lipids 44 Triglycerides • Phospholipids • Steroids' Other Lipids

Proteins 48 Amino Acids and Polypeptides 0 Levels of Structural Organization in Proteins· Enzymes

Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 52

Adenosine Triphosphate 54

~J Clinical Applications Harmful and Beneficial Effects of Radiation 29 Free Radicals and Their Effects on Health 30 Saturated Fats, Cholesterol, and Atherosclerosis 47 Galactosemia 52 DNA Fingerprinting 54


Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization 59

Parts of a Cell 60 The Plasma Membrane 61

The Lipid Bilayer 61 Arrangement of Membrane Proteins 62 Functions of Membrane Proteins 62 Membrane Fluidity 62 Membrane Permeability 63 Gradients Across the Plasma Membrane 64

Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 64 Principles of Diffusion 65 Osmosis 66 Diffusion Through the Lipid Bilayer 68 Diffusion Through Membrane Channels 68 Facilitated Diffusion 68 Active Transport 69

Primary Active Transport· Secondary Active Transport Transport in Vesicles 71

Endocytosis· Exocytosis oTranscytosis Cytoplasm 75

Cytosol 75 Organelles 75 The Cytoskeleton 0 Centrosome'· Cilia and Flagella • Ribosomes • Endoplasmic Reticulum· Golgi Complex • Lysosomes • Peroxisomes • Proteasomes • Mitochondria

Nucleus 82 Protein Synthethis 85

Transcription 87 Translation 88 Cell Division 90

The Cell Cycle in Somatic Cells 90 Interphase· Mitotic Phase

Control of Cell Destiny 93

Cellular Diversity 94 Aging and Cells 95

,~,p Clinical Applications ~edical Uses of Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic

Solutions 67 Digitalis Increases Ca2

+ in Heart Muscle Cells 71 Viruses and Receptor-mediated Endocytosis :2 Tay-Sachs Disease 81 . Proteasomes and DIsease. 82 Genomics 84 Antisense Therapy 88 Recombznant DNA 90 Tumor-suppressor Genes 94 Progeria and Werner Syndrome 95

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 95 Medical Terminology 97

Study Outline 97 Self-Quiz Questions 99. . Critical Thinking Questions 101 Answers to Fzgure QuestIOns 101

Chapter 4 The Tissue Level of Organization 103

Types of Tissues and Their Origins 104 Cell Junctions 104

Tight Junctions 105 Adherens Junctions 105 Desmosomes 106 Hernidesmosomes 106 Gap Junctions 106

Epithelial Tissue 106 Covering and Lining Epithelium 107

Simple Epithelium· Stratified Epithelium' Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Glandular Epithelium 115 Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands' Functional Classification of Exocrine Glands

Connective Tissue 117 General Features of Connective Tissue 117 Connective Tissue Cells 117 Connective Tissue Matrix 118

Ground Substance' Fibers Classification of Connective Tissues 119 Types of Mature Connective Tissue 120

Loose Connective Tissue' Dense Connective Tissue' Cartilage • Bone Tissue' Blood Tissue' Lymph

Membranes 129 Epithelial Membranes 129

Mucous Membranes' Serous Membranes Synovial Membranes 129

Muscle Tissue 130 Nervous Tissue 132 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 132 Aging and Tissues 133

r"" ~--" Clinical Applications Biopsy 104 Papanicolaou Test 108 Marfan Syndrome 119 Liposuction 120 Tissue Engineering 128 Adhesions 133



Chapter 5 The Integumentary System 139

Structure of the Skin 140 Epidermis 140

Stratum Basale • Stratum Spinosum • Stratum Granulosum' Stratum Lucidum' Stratum Corneum

Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis 143

Dermis 144 The Structural Basis of Skin Color 145 Types of Skin 145

Accessory Structures of the Skin 146 Hair 146

CONTENTS XXIII

Anatomy of a Hair' Hair Growth· Types of Hairs' Hair Color • Functions of Hair

Skin Glands 148 Sebaceous Glands' Sudoriferous Glands' Ceruminous Glands

Nails 150 Functions of the Skin 151

Thermoregulation 151 Protection 151 Cutaneous Sensations 151 Excretion and Absorption 151 Synthesis ofVitarnin D 151

Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 152 Epidermal Wound Healing 152 Deep Wound Healing 152

Development of the Integumentary System 153 Aging and the Integumentary System 154

IZI~·-~ Clinical Applicati?n~ Skin Grafts 142 Psonasls 143 Photodamage and Photosensitivity Reactions 144 Skin Color Clues 145 Hair Removal 146 Hair and Hormones 148 Acne 149 Impacted Cerumen 150 Transdermal Drug Administration 151

FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 155

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 154 Medical Terminology 157 Study Outline 158 Self-QuiZ Questions 159 Critical Thinking Questions 160 Answers to Figure Questions 160

UNIT 2 PRINCIPLES OF SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Chapter 6 The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue 161

Functions of the Bone and Skeletal System 162 Structure of Bone 162 Histology of Bone Tissue 164

Compact Bone Tissue 165 Spongy Bone Tissue 166 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 167 Bone Formation 168

Intramembranous Ossification 168 Endochondral Ossification 170

Bone Growth 170 Growth in Length 170 Growth in Thickness 172 Factors Affecting Bone Growth 174

Bones and Homeostasis 174 Bone Remodeling 174 Fracture and Repair of Bone 175 Bone's Role in Calcium Homeostasis 177

Exercise and Bone Tissue 178 Development of the Skeletal System 178 Aging and Bone Tissue 180

~~ Clinical Applications Bone Scan 167 HormonalAbnormalities that Affect Height 174 Treatments for Fractures 177

XXIV CONTENTS



Chapter 7 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 185

Divisions of the Skeletal System 186 Types of Bones 188 Bone Surface Markings 188 Skull 189

General Features 189 Cranial Bones 189 Frontal Bone' Parietal Bones' Temporal Bones' Occipital Bone' Sphenoid Bone' Ethmoid Bone

Facial Bones 196 Nasal Bones' Maxillae' Zygomatic Bones' Lacrimal Bones • Palatine Bones' Inferior Nasal Conchae' Vomer' Mandible' Nasal Septum

Orbits 199 Foramina 199 Unique Features of the Skull 200

Sutures' Paranasal Sinuses' Fontanels

Hyoid Bone 202 Vertebral Column 203

Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 204 Intervertebral Discs 204 Parts of a Typical Vertebra 204

Body· Vertebral Arch' Processes Regions of the Vertebral Column 205

Cervical Region' Thoracic Region' Lumbar Region' Sacrum • Coccyx

Thorax 211 Sternum 211 Ribs 211

e~:> Clinical Applications . Black Eyes 191 Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip 196

Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome 198 Deviated Nasal Septum 199 Sinusitis 200 Caudal Anesthesia 211 Rib Fractures 212

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 214 Medical Terminology 214 Study Outline 214 Self-Quiz Questions 215 Critical Thinking Questions 217 Answers to Figure Questions 217

Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 218

Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 219 Clavicle 219 Scapula 220

Upper Limb 222 Humerus 222 Ulna and Radius 223 Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 226

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 227 Ilium 227 Ischium 229 Pubis 229 True and False Pelves 229

Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 230 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 232 Lower Limb 232

Femur 232 Patella 233 Tibia and Fibula 234 Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 237 Arches of the Foot 238

~J Clinical Applications Fractured Clavicle 220 Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome 233 Flatfoot and Clawfoot 238

FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 239



Chapter 9 Joints 243

Joint Classifications 244 Fibrous Joints 244

Sutures 244 Syndesmoses 244 Gomphoses 245

Cartilaginous Joints 245 Synchondroses 245 Symphyses 245

Synovial Joints 246 Structure of Synovial Joints 246

Articular Capsule' Synovial Fluid· Accessory Ligaments and Articular Discs

Nerve and Blood Supply 247 Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 247 Types of Synovial Joints 248

Planar Joints' Hinge Joints' Pivot Joints' Condyloid Joints • Saddle Joints' Ball-and-Socket Joints

Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 251 Gliding 251 Angular Movements 251

Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension· Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction

Rotation 254 Special Movements 254 Selected Joints of the Body 256 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at

Synovial Joints 266 Aging and Joints 266

r:.~) Clinical Applications Torn Cartilage and Arthroscopy 247 Sprain and Strain 247 Bursitis 248 Joint Dislocation 256



Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue 273

Overview of Muscle Tissue 274 Types of Muscle Tissue 274 Functions of Muscle Tissue 274 Properties of Muscle Tissue 274

Skeletal Muscle Tissue 275 Connective Tissue Components 275 Nerve and Blood Suppl~ 277 Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber 277

Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm· Myofibrils and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum' Filaments and the Sarcomere

Muscle Proteins 281 Contraction and Relexation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 282

The Sliding Filament Mechanism 282 The Contraction Cycle' Excitation-Contraction Coupling· Length-Tension Relationship

The Neuromuscular Junction 285 Muscle Metabolism 289

Index

Page numbers in boldface type indicate.a ~ajor discussion. A t following.a page number a table, an1following a page number mdlcates a figure, and an e followmg a page number

an exhibit.

site, 88 156

IJUUUU"- cavity, 18, 19t bdOlIDlll()pel· cavity, 18, 19f

regions, 19-20

,U~U1Vw.vu, 151

nucleotide, 52 diphosphate (ADP), 541, 55 triphosphate (ATP), 54-55

junctions, 105-106 bells, 106

~dre:noc:ortical hormones, 45t phase, 55

(liver) spots, 145 Aging, 11

cells, 95 defined, 95

~tegumentary system, 154 tiSsues, 133

72

Alopecia, 148 Alpha helixes, 50 Alternative splicing, 88 Amines, 42t Amino,42t Amino acids, 491 Ammonium ion, 32t Amphipathic, 46, 61 Anabolism, 7, 37 Anaerobic phase, 55 Anaphase, 921, 93 Anaplasia, 97 Anatomical position, 12 Anatomical terminology, 12

abdominopelvic regions/quadrants, 19-20 body cavities, 12-19 body positions, 12 directional terms, 12, 14e, 15f planes/sections, 12 regional names, 12

Anatomy, 2 Ancestor cells, 7 Androgenic alopecia, 148 Angiogenesis, 96 Anhydrases, 50 Anion, 31, 32t Anterior, 14t Antibodies, 48 Anticodon, 87 Antioxidants, 30 Antiporters, 70 Antisense therapy, 88 Apical surface, 106, 1071 Apocrine glands, 116 Apocrine secretion, 117f Apocrine sweat glands, 1411, 149, 149t Apoenzyme, 50 Apoptosis, 93, 94 Appositional growth, 128 Aquaporins, 66 Aqueous humor, 8 Areolar connective tissue, 120, 122t

Arrector pili muscle, 1411, 146, 147f Articular synovial membranes, 129 Atom, 27-28 Atomic mass, 30 Atomic mass unit (amu), 30 Atomic number, 28 Atomic weight, 30 ATP,54-55 ATP synthase, 55 ATPase, 55 Atrophy, 97, 134 Auscultation, 6 Autograft, 142 Autoimmune diseases, 134 Autoimmune response, 95 Autologous skin transplantation, 142 Autolysis, 81 Autophagosome, 81 Autophagy, 81 Autopsy, 7 Avascular, 106 Avogadro's number, 39 Axon, 132

B lymphocyte, 118 Baroreceptors,9 Basal cell carcinomas, 154 Basallarnina, 106 Basal surface, 106 Base, 40 Base triplet, 87 Basement membrane, 106 Basic (alkaline) solution, 40 Basic life processes, 7 BAT, 120 Bedsores, 157 Belly button, 20 Benign tumor, 95 Bernard, Claude, ] Bicarbonate ion (RC03), 32t Bile salts, 45t Binding, 72

1-1

1-2 INDEX

Binding site, 88 Biopsy, 104 Birthmark, 157 Blast cells, 117 Blood capillaries, 8 Blood plasma, 8, 128 Blood pressure, 9 Blood smear, 127t Blood tissue, 127t, 128 Body cavities, 12-19 Body fluids, 8 Bone tissue, 126t, 128

BP, 9 Brown adipose tissue (BAT), 120 Buffer systems, 40 Buffers, 40 Bum, 156-157 Bursae, 129 Butterfly rash, 134

Cadherins, 106 Calcitriol,151 Calcium, 28t Calcium ion, 32t Callus, 143 Canaliculi, 128 Cancer, 95 - 96

carcinogenesis, 96 causes, 96 growth/spread, 96 skin, 154, 156 treatment, 96 types of, 96

Cannon, Walter B., 7 Capillary loop, 141f Carbohydrates, 43-44 Carbon, 28t, 291, 42 Carbon skeleton, 42 Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, 40 Carbonic anhydrase, 52 Carbonyl, 42t Carboxylic acids, 42t Carcinogen, 96 Carcinogenesis, 96 Carcinomas, 96 Cardiac muscle tissue, BOt, 131 Cardiovascular physiology, 2t Cardiovascular system, 5f Carotenes, 45t, 145 Cartilage, 125 -128

elastic, 126t, 128 fibrocartilage, 125t, 127 -128 hyaline, 125t, 126-127 repair/growth, 128

Catabolism, 7,37 Catalase, 82 Catalysts, 36 Catalytic protein, 48t Cation, 31, 32t

CD4,72 cdc2 proteins, 93 Cell, 60 Cell biology, 60 Cell body, 132 Cell cycle, 90 Cell density, 93 - 94 Cell division, 90 - 94 Cell identity markers, 62 Cell junctions, 104-106 Cell shapes, 107 Cellular diversity, 94 Cellular level of organization, 31, 4,

59-102 aging and cells, 95 cell destiny, 93-94 cell division, 90-94 cellular diversity, 94 cytoplasm, 75 - 82 nucleus, 82-83 organelles,75-82 parts of a cell, 60-61 plasma membrane, 61-64 protein synthesis, 85-90 transcription, 87 - 88 translation, 88-90 transport across plasma membrane, 64-74

Cellular respiration, 82 Central (Haversian) canals, 128 Centrioles, 60f, 76 Centromere, 93 Centrosome, 601, 76, 771, 86t Cerebral edema, 67 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 8 Cerumen, 150 Ceruminous glands, 149-150 Chemical bonds, 31-34 Chemical elements, 27 Chemical energy, 35 Chemical level of organization, 3-4, 26-58

atoms, 27 - 28 chemical bonds, 31-34 chemical elements, 27 chemical reactions, 34-37 covalent bonds, 32 hydrogen bonds, 33-34 inorganic compounds, 37 -41 ionic bonds, 31-32 organic compounds, 42-55. See also

Organic compounds organization of matter, 27 - 30 pH, 40-41 water, 38-39

Chemical reaction, 34-37 Chemical symbol, 27 Chemically stable, 31 Chemistry, 27 Chemotherapy, 96 Chloride ion, 32t

Chlorine, 28t, 291, 31f Cholesterol, 45t, 481, 61 Chondroblasts, 117 Chondrocytes, 126 Chondroitin sulfate, 119 Chromatids, 83, 93 Chromatin, 60f, 83 l

Chromatin fiber, 83 Chromosomes, 61, 83 Cilia, 76, 77f, 86t Ciliate simple columnar epithelium, 108,

110t Cilium,60f Cis face, 80 Clathrin-coated pits, 72 Clathrin-coated vesicle, 72 Cleavage furrow, 93 Codon,87 Coenzyme, 50 Cofactor, 50 Cold sore, 157 Collagen fibers, 1181, 119 Colloid, 39 Columnar cells, 107 Compact bone, 126t, 128 Compound, 30 Compound acinar gland, 115, 116f Compound gland, 115 Compound tubular gland, 115, 116f Compound tubuloacinar gland, 115, 116f Computed tomography (CT), 21t Concentration, 39 Concentration gradient, 64, 65 Connective tissue, 117 -128

cells, 117 -118 classification, 119 -120 embryonic, 120, 121t general features, 117 matrix, 118 -119 mature, 120-128. See also Mature connec-

tive tissue Connective tissue cells, 117 -118 Connective tissue matrix, 118-119 Connexins, 106 Connexons, 106 Contact dermatitis, 157 Contact inhibition, 152 Contractile protein, 48t Contractile ring, 93 Contralateral, 14t Control center, 9 Controlled condition, 8 Corn, 157 Coronal plane, 12 Corpuscles oftouch, 1411, 144 Covalent bonds, 32, 33f Covering and lining epithelium, 107 -115

arrangement of cells in layers, 107 cell shapes, 107

T

·n" and lining epithelium (Continued) Coven", ·th 1· 113

do Stratified columnar epI e mm, t, pseu 115

simple epithelium, 108, 109t, 110t stratified epithelium, 108, 111t, 112t, 115

Cranial cavity, 16, 17f, 19t

Crenation, 67 Crick, F. H. c., 53 Cristae, 82 CT scan, 2It cuboidal cells, 107 Cutaneous antrax, 157 Cutaneous membrane, 140. See also Integu-

mentary system Cutaneous sensations, 151

Cuticle, 150 Cuticle of the hair, 146, 147f Cyanotic, 145 Cyclin,93 cystic acne, 149 Cystic fibrosis (CF), 82 cytokinesis, 92f, 93, 93t Cytoplasm, 75-82

cytosol, 75 organe1les, 75 -82. See also Organelles

Cytoplasmic division, 93 Cytosine,87f Cytoskeleton, 60f, 75 -76, 86t Cytosol, 61, 75,86

Dalton,30 Daughter cells, 90 Decomposition reactions, 37 Decubitus ulcers, 157 Deep,14t Deep wound healing, 152-153 Dehydration synthesis reaction, 39 Dehydrogenases, 50 Denaturation, 50 Dendrites, 132 Dense connective tissue, 120...: 124 Dense irregular connective tissue, 123, 124t Dense regular connective tissue, 122, 123t Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 52-54 DeoxYribose, 53 Depilatory, 146 Dennal papillae, 141f, 143f, 144 Dennatan sulfate, 119 Dennatoglyphics, 144 Dennatology, 140 Dermis, 141f, 143f, 144-145 Desmosomes, 105f, 106 D~velopmental biology, 2t DIagnoSis, 11 D~aphragm, 16, 17f DIfferentiation 7 DiffuSion, 65 -'66 74t Diffusion distanc~ 66 DiffuSion through lipid bilayers, 68, 74t

Diffusion through membrane charmels, 68, 74t

Digestive system, 6f Digitalis, 71 Dipeptide, 49 Directional terms, 12, 14, 15f Disaccharide, 43-44 Disease, 10 Disorders, 10. See Homeostatic imbalances Dissection, 2 Dissociate, 40 Distal, 14t Disulfide bridges, 50 DNA, 52-54 DNA fingerprinting, 54 DNA molecule, 53f DNA oligonucleotide, 88 DNA packed into nucleus, 85f DNA replication, 9lf Dorsal body cavity, 16, 17f Double covalent bond, 32 Double helix, 54 Dyneins,76 Dysplasia, 97 Dystrophin, 84

Earwax, 150 Eccrine sweat glands, 141f, 149, 149t ECE,8 ECF,8 Ectoderm, 104, 153 Effector, 9 EGF,143 Eicosanoids, 45t, 47 Elastic cartilage, 126t, 128 Elastic connective tissue, 124, 124t Elastic fibers, 118f, 119 Electrical potential, 64 Electrolysis, 146 Electrolytes, 32 Electromechanical gradient, 64 Electron cloud model, 28f Electron shell, 27 Electron shell model, 28f Electronegativity, 32 Electrons, 27 Embryology, 2t Embryonic connective tissue, 120, 121t Endergonic reactions, 35 Endocrine glands, 115 Endocrine system, 5f Endocrinology, 2t Endocytosis, 71-73, 74t Endoderm, 104, 153 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 78-79, 86t Endosome, 72 Endothelium, 108 Energy, 35 Energy transfer, 35

Entry, 80 Enzyme-substrate complex, 52 Enzymes, 50-52, 62 Eosinophils, 118, 118f Epidemiology, 11

INDEX 1-3

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 143 Epidermal ridges, 144 Epidermal wound healing, 152 Epidermis, 140-143 Epigastric region, 19, 20f Epithelial cell, 94f Epithelial membrane, 129 Epithelial tissue, 106-117

covering and lining epithelium, 107 -115 pseudostratified columnar epithelium, 113t,

115 simple epithelium, 108, 109t, 110t stratified epithelium, 108, 111t, 112t, 115

Epithelial tissue layer, 4 Epithelium, 106. See also Epithelial tissue EPO,90 Eponychium, 150 ER, 78-79, 86t Erythema, 145 Erythropoietin (EPO), 90 Ester,42t Estradiol, 48f Exchange reactions, 37 Excretion, 151 Exercise physiology, 2t Exergonic reactions, 35 Exit face, 80 Exocrine glands, 114t, 115-117 Exocytosis,73-74 Exons,88 External root sheath, 146, 147f Extracellular fluid (ECF), 8

Face, 12 Facilitated diffusion, 68...:.69, 74t Facilitated transport, 68 Fat cells, 118 Fatty acid molecule, 46f Fatty acids, 45 Feedback loop, 9 Feedback system, 8-10 Fever blister, 157 Fibers,119 Fibroblasts, 118, 118f Fibrocartilage, 125t, 127-128 Fibronectin, 119 Fibrosis, 133, 153 First-degree bum, 156 Flagella, 76, 77f, 86t Fluid mosaic model, 61 Fluoride ion, 32t Fomivirsen, 88 Freckles, 145 Free edge, 150

"

1-4 INDEX

Free nerve endings, 141f, 144 Hemangioma, 157 Hyponychium, 150

Free radical, 30 Hemidesmosomes, 1051, 106 Hypotonic solution, 67

Frontal plane, 12, 16f Hemoglobin, 145

Frontal section, 16f Hemolysis, 67 ICE, 8

Full-thickness bum, 156 Heptoses, 43 ICF,8

Functional groups, 42 Hexokinase, 69 IFN,90

Hexoses,43 Imagining methods, 20-22

GO state, 91 hGH,90 Immunological protein, 48t

ch phase, 91, 93t Hirsutism, 148 Immunology, 2t

G2 phase, 91, 93t Histology, 2t, 104 Impacted cerumen, 150

GAGs, 119 Histones, 83 Impetigo, 157

Galactosemia, 52 HIV,72 Induced fit, 50

Gap junctions, 1051, 106 Hives, 157 Inferior, 14t .

Gated channels, 68 Holocrine glands, 116 Inflammation, 152

Gene, 52 Holocrine secretion, 117f Inflammatory phase, 152, 153f

Gene expression, 85 Homeostasis Inner mitochondrial membrane, 82

Genes, 61, 83 aging, and, 11 Inorganic acids, 40

Genetic code, 87 control of, 8 -11 Inorganic compounds, 37 -41

Genetic engineering, 90 integumentary system, 155 Insensible perspiration, 149

Genome, 83 overview, 7-8 Insuli:p.,90

Genomics, 84 Homeostatic imbalances, 10 Integral proteins, 62

Geriatrics, 95 bums, 156-157 futegrins, 106

Gli'lnd, 114t, 115 cancer, 95-96 Integumentary system, 4f, 139-160

Glandular epithelium, 114t, 115-116 pressure sores, 157 aging, 154

Glucose, 95 Sjogren's syndrome, 134 contribution to other body systems, 155

i GluT, 69 skin cancer, 154, 156 dermis, 144-145

11 Glycerol, 45 SLE,134 development of, 153-154

:1 plycerol molecule, 46f Homologous chromosomes, 90 epidermis, 140-143

11 Glycocalyx, 62 Homologues, 90 functions of skin, 151-152

I] Qlycogen, 44f Hormone, 8 hair, 146-148

1:11

I::: I Glycogen granules, 601, 75 Human Genome Project, 84-85 homeostatic imbalances, 154-157

I:l Glycolipids, 61, 62 Human growth hormone (hGH), 90 nail, 150

1'1 Glycolysis, 75 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), skin color, 145

1,,11 Glycoprotein, 611, 62 72 skin glands, 148-150

~ Glycosarninoglycans, 119 Human papillomavirus (HPV), 96 skin wound healing, 152-153

li ~ Goblet cells, 108 Hyaline cartilage, 125t, 126-127 thick skin, 145, 146t :1.1 '::,1

Golgi cisternae, 79 Hyaluronic acid, 119 thin skin, 145, 146t

Golgi complex, 60f, 79-81, 86t Hyaluronidase, 119 Intercalated discs, 131

Granulation tissue, 133, 153 Hydrogen, 28t, 29f IntenIl,ediate, 14t

Oroin,12 Hydrogen bond, 33-34 Intermediate filament, 601, 75, 76f

Gross anatomy, 2t Hydrogen ion, 32t Internal environment, 8

Ground substance, 118, 118f Hydrogen ions, 40 Internal root sheath, 146, 147f

Growth, 7 Hydrogen molecule, 33f Interphase, 91, 921, 93t

Growth stage, 148 Hydrolysis, 38 Interstitial fluid, 8

Guanine,87f Hydronium ion, 32t Interstitial growth, 128

Hydrophilic, 38 Intracellular fluid (ICF), 8

Hair, 146-148 Hydrophilic heads, 62 Intracutaneous, 157

Hair color, 148 Hydrophobic, 38 Intradermal, 157

Bair follicle, 14lf, 146 Hydrophobic fatty acid tails, 62 Intravenous (IV) solutions, 67

Hair removal, 146 Hydrostatic pressure, 67 Introns,88

Hair root, 1411, 146, 147f Hydroxide ion, 32t Iodide ion, 32t

lIair root plexuses, 146, 147f Hydroxide ions, 40 Iodine; 29f

lIair shaft, 1411, 146, 147f Hydroxyl, 42t Ion, 30

Half-life, 29 Hyperplasia, 97 Ion channels, 62, 68

Haversian canal, 128 Hypertonic solution, 67 Ionic bonds, 31-32

Haversian system, 128 Hypertrophic scar, 153 Ionization, 30

Head, 12 Hypertroph~97, 134 Ipsilateral, 14t

Heat capacity, 39 Hypodermis, 140 Iris,28t

Heat of vaporization, 39 Hypogastric (pubic) region, 19, 20f Iron (ll) ion, 32t

Iron (HI) ion, 32t Isograft, 142 Isomers, 43 Isotonic solution, 67 Isotopes, 28-29 IV solutions, 67

Jaundice, 145

Keloid scar, 153 Keratan sulfate, 119 Keratinization, 143 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium,

108 Keratinocytes, 140, 1421, 143f Keratohyalin, 142 Ketones,42t Kinases,50 Kinesins, 76 Kinetic energy, 35 Kinetochore, 93

Laceration, 157 Lacunae, 126, 128 Lamelated (Pacinian) corpuscles, 140, 14lf Lamellar granules, 142 Lamina propria, 129 Langerhans cells, 140, 1421, 143f Lanugo, 148, 154 Lateral, 14t Lateral surface, 106, 107f Law of conservation of energy, 35 Law of conservation of mass, 35 Left hypochondriac region, 19, 20f Left inguinal (iliac) region, 19, 20f Left lower quadrant (LLQ), 20 Left lumbar region, 19, 20f Left upper quadrant (LUQ), 20 Leukemia,96 Leukotrienes,47 Levels of organization, 3-5 Life processes, 7 Ligand, 62 Linker DNA, 83 Linkers,62 Lipases,50 Lipid bilayer, 61-62 Lipid droplets, 75 Lipids, 44-48 Lipoproteins,45 Liposuction, 120 LLQ,20 Local disease, 10 Loose connective tissue, 120, 122t, 123t Lower limbs, 12 Lubrication, 39 Lund-Browder method, 157 Lunula,150 Lupus, 134

LUQ,20 Lymph, 8, 128 Lymphatic and immune system, 5f Lymphoma, 96 Lysine,49f Lysosomal enzymes, 81 Lysosomes, 60f, 72,81, 86t

M phase, 91-93 Macromolecules, 43 Macrophages, 118, 118f Magnesium, 28t Magnesium ion, 32t Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),21t Male-pattern baldness, 148 Malignancy, 95 Malignant melanomas, 154 Malignant tumor, 95 Marfan syndrome, 119 Mass, 27 Mass number, 28 Mast cells, 118, 118f Matrix

connective tissue, 117, 118 -119 hair, 146 mitochondria, 82

Matter, 27 Matter, organization, 27 -30 Maturation phase, 153, 153f Maturation promoting factor (MPF), 93 Mature connective tissue, 120 -128

blood tissue, 128 bone tissue, 128 cartilage, 125 -128 dense connective tissue, 120-124 loose connective tissue, 120, 122t, 123t lymph, 128

Medial,14t Medial cisternae, 80 Median plane, 12 Mediastinum, 18 Medical history, 11 Medical imaging, 20-22 Meiosis, 90 Meissner corpuscles, 1411, 144 Melanin, 140, 145 Melanocytes, 140, 1421, 143f Melanomas, 96 Melanosome, 145 Membrane fluidity, 62-63 Membrane permeability, 63 Membrane potential, 64 Membrane proteins, 62 Membrane vesicles, 80 Membranes, 129 Meninges, 16 Merkel cells, 140, 1421, 143f Merkel disc, 140, 1421, 143f Merocrine glands, 115-116

Merocrine secretion, 117f Mesenchyme, 120, 121t Mesoderm, 104, 154 Mesodermal cells, 153 Mesothelium, 108 Messenger RNA (mRNA), 87 Metabolism, 7, 35 Metaphase, 921, 93 Metaphase plate, 93 Metaplasia, 97 Metastasis, 95 Methane molecule, 33f Microfilament, 601 Microfilaments, 75, 761, 86t Micrometers, 94 Microtubule, 601, 75-76 Microvilli, 601, 75, 761,. 108 Midclavicular line, 19 Midsagittal plane, 12, 16f Midsagittal section, 16f Migratory phase, 153 Milk, 39 MiilOXidil, 148 Mitochondria, 601, 82, 831, 86t Mitosis, 91-.93 Mitotic (M) phase, 91-93 . Mitotic spindle, 93 Mixture, 39 Molarity; 39t Mole, 39, 157 Molecular formula, 30 Molecule, 30 Moles per liter (mol/I.,), 39 Monomers, 43 Monosaccharides,43 Monounsaturated fats, 45 Motor proteins, 76 Movement, 7 MPF,93 MRI,21t mRNA,87 Mucosa, 129 Mucous connective tissue, 120 Mucous membrane, 129

INDEX 1-5

Multicellular exocrine gland, 1161, 117f Multicellular glands, 115 Muscle fibers, 130 Muscle tissue, 130-132 Muscular system, 4f Mutation, 54 Mutations, 96

Na+/K+ ATPase, 69, 70f Nail body, 150 Nail matrix, 150 Nail root, 150 Nails, 150 Neck, 12 Necrosis, 94

............. ------------------------\-6 INDEX

Negative feedback system, 9, 10f

Neoplasm, 95 Nerve cell, 94f

Nerve impulses, 8

Nervous system, 4f

Nervous tissue, 132

Neuroglia, 132 Neurons, 132 Neurophysiology, 2t

Neurotransmitters,73

Neutrons, 27 Neutrophils, 118, 118f

Nevus,157 Nitrate ion, 32t

Nitrogen, 28t, 29f

Nitrogen molecule, 33f

Nitrogenous base, 52

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium, 108,

llOt Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithe-

lium,108 Nonmelanoma skin cancer, 154

Nonpolar covalent bond, 32

Normal (physiological) saline solution, 67

Nucelosome, 83 Nuclear division, 91-93

Nuclear envelope, 60f, 83

Nuclear pores, 83 Nucleic acids, 52-54

Nucleoli, 60f, 83 Nucleus, 27, 60f, 61, 82-83, 86t

Oblique plane, 12, 16f

Octet rule, 31 Oligosaccharides, 62

Oncogenes, 96 Oncogenic viruses, 96

Oncology, 95 Organ level, 3f, 4 Organelles, 61, 75-82, 86t

centrosome, 76 cilia, 76 cytoskeleton, 75-76

defined, 75 ER, 78-79 flagella, 76 Golgi complex, 79-81

lysosomes, 81 mitochondria, 82 peroxisomes, 81-82

proteasomes, 82

ribosomes, 76, 78

Organic compounds, 42-55

carbohydrates, 43-44

carbon/functional groups, 42-43

lipids, 44-48 proteins, 48-52

Organism, 5 Organismallevel, 3f, 5

Organs, 4 Osmosis, 66-68, 74t

Osmotic pressure, 67

Osseous tissue, 128

Osteoclasts, 117

Osteocytes, 128 Osteogenic sarcoma, 96

Osteon, 128 Outer mitochondrial membrane, 82

Overview cardiovascular system, 5f

digestive system, 6f

endocrine system, 5f

integumentary system, 4f

lympathic and immune system, 5f

muscular system, 4f

nervous system, 4f

reproductive system, 6f

respiratory system, 5f

skeletal system, 4f

urinary system, 6f

Oxidases, 50, 82

Oxide ion, 32t

Oxygen, 28t, 29f

Oxygen molecule, 30f, 33f

P site, 88 p53, 94, 96 Pacinian corpuscles, 140, 14lf

Palpation, 6 Pap smear, 108 Pap test, 108 Papanicolaou test, 108

Papilla of the hair, 146

Papillary region, 14lf, 144, 144t

Parasagittal plane, 12, 16f

Parenchyma, 132 Parietal cavity, 19

Parietal layer, 18, 129

Parietal pericardium, 19

Parietal peritoneum, 19

Parietal pleura, 18

Partial-thickness burns, 156

Pathological anatomy, 2t

Pathologist, 104 Pathophysiology, 2t

Peach fuzz, 148 Pelvic cavity, 18, 19t

Pentose sugar, 53

Pentoses, 43 Peptide, 49 Peptide bond, 49 Percentage, 39 Percussion, 6 Pericardial cavity, 18, 19t

Pericardium, 18, 129

Pericentriolar material, 60f, 76

Perichondrium, 126

Periderm, 153

Peripheral proteins, 62

Peritoneum, 19, 129

Peroxisome, 60f

Peroxisomes, 81-82, 86t

Perspiration, 149

PET scan, 22t

pH, 40-41 pH scale, 40, 4lf Phagocytosis, 72-73, 74t

Phagosome, 73 Pharmacology, 11

Phosphate, 42t

Phosphate group, 53

Phosphate ion, 32t

Phospholipids, 45 t, 46, 47f, 61

Phosphorus, 28t

Photodamage,144

Photosensitivity reactions, 145

Physical examination, 11

Physiological saline solution, 67

Physiology, 2 Pinocytic vesicle, 73

Pinocytosis, 73, 74t

Plasma cells, 118, 118f

Plasma membrane, 60, 60f, 61-64, 86t

arrangement of membrane proteins, 62

functions of membrane proteins, 62, 63f

gradients across, 64

lipid bilayer, 61-62

membrane fluidity, 63-64

membrane permeability, 63 - 64

transport across, 64-74. See also Trans-

port across plasma membrane

Platelets, 128 Pleated sheets, 50 Pleura, 18, 129 Pleural cavity, 18, 19t

Polar covalent bond, 32

Polymers, 43 Polypeptide, 49 Polyribosome, 90

Polysaccharides, 43t, 44

Polyunsaturated fats, 45

Portwine stain, 157 Positive feedback system, 9-10, 11f

Positron emission tomography (PET), 22t

Posterior, 14t

Potassium, 28t, 29f Potassium ion, 32t

Potential energy, 35

Pre-mRNA, 88 Pressure sores, 157

Primary active transport, 69-70, 74t

Primary germ layers, 104, 153

Primary nail field, 153

Primary structure, 49, 5lf

Products, 35 Progeny, 97 Progeria, 95

d

Proliferative phase, 153 Promoter, 87 Prone, 12 Prophase, 91, 93 Prostaglandins (PGs), 47 -48 Proteases, 50, 82 Proteasomes, 82, 86t Protein synthesis, 85-90 Proteins, 48-52

defined, 48 enzymes, 50-52 functions, 48t levels of structural organization, 5lf

Proteoglycans, 119 Proteome, 85 Proto-oncogenes, 96 Proton acceptor, 40 Proton donor, 40 Protons, 27 Proximal, 14t Pruritus, 157 Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium,

115 Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium, 113t,

115 Pseudostratified epithelium, 107 Pseudo stratified nonciliated columnar epithe-

lium,115 Psoriasis, 143 Pumps, 69 Purines,52 Pyrimidines,52

Quadrants, 20 Quaternary structure, 50, 5lf

Radiation, 29 Radiation therapy, 96 Radioactive isotopes, 29 Radiographic anatomy, 2t Radiography,21t Radon exposure, 29 Reactants, 35 Receptor,8 Receptor-mediated endocytosis, 71-72, 74t Receptors, 62 Recombinant DNA, 90 Recombinants, 90 Red blood cell (RBCs), 941, 128 Regional anatomy, 2t Regional names, 12 Regulatory proteins, 48t Renal physiology, 2t Replication of DNA, 9lf Reproduction, 7 Reproductive cell division, 90 Reproductive system, 6f Residual body, 73 Respiratory physiology, 2t

Respiratory system, 5f Responsiveness, 7 Resting stage, 148 Reticular connective tissue, 120, 123t Reticular fibers, 1181, 119 Reticular lamina, 106 Reticular region, 1411, 144, 144t Retroperitoneal, 19 Reversible reaction, 37 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 52, 54 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 78, 87 Ribosomes, 601, 76-78, 86t Right hypochondriac region, 19,20f Right inguinal (iliac) region, 19, 20f Right lower quadrant (RLQ), 20 Right lumbar region, 19, 20f Right upper quadrant (RUQ), 20 RLQ,20 RNA polymerase, 87 Rogaine, 148 Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 60f Rough ER, 79, 86t rRNA, 78, 87 Rule of nines, 156f RUQ,20

S phase, 91, 93t Sagittal plane, 12, 16f Salt, 40 Sarcoma, 96 Satellite cells, 133 Saturated fats, 45 Saturation, 69 Sebaceous glands, 148-149 Sebum, 148-149 Second-degree bum, 156 Secondary active transport, 70-71, 74t Secondary structure, 50, 5lf Secretory vesicles, 601, 73, 80 Section, 12 Selective permeability, 63 Sensible perspiration, 149 Serosa, 129 Serous fluid, 129 Serous membrane, 18, 129 Sex horomones, 45t Signs, 10 Simple acinar gland, 115, 116f Simple branched acinar gland, 115, 116f Simple branched tubular gland, 115, 116f Simple coiled tubular gland, 115, 116f Simple columnar epithelium, 108, 110t Simple cuboidal epithelium, 108, 109t Simple epithelium, 107,108, 109t, 110t Simple gland, 115 Simple squamous epithelium, 108, 109t Simple sugars, 43 Simple tubular gland, 115, 116f Single covalent bond, 32

6-phosphate,69 Sjogren's syndrome, 134 Skeletal muscle tissue, 130, 130t Skeletal system, 4f

INDEX 1-7

Skin, 140. See also Integumentary system Skin cancer, 154-156 Skin color, 145 Skin glands, 148 -150 Skin graft, 142 Skin wound healing, 152-153 Skull, 12 SLE,134 Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs),

88 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 60f Smooth ER, 79, 86t Smooth muscle cell, 3f, 94f Smooth muscle tissue, 31, 4, 131-132, 131t snRNPs,88 Sodium, 28t, 29f, 3lf Sodium chloride, 3lf Sodium ion, 32t Sodium-potassium pump, 69, 70f Solute, 38 Solution, 38 Solvent, 38 Somatic cell cycle, 90-93 Somatic cell division, 90 Sonogram,21t Sonography,21t Specialized cells, 7 Sperm cell, 94f Squamous cell carcinomas, 154 Squamous cells, 107 Stem cells, 7, 133, Steroids, 45t, 46-47, 48f Sterols, 47 Stimulus, 8 Stratified columnar epithelium, 108, 112t Stratified cuboidal epithelium, 108, lIlt Stratified epithelium, 107, 108, lIlt, 112t,

115 Stratified squamous epithelium, 108, lIlt Stratum basale, 140-142, 1431, 144t Stratum corneum, 142-143, 144t Stratum germinativum, 142 Stratum granulosum, 142, 1431, 144t Stratum lucidum, 142, 1431, 144t Stratum spinosum, 142, 1431, 144t Stretch marks, 144 Striae, 144 Striations, 130 Stroma, 119, 132 Structural protein, 48t Subatomic particles, 27 Subcostal line, 19 Subcutaneous (subQ) layer, 140, 14lf Subcutaneous layer, 120 Subdisciplines of anatomy, 2t

11!

1 !II' 11 1

1

,'

!

1-8 INDEX

Subdisciplines of physiology,2t

Substrates, 50

Suction lipectomy, 120

Sudoriferous glands, 149

Sulfhydryl, 42t

Sulfide ion, 32t

Sulfur,28t

Superficial, 14t

Superior, 14t

Superoxide molecule, 30f

Supine, 12

Surface anatomy, 2t

Surface tension, 34

Suspension, 39

Sweat, 149

Sweat glands, 149

Sweet pore, 14lf

Symporters, 70

Symptoms, 10

Synovial fluid, 8, 129

Synovial membranes, 129

Synthesis of vitamin D, 151

Synthesis reactions, 36-37

System, 5

System level, 31, 5

Systemic anatomy, 2t

Systemic disease, 10

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 134

Tactile (Merkel) disc, 140,1421, 143f

TAPs, 96 Tay~Sachs disease, 81

Te1omeres, 95

Telophase, 921, 93

Tendon sheaths, 129

Terminator, 87

Terminology. See Anatomical terminology

Tertiary structure, 50, 51f

Testosterone, 48f

Tetroses, 43

Thermoregulation, 151

Thick skin, 145, 146t

Thin skin, 145, 146t

Thiols,42t

Third-degree burn, 156

Thoracic cavity, 16, 17f

Thrombocytes, 128

Thymine, 87f

Thymine nucleotide, 52

Tight junctions, 105

Tissue, 104

Tissue engineering, 128

Tissue level of organization, 31, 4, 103-108

aging, 133

cell functions, 104-106

connective tissue, 117 -128. See also Con-

nective tissue

covering and lining epithelium, 107 -115

endocrine glands, 114t, 115

epithelial tissue, 106 -117. See also

Epithelial tissue

exocrine glands, 114t, 115 -117

glandular epithelium, 114t, 115-116

membranes, 129

muscle tissue, 130-132

nervous tissue, 132

tissue repair, 132-133

Tissue regeneration, 133

Tissue rejection, 134

Tissue repair, 132-133

Tissue transplantation, 134

Tonicity, 67

Topical, 157

Trabeculae, 128

Trace elements, 28t

Trans face, 80

Transcription, 87 - 88

Transcytosis,74

Transdermal drug administration, 151-152

Transfer RNA (tRNA), 87 .

Transitional cells, 107

Transitional epithelium, 1I2t, 115

Translation, 88-90

Transmembrane proteins, 62, 63

Transport across plasma membrane, 64 -74

active transport, 69-71

diffusion through lipid bilayer, 68

diffusion through membrane channels, 68

diffusion, principles of, 65-66

endocytosis, 71-73

facilitated diffusion, 68-69

osmosis, 66-68

oxocytosis, 73-74

transcytosis, 74

transport in vehicles, 71-74

Transport maximum, 68

Transport protein, 48t

Transport vesicles, 71-74,81

Transporters, 62

Transtubercular line, 19

Transverse plane, 12, 16f

Transverse section, 16f

Triacyclglycerol, 46f

. Triglyceride (fat) molecule, 46f

Triglycerides, 45, 46f

Trioses,43

Tripeptide, 49

Triple covalent bond, 32

tRNA,87

Trunk,12

Tuboloacinar glands, 115

Tubular glands, 115

Tubulin,75

Tumor,95

Tumor angiogenesis factors (TAPs), 96

Tumor-suppressor genes, 94

Tyrosinase, 145

Tyrosine,491, 145

Ultraviolet rays, 144

Umbilical region, 19, 20f

Umbilicus, 20

Uncoated vesicle, 72

Uncoating, 72

Unicellular glands, 115

Upper limbs, 12

Uracil,871

Urinary system, 6f

Urticaria, 157

UVA rays, 144

UVB rays, 144

Valence shell, 31

Vellus hairs, 148

Ventral body cavity, 16, 171

Vernix caseosa, 154

Vertebral canal, 16, 171, 19t

Vesicle formation, 72

Vesicles, 71

Virus and receptor-mediated endocytosis, 72

Viscera, 16

Visceral layer, 18, 129

Visceral pericardium, 18

Visceral peritoneum, 19

Visceral pleur:a, 18

Vitamin D, 45t

Vitamin E, 45t

Vitamin K, 45t

Vitiligo, 145

Vitravene, 88

Vitreous blood, 8

Wart,95,157

Water, 38-39

Water molecule, 34f

Watson, J. D., 53

Watson-Crick double helix, 54

Wernersyndrome, 95

Wharton's jelly, 120

White adipose tissue, 120

White blood cells (WBCs), 118, 128

Wrinkles, 154

X-ray,21t

Xenotransplantation, 134

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