of obligations and necessities

8/11/2019 Of Obligations and Necessities

1/32

Cdkeudstdfs 16:

Lj L`cdeatdlks akh Kgfgssdtdgs9

A Flmparatdvg lj Iapakgsg L`cdeatdlk Mlhacs akh

Xaeacle Mlhac Zgr`s oadcakeak akh hapat

^rgsgktgh tl9

^rlj. Mary Akk @aflclh

Cdkeudstdfs 16:|XXb 19>>096>

^rgsgktgh `y9

Zgrlkdfa Acmgdha

@A Cdkeudstdfs

0>1>-1>:11


2/32

@afoerlukh lj tbg Vtuhy

Mlhacdty ds egkgraccy hgjdkgh as tbg lpdkdlk akh attdtuhg lj a spgaogr tlwarhs a vgr` (Cylks dk âcmgr

144>). Dt may `g gxprgssgh `y gdtbgr vgràc lr klk-vgràc mgaks lr `y a flm`dkatdlk lr flm`dkatdlks lj

`ltb. Jlr tbds rgaslk, dt was fcadmgh tbat Xbgrg ds tbus kl sdkecg pcafg dk tbg fcausg wbgrg mlhacdty ds

clfatgh (Baccdhay 145> dk Blyg 1445). Afflrhdke tl Eluch (0>11), mlhac vgr`s bavg kl mgakdke akh

tbgsg cgxdfac dtgms arg usgh tl bgcpvgr`s gxprgss a mgakdke. Xbgrg arg twl sgmaktdfaccy jukhamgktac

odkhs lj mlhacdty9 gpdstgmdf akh hglktdf. Gpdstgmdf mlhacdty ds usgh dk rgcatdlk tl tbg mattgrs lj

oklwcgheg lr `gcdgj lk wbdfb àsds spgaogrs gxprgss tbgdr iuhemgkts a`lut statgs lj ajjadrs, gvgkts lr

aftdlks. Dt ds sadh tl `g usgh dk flkvgydke tbg spgaogrs suìgftdvg vdgw lj tbg wlrch (Blyg 1445) akh ds

klt flkfgrkgh wdtb lìgftdvg vgrdjda`dcdty dk tbg cdebt lj oklwcgheg (âcmgr 144>). Hglktdf mlhacdty ds

flkfgrkgh wdtb tbg plssd`dcdty akh kgfgssdty lj afts dk tgrms lj wbdfb tbg spgaogr edvgs pgrmdssdlk lr cays

ak l`cdeatdlk jlr tbg aftdlk tl `g rgacdzgh at slmg pldkt dk tbg juturg (Blyg 1445). Dk tbds stuhy, hglktdf

mlhacs sbacc `g rgjgrrgh tl as l`cdeatdlk mlhacs.

Dk Xaeacle, mlhacdty ds ljtgk sblwk tbrlueb mllhwbdfb ds jlrmaccy hgjdkgh as a mlrpblsyktaftdf

fatgelry aodk tl tgksg akh aspgft (Blyg 1445). Xaeacle acsl bas mlhac vgr`s ùt arg fbaraftgrdzgh `y tbg

cdtgraturg as psguhl-vgr`s (Vfbafbtgr Ltakgs 1426), aclke wdtb maaardakhpwghg. Vfbafbtgr akh Ltakgs

(1426) bavg hgjdkgh psguhl-vgr`s as a smacc fcass lj ahigftdvacs, wbdfb bavg vgr`-cdog mgakdkes, wbdfb

ukcdog egkudkg vgr`s arg dkfapa`cg lj dkjcgftdlk tl sblw vardatdlk dk aspgft. Blwgvgr, dk a stuhy lj

Va`àeb (0>16), hapatds klt gxaftcy flksdhgrgh as a mlhac sdkfg dt ds acways jlukh `gjlrg a vgr`,

tbgrgjlrg, fcadmdke tbat tbds cgxdfac dtgm ds a bdeb ahvgr`.

Dk tbg Iapakgsg cakeuaeg, auxdcdary vgr`s arg hdvdhgh dktl mlhac akh klk-mlhac auxdcdary vgr`s (Oatlu,

0>>:). Xbgsg auxdcdary vgr`s bavg `ggk fatgelrdzgh akh summardzgh `y Oatlu as sggk dk tbg ta`cg `gclw.


3/32

Fatgelrdzatdlk lj Auxdcdary Zgr`s (Oatlu, 0>>:)

Vdekdjdfakfg lj tbg Vtuhy

As Iapakgsg cgarkgrs, wg acc oklw tbat tbgrg arg sgvgrac mlhacs `gdke usgh dk tbg Iapakgsg cakeuaeg.

Xbgsg mlhacs arg erlupgh tlegtbgr afflrhdke tl wbat tbgy dmpcy dk sgktgkfgs wbgk tbgy arg dk usg.

Blwgvgr, tbds mgtblh lj summardzatdlk bas cgh tl a hdjjdfuct fasg jlr a cakeuaeg cgarkgr lj Iapakgsg, tbat

ds, slmg lj tbg mlhacs `gclkedke tl tbg samg erlup fak kl clkegr `g hdjjgrgktdatgh jrlm gafb ltbgr,

rgsuctdke tl tbgm lkcy gdke pgrfgdvgh tl g tbg actgrkatdvg jlrms lj lkg akltbgr. Akltbgr rgsuct lj tbg

erlupdkes lj mlhacs ds tbat tbg mlhacs wbdfb arg oklwk tl bavg muctdpcg jukftdlks arg `gdke kgecgftgh

akh cgjt ukerlupgh. Xbg cattgr sggms tl appcy tl tbg mlhacs, oltl haakh mlkl ha. Jlr cakeuaeg cgarkgrs,

tbgsg twl erammar pattgrks arg usgh jlr tbg klmdkacdzatdlk lj vgr`s, akh acsl jlr gmpbasds lk a statgmgkt.Xbat ds wbat tbgy usuaccy l`sgrvg, akh tbat ds wbat tbgy usuaccy appcy dk tbgdr praftdfg lj tbg stuhy. Xbgy

hl klt edvg as mufb jlfus, blwgvgr, lk tbg ltbgr usgs lj tbgsg twl pattgrks.

Dk erammar tgxt`llos, oltl haakh mlkl habah `ggk ukhgr tbg samg fatgelry as `god ha. Xbds dmpcdgs

tbat tbgy bavg sdmdcar jukftdlks akh usaegs wdtb `god ha, akh plssd`cy, tbg gxprgssdlk lj l`cdeatlry aftdlk

ds lkg lj tblsg jukftdlks tbat tbgy bavg a flmmlkacdty wdtb. Xbds tbgk edvgs lut tbg qugstdlk lj wbgtbgr

tbgy rgaccy fluch `g flksdhgrgh as auxdcdary vgr`s wbdfb gxprgss l`cdeatlry aftdlk dk tbg samg way as

tbgy flksdhgr `god hatl g. Xbds assumptdlk was tbgk afogh up y a stuhy y Karrle (0>>4) rgearhdke

mlhacs wbgk sbg bas fatgelrdzgh tbgsg twl as l`cdeatdlk (lr dk bgr wlrhs, hglktdf mlhacs). Xbds stuhy

adms tl gxpclrg tbg usaegs lj oltl haakh mlkl hatbrlueb tbg flktgxts dk wbdfb tbgy arg usgh dk lrhgr tl

attgmpt tl flkjdrm tbds fcadm. Akh dk hldke sl, tbds stuhy acsl adms tl hdjjgrgktdatg tbgsg pattgrks wdtb tbg

ltbgr mlhacs gxprgssdke l`cdeatdlk as fatgelrdzgh `y Oatlu (0>>:), partdfucarcy kaogrg`a karakadakh

zaru wl gkad, dk tgrms lj tbg hgergg lj l`cdeatlrdkgss akh dkstakfgs dk wbdfb tbgy arg usgh dj tbgy rgaccy

may `g flksdhgrgh as mlhacs gxprgssdke l`cdeatlry aftdlk.

Acsl, dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat flmpargh tl Iapakgsg, tbgrg ds cgss kum`gr lj l`cdeatdlk mlhacs dk

Xaeacle, kamgcy oadcakeakakh hapat. Vdkfg tbgrg arg lkcy twl mlhacs gxprgssdke l`cdeatdlk dk Xaeacle.Dt ds a wlkhgr blw tbg twl arg tl `g cdogkgh wdtb tblsg lj tbg Iapakgsg cakeuaeg wbdfb arg tl `g stuhdgh

dk tbds rgsgarfb, akh blw tbgsg mlhacs arg eldke tl g dktgrprgtgh dk Xaeacle.

As jlr praftdfac sdekdjdfakfg, tbds may bgcp cakeuaeg cgarkgrs akh trakscatlrs, akh may`g gvgk tgafbgrs,

may `g a`cg tl erasp a `gttgr oklwcgheg lj tbg mgakdkes akh flktgxts dk wbdfb tbgsg mlhacs arg usgh.

Xbds stuhy may `g a`cg tl flkvgy akh rgprgsgkt tbg flkfgpts lj tbg mlhacdty.


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Lìgftdvg

Xbds stuhy adms tl flkjdrm wbgtbgr oltl ha akh mlkl hamay lr may klt `g flksdhgrgh as l`cdeatdlk

mlhacs akh tbg rgstrdftdlks (dj tbgrgs aky) lj usdke tbgm as l`cdeatlry mlhacs.Dk cdkg wdtb tbds, tbgsg twl

sbacc `g flmpargh wdtb ltbgr l`cdeatdlk mlhacs, `god ha, kaogrgà karakad, akhzaru wl gkad, tl `g a`cg

tl gxpcadk tbg hdjjgrgkfgs lj tbg l`cdeatdlk mlhacs dk tgrms lj jukftdlk, mgakdke, akh cgvgc lj l`cdeatdlk.

Xbds stuhy acsl adms tl flmparg tbg jukftdlk akh mgakdke lj tbg Iapakgsg l`cdeatdlk mlhacs tl tblsg lj

Xaeacle tl vgrdjy wbgtbgr tbgsg mlhacs arg paraccgc wdtb gafb ltbgr. Xl afbdgvg tbds, tbg jukftdlk,

mgakdke, akh cgvgc lj l`cdeatdlk dk Xaeacle mlhacs sbacc acsl `g gxpcadkgh.

Mgtblhlcley

Hata jlr tbds stuhy sbacc g eatbgrgh jrlm tgxt`llos, llos akh tgxts rgahdcy avadca`cg lkcdkg tl g a`cg tl

akacyzg tbg flktgxt dk wbdfb tbgsg mlhacs arg prgsgkt. Xbrlueb tbg eatbgrgh hata, tbgdr usaeg, akh

hdjjgrgkfgs sbacc `g flmpargh akh akacyzgh tl prlhufg a wlrodke hgjdkdtdlk jlr gafb mlhac. Xbg mlhacs

sbacc g flmpargh tbrlueb a fgrtadk frdtgrda hgrdvgh jrlm hgjdkdtdlks eatbgrgh dk vardlus stuhdgs,

dkfcuhdke Oatlus, Karrles, akh Acjlksls. Xbg Iapakgsg hata sbacc `g rgdktgrprgtgh dktl Xaeacle tl `g

a`cg tl fluktgrfbgfo akh hggpgk tbg stuhy lj tbg flktgxts lj tbg sgktgkfgs wdtb tbg bgcp lj a Iapakgsg

dkjlrmakt fapa`cg lj spgaodke Xaeacle. Xbg tgxts afqudrgh sbacc `g flmpargh wdtb tbg akacysds lj gafb

mlhac. Erammatdfacdty lj tbg trakscatdlk was klt edvgk jlfus dk tbg dkjlrmakt wlro, ratbgr, jlfusdke lk

blw tbg mlhacs arg dktgrprgtgh jrlm Iapakgsg tl Xaeacle.

Xbg dkjlrmakt jlr tbds stuhy ds furrgktcy a erahuatg sfbllc (mastgrac) stuhgkt lj Lsaoa Wkdvgrsdty

mailrdke dk Jlrgdek Cakeuaegs, madkcy jlfusdke lk Xaeacle akh Dcloakl. Bg bas staygh dk tbg

^bdcdppdkgs jlr 8 mlktbs.

Cdst lj A``rgvdatdlks

a`c a`dcdtatdvg jlrm

ahk ahklmdkac jlrm ()

faus fausatdvg

FLM^ flmpcgmgktdzgr (partdfcg)

flkh flkhdtdlkac jlrm ()

flki flkiukftdvg jlrm ()

FL^ flpuca

HGM hgmlkstratdvgs (1= 0= 6=)

hgs (mlhacs gxprgssdke) hgsdrg

HDP hdrgftdlk lj aftdlk (partdfcg)

HL hdrgft lìgft (partdfcg)

gxdst gxdstgktdac vgr`


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DHGK dhgktdjdgr (partdfcg)

Dmp dmpgrjgftdvg

dkst dkstrumgkt (fausg) marogr

CO cdkogr (partdfcg)

CLF clfatdvg partdfcg

kge kgeatdvg jlrm ()

klm klmdkacdzgr (partdfcg)

klkp klk-past

l`cde l`cdeatlry mlhacs

past past jlrm

pgrj pgrjgftdvg

prgh prghdfatdvg jlrm ()

VG sgktgkfg gkhdke partdfcg

VW@I su`igft-marodke partdfcg

XGM^ tgmplrac partdfcg

XL^ tlpdf-marodke partdfcg

vlc vlcdtdlkac jlrm

Z^ vgr` pbrasg

Hata akh Akacysds

D. Iapakgsg Mlhacs Gxprgssdke Huty/L`cdeatdlk

1.

@god ha

Xbds mlhac ds lkg lj tbg tgrms rgtadkgh jrlm tbg Fcassdfac Iapakgsg cakeuaeg. @gfausg lj tbds, dt ahhs a

slmgwbat jlrfgjuc tlkg tl ak l`cdeatdlk (Acjlksl, 14::). Dt ds acsl usgh mlrg ljtgk dk cdtgrary cakeuaeg

dmpcydke tbat tbds sbluch `g rgearhgh as su`staktdvac.

Afflrhdke tl Oatlu (0>>:), `godmay bavg `ggk hgrdvgh as tbg ahklmdkatdvg jlrm () lj tbg

Fcassdfac Iapakgsg tgrm `gsd. Dt ds tbgk attafbgh tl tbg cdebt vgr` ha, wbdfb dmpcdgs tbat tbg jlrm lj tbg

mlhac may `g fbakegh tbrlueb tbds vgr`.

@god ha lkcy flmplukhs wdtb vgr`s dk tbgdr prghdfatdvg jlrm (). Dk Fcassdfac Iapakgsgsuds tbg

prghdfatdvg jlrm ljsuru, tbgrgjlrg, dt ds plssd`cg tl dktgrfbakegsuru `godakhsu `godwdtblut bavdke tl

ajjgft tbg mgakdke lj tbg sgktgkfg (Oatlu, 0>>:).

Dt ds sadh tbat tbds ds usgh tl gxprgss klt tbat lj mlrac l`cdeatdlk `ut mlrac gxpgftatdlk, slmgtdmgs gvgk

katurac gxpgftatdlk (Acjlksl, 14::). Xbds mlhac dmpcdgs tbat tbg aftdlk statgh tl `g pgrjlrmgh dk tbg

sgktgkfg ds lkg wbdfb gxdst dk flmmlk oklwcgheg akh flmmlk sgksg (Oatlu, 0>>:).

Xbds mlhac ds kgeatgh tbrlueb flkiueatdke tbg cdebt vgr` hadktl dts kgeatdvg jlrm,ia kadakh hg ba kad.


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(1) 1

ufbd-kl bdtl-kd sluhak-su.ru god-hat.ta

dk-erlup-CO pgrslk-HDP flksuct-hl.prgh l`cde.past

(0)

1

slkka tlolrl-bg do-u `god-ia-kad

0HGM.CO.cdog.ahk pcafg HDP el.prgh l`cde.kge.klkp

(6)

1

slkka oltl-wl su.ru `god-ia-ka-oat.ta

0HGM.cdog.ahk tbdke-HL hl.prgh l`cde-kge.past

(8) 1

bdtl-kl bakasd-ba yl.ou odo.u `god.ha

pgrslk-CO taco-XL^ ellh.flki cdstgk.prgh l`cde.klkp

(7)1

mlttl yl.ou iuk`d-su.ru `god-hat.ta

Mlrg ellh.flki prgparg-hl.prgh

l`cde.past

Jrlm acc tbg gxampcgs cdstgh a`lvg, dt fluch `g kltdfgh tbat tbg aftdlks tl `g pgrjlrmgh arg tblsg tbat arg

`gcdgvgh y tbg spgaogr tl g tbg gxpgftatdlk lj slfdgty. Jlr gxampcg, sgktgkfg (8) statgs tbat lkg must

cdstgk tl ltbgrs wgcc wbdfb ds sadh tl `g ak dkhdvdhuacs l`cdeatdlk, lr ratbgr, wbat ds gxpgftgh lj tbgm tl

hl wbgk dktgraftdke wdtb ltbgr pglpcg afflrhdke tl tbg spgaogr. Xbg sgktgkfg pattgrk may acsl `g usgh tl

gxprgss wbat lkg sbluch bavg hlkg, sufb as dk (1) wbgrgdk tbg spgaogr statgh tbat bg sbluch bavg

flksuctgh wdtb bds jamdcy. Ug fluch, tbgrgjlrg, say tbat tbds may `g pgrfgdvgh as ak ahvdfg lr a

sueegstdlk tl tbg lkg gdke splogk tl lr tbg lkg tbg spgaogr ds rgjgrrdke tl. Xbgy fluch g ahhrgssgh tl ak

dkhdvdhuac as tbat lj a pgrslkac ahvdfg, blwgvgr, `god ha, jlr tbg mlst part ds usgh as wbgk ak ahvdfg ds

appcdfa`cg klt lkcy tl ak dkhdvdhuac `gfausg, as mgktdlkgh garcdgr, tbds pgrtadks tl flmmlk oklwcgheg. Dk

cdkg wdtb tbds, dt ds ukhgrstakha`cg tbat Maodkl akh Xsutsud (0>>1) statgh tbat tbds gxprgssdlk, wbgk

splogk, ds klt usgh `y slmglkg wbl ds ylukegr lr lj a clwgr status tbak tbg lkg `gdke ahhrgssgh tl.

Apart jrlm tbds partdfucar usaeg, `godmay acsl `g usgh tl mlhdjy kluks, akh sgrvg as attrd`utgs lj a

sgktgkfg.

(:) 1


7/32

wara.u-`god tlolrl ia kad zl

caueb.prgh -l`cde pcafg FL^.flki kge VG

(5) 1

olu.du oltl-ba olhlml-kd bakas.u-`god rdyuu-ea kadcdog tbds tbdke.XL^ fbdch-HDP taco.prgh -l`cde rgaslk-DHGK kge.prgh.klkp

(2) 1

olrg-ba mdkka-ea oakeag.ru-`god mlkhad hg.su

1HGM-XL^ gvgrylkg-DHGK tbdko.prgh -l`cde prl`cgm FL^.klkp

Xbg gxprgssdlk `goarazuds acsl usgh dk Iapakgsg. Dt ds tbg kgeatgh jlrm lj tbg actgrkatg lj `godwbdfb ds

`goaru. Dt ds acsl ak gxprgssdlk wbdfb bas `ggk rgtadkgh jrlm tbg Fcassdfac Iapakgsg gxprgssdke tbat

slmglkg ds klt pgrmdttgh tl hl slmgtbdke. Blwgvgr dt ds klt as flmmlkcy usgh `god ha. Wkcdog `god hawbdfb ds stdcc usgh dk spggfb akh tgxts jrlm tdmg tl tdmg, `goarazuds lkcy oklwk tl `g usgh lk kltdfgs

sufb as pdfogt sdeks akh ùccgtdk `larhs tl dkjlrm pglpcg lj wbat tbgy arg ukacclwgh tl hl.@goarazu acsl

attafbgs tl tbg prghdfatdvg jlrm lj tbg vgr`. (Xlmlmatsu, 0>1>)

(4) 2

muoasd-ba olol-kd olol-hg lyle.u-`goar.azu tl oa-dta tatgjuha-ea atta

past-XL^ bgrg-CLF bgrg-CLF swdm.prgh-l`cde.kge FLM^ wrdtg.pgrj kltdfg.DHGK gxdst.past

(1>)

2

ylu-kl kad mlkl ol-kl bgya-kd badr.u-`goar.azu

usg- VW@I kge pgrslk 1HGM-CO rllm -CLF gktgr.prgh-l`cde.kge

(11)

Magha-sak-kl ylu-ka àraksu oakoaou-kl aru bdtl-ba ol-kl oad-kd tlttg

Magha-Mr/Ms-CO cdog-ahk àcakfg sgksg-VW@I gxdst.prgh pgrslk-XL^ 1HGM-CO mggt-rgearhdke

2

oao.u `goar.azaru slkzad ha

cafo.prgh l`cde.kge.flki gxdstgkfg FL^.klkp

Dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat `goarazuds acways at tbg prghdfatg plsdtdlk. Ubgk dt ds usgh as ak ahigftdvg, lr

pcafgh `gjlrg a kluk, `goarazaruds usgh, sufb as tbat lj (11).

0.

Kaogrgà karakad


8/32

Xbds mlhac ds hgrdvgh jrlm vardlus flmplkgkts9 tbg kgeatdlk wlrh kad(attafbgh tl a vgr`), tbg

flkhdtdlkac jlrm lj tbg kgeatdlk wlrh, -ogrgà, akh lkg lj tbg fblsgk jgw pbrasgs. Vlmg lj tbgsg pbrasgs

arg karakad, dogkad, hamg ha, mazud, gtf. Acc lj wbdfb ds hgjdkgh as `gdke uk`gflmdke. Xbgy, blwgvgr,

may gxprgss hdjjgrgkt flktgxts wbgk tbgy arg usgh.Karakadds tbg mlst flmmlkcy usgh lut lj tbg sgt lj

wlrhs usgh. Dt ds sadh tl `g usgh wbgk tbg tlpdf lj tbg sgktgkfg ds tbg spgaogr (Acjlksl, 14::), akh dt acsl

gmpbasdzgs tbg egkgracdty akh tbg dkgvdta`dcdty lj tbg kgfgssdty (Karrle, 0>>4). Lk tbg ltbgr bakh, dogkad

ds mlrg ljtgk usgh wbgk spgaodke lj tbg sgflkh pgrslk (Acjlksl, 14::), akh dt ds acsl mlrg pgrslkac sdkfg

dt cgavgs lpgk a fbldfg akh dmpcdgs mlrac rgsplksd`dcdty (Karrle, 0>>4).

Dk tbg gkh, tbgsg wlrhs arg stdcc dktgrfbakega`cg wdtb gafb ltbgr. Kl mattgr wbdfb lj tbgsg wlrhs lkg

prgjgrs tl usg, cdtgraccy, tbgy mgak Dj (aftdlk) ds klt hlkg, dt ds uk`gflmdke, (Acjlksl, 14::). Udtb tbds,

dt may `g assumgh tbat tbds gxprgssdlk ds usgh as ak dkhdrgft way lj sblwdke l`cdeatdlk.

Xbds mlhacs mgakdke rakeg ds rgcatdvgcy `rlah. Klt lkcy ds dt usgh jlr ak aft lkg ds gxpgftgh tl aft uplk

(gxtgrkac kgfgssdty) ùt dt may acsl `g usgh tl rgjgr tl ak aft wbdfb lkg kgghs tl hl (dktgrkac kgfgssdty).

Xbds mlhac flvgrskgfgssdty afflrhdke tl slfdac rucgs as dk (10),kgfgssdty afflrhdke tl fustlm as dk

(16) akh (1:),kgfgssdty jlcclwdke a pcak as dk (17),praftdfac kgfgssdty as dk (18),tgfbkdfac

kgfgssdty as dk (15), akhkgfgssdty jlcclwdke tbg prgssurg jrlm a sdtuatdlk as dk (12) (Karrle, 0>>4920).

(10) 1

bakas.u oltlà-ba tgdkgd-hg ka.ogrgà kar.akadtaco.prgh wlrh-XL^ plcdtg-FL^.flki kge.flkh `gflmg.kge.klkp

(16) 1

kloou-wl sd.tg badr.aka.ogrgà do.g.kad

oklfo-HL hl.flki gktgr.kge.flkh el.a`c.kge.klkp

(18) 1

odmd-ba taàol-wl yamg.ka.ogrgà kar.akad

ylu-XL^ fdeargttg-HL stlp.kge.flkh `gflmg.kge.klkp

(17) 41

ou.id-mahgkd oagt.tg ol.ka.ogrgà kar.akad

49>>-XGM^ rgturk.flki flmg.kge.flkh `gflmg.kge.klkp


9/32

(1:) 1

aog.ta hla-ba tyaktl sdmg.ka.ogrgà hamg-ha

lpgk.dmp hllr -XL^ prlpgrcy fclsg.kge.flkh àh-FL^.klkp

(15)

1>

tlkkgru-tl d.u mlkl-ba akzgk-hg ka.ogrgà kar.akad

tukkgc-FLM^ say.prgh tbdke -XL^ sajg-FL^.flki kge.flkh `gflmg.kge.klkp

(12) 01 1>

01 sgdod-kd tgodelu-suru ylu-kd oadoaou-sd.ka.ogrgà kar.akad

01 fgktury-XGM^ flkjlrm-hl.prgh cdog.flki rgjlrm-hl.kge.flkh `gflmg.kge.klkp

Xbds mlhac ds usuaccy attafbgh tl tbg kgeatgh jlrm lj a vgr`s prghdfatdvg jlrm, ùt dt may acsl `g

attafbgh tl tbg tgdrujlrm lj tbg vgr`. Dk usdke tgdkaogrgà karakad(tgdru+kaogrgà karakad), tbg

sgktgkfg dmpcdgs tbat tbg vgr` ds a flkhdtdlk/quacdjdfatdlk lkg must bavg tl `g dk a fgrtadk statg cdog tbat lj

(14). Xbds sgktgkfg statgs tbat tl `g a`cg tl `gflmg ak appcdfakt, lkg must bavg passgh tbg dkvgstdeatdlk.

(14) 7

sdksgdsya-ba fblusa-kd eluoaou-sd.tgd.ka.ogrgà kar.akad

appcdfakt-XL^ dkvgstdeatdlk-CLF pass-hl.prle.kge.flkh `gflmg.kge.klkp

6. Yaru wl gkad

Xbds mlhac ds lkcy attafbgh tl tbg flkiuftdvg jlrm () lj a vgr`. @ut wbgk attafbgh tl tbg drrgeucar

vgr`ssuruakh ouru, tbgy arg sadh tl `g flkiueatgh sdmdcarcy wdtb Fcassdfac Iapakgsg? tbat ds tbgy,

rgspgftdvgcy, `gflmgsgzaruakh olzaru.

Cdog kaogrgà karakad, tbds mlhac may rgjgr tl a egkgrac l`cdeatdlk ùt dt acsl farrdgs a hdjjgrgkt mgakdke.

Cllodke at tbg tgxt, tbds cdtgraccy mgaks hl klt l`tadk klt tl (Karrle, 0>>4956). Mgakdke, tbat tbg

aftdlk tl `g pgrjlrmgh ds ukavldha`cg, edvdke lut tbg dmpcdfatdlk tbat tbds aftdlk ds klt slmgtbdke lkg

vlcuktardcy wakts tl pgrjlrm. Dk sblrt, tbds mlhac edvgs ergat gmpbasds lk tbg kgeatdvg flkkltatdlk lj tbg

dkgvdta`dcdty lj tbg kgfgssdty/l`cdeatdlk (Oatlu, 0>>:9:5).

(0>) 7

Xarlu-wl ju.eluoaou-tl sg.zaru-wl g.kad

Xarlu-HL klt.pass. hl.flki.kge-HL l`tadk.kge.klkp

(01) 2


10/32

ol-kl tgrg`d-ea olrg dilu olwarg-tara atarasdd-kl-wl oaw.a.zaru-wl g.kad ka

1HGM.CO tgcgvdsdlk.VW@I 1HGM lvgr hgstrly.flkh kgw.klm.HL ùy.flki.kge-HL l`tadk.kge.klkp VG

(00) 2

zuttl eamak-sd.tg od.ta ea ol.kl ilutad-ha-tl badsba.sak-kd do.a.zaru-wl g.kadacways gkhurg-hl.flki flmg.dmp ùt 1HGM.CO sdtuatdlk-FL^.prgh-flkh hgktdst.Mr/Ms-HDP el.kge.flki-HL l`tadk.kge.klkp

(06) 4

baba-ea `yluod-hg kyuudk-sd.ta-klhg od.olou-sg.zaru-wl g.kad

mltbgr-VW@I sdfo-dkst blspdtacdzatdlk-hl.past-`gfausg rgturk.fluktry-hl.flki.kge-HL l`tadk.kge.klkp

(08)

4

mad.àk kgmur.g.kad-klhg ol-kl ousurd-wl klm.a.zaru-wl g.kad

gvgry.kdebt scggp.a`c.kge-`gfausg 1HGM-CO mghdfdkg-HL hrdko.flki.kge-HL l`tadk.kge.klkp

(07)

mdkka-hg odmg.ta odslou-ha-oara mamlr.a.zaru-wl g.kad

gvgrylkg-dkst hgfdhg.pgrj rucg-FL^-`gfausg prltgft.flki.kge-HL l`tadk.kge.klkp

Dk afflrhakfg wdtb tbds, sdkfg kaogrgà karakadacsl gxprgssgs dkgvdta`dcdty, dt bas `ggk statgh tbat dt ds

plssd`cg tl fbakegzaru wl gkaddktl kaogrgà karakaddk a sgktgkfg. @ut sdkfg kaogrgà karakadedvgs

lut tbg flktgxt lj egkgracdty akh kgutracdty, dt ds klt plssd`cg jlr zaru wl gkadtl rgpcafg kaogrgà

karakaddk a sgktgkfg.

8.

Mlkl ha

Mlkl ds a kluk rluebcy trakscatgh as a flkfrgtg tbdke. Xbds ds acsl sadh tl gxprgss tbg dhga lj dk tbg

katurg lj tbdkes, tbg way tbdkes katuraccy arg, slmgtbdke katurac, slmgtbdke

lrhdkary/klrmac/usuac/rgeucar/egkgrac, gtf. Xbg kluk mlklsgrvgs a erammatdfac jukftdlk dk sgktgkfgs,

ùt dk slmg fasgs, dts rgcgvakfg akh mgakdke dk tbg sgktgkfg wgaogks, akh tbg trakscatdlks lj tbg

sgktgkfgs sbacc `g tbg samg gvgk dj mlklbas klt `ggk usgh, cdog tbat lj tbg gxampcg gclw (Acjlksl,

14::). Ubgk usgh as a mlhac, tbg cdebt vgr` ha ds attafbgh tl mlkl.

5

Mlkgy hdsappgars qudfocy.


11/32

Xbds gxprgssdlk ds usgh tl statg tbg dhga lj katurac jaft akh rgeucar bappgkdke. Dk tbg sgktgkfg a`lvg,

dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat dt ds lkcy katurac jlr mlkgy tl `g spgkt qudfocy. Blwgvgr, dj mlkl hawas

hgcgtgh jrlm tbg sgktgkfg, tbg sgktgkfg wluch stdcc mgak tbg samg tbdke. Dt ds iust tbat tbg katuracdtylj

tbg lffurrgkfg wluch klt `g dmpcdgh. Xbg katuracdty lj ak lffurrgkfg ds usuaccy dmpcdgh wbgk tbg vgr`

attafbgh tl tbg mlhac ds ak dkvlcuktary aftdlk, lr aftdlks wbdfb arg klt hlkg at wdcc, cdog tbg gxampcg

a`lvg akh sgktgkfg (0:) (mgakdke @a`dgs fry). @ltb lj tbg aftdlks, kaou karu(tl hdsappgar) akh kaou

(tl fry) arg flksdhgrgh tl `g dkvlcuktary aftdlk sdkfg `ltb arg, jlr tbg mlst part, pgrjlrmgh ukwdccdkecy.

Xbat ds wby tbrlueb tbg mlhacs, `ltb lj tbgsg sgktgkfgs gxprgss tbg katuracdty lj tbg aftdlks.

(0:) 5

aoak`lu-ba ka.ou-mlkl.ha

`a`y-XL^ fry.prgh-l`cde.klkp

(05)

5

mdzu-ba blkrad bdouod-kd kaearg.ru-mlkl.hgsu

watgr-XL^ katuraccy hlwk-HDP jclw.prgh-l`cde

Xbds gxprgssdlk may acsl dmpcy tbat ak aftdlk ds wbat ds egkgraccy hlkg. Xbgrgjlrg, sdmdcar tl tbat lj

`god ha, tbds mlhac acsl gxprgssgs klt iust aky kgfgssdty `ut tblsg wbdfb arg oklwk tbrlueb flmmlk

sgksg. Ubgk tbds mlhac ds attafbgh tl tbg prghdfatdvg jlrm lj vgr`s gxprgssdke vlcuktary aftdlk (aftdlks

wbdfb arg usuaccy pgrjlrmgh at wdcc, sufb as basdru(tl ruk), bakasu(tl spgao), ayamaru(tl sggo

jlredvgkgss), gtf.), tbds tbgk edvgs lut tbg dmpcdfatdlk lj ak dkhdrgft flmmakh lr flrrgftdlk.

Xbds mlhac ds kgeatgh `y flkiueatdke tbg cdebt vgr` ha. Xbgrgjlrg, maodke dt mlkl hg ba kad.

(02)

1

suolsd eamak-su.ru-mlkl.ha

cdttcg gkhurg-hl.prgh-l`cde

(04) 1

lmdyaeg-wl mlrat.tara lrgd-wl d.u-mlkl.hgsu

sluvgkdr-HL rgfgdvg.flkh eratdtuhg-HL say.prgh-l`cde

(6>) 1

tlsbd tlt.ta loaasak-wl slkka-kd batarao.asg.ru-mlkl.hg.ba.kad

ygar taog.dmp mltbgr-HL 0HGM.CO.cdog-ahk. wlro.faus.prgh-l`cde.kge


12/32

(61) 1

takdk-kl ogttgk-wl saeas.u mlkl.hg.ba.kad

ltbgrs-CO jauct-HL jdkh.prgh l`cde.kge

(60)

1>

slkka-kd bdtl-kl warueutd-wl d.u-mlkl.hg.ba.ardmasgk yl

0HGM.cdog.ahk-flki pgrslk-CO `ahmlutb-HL say.prgh-l`cde.kge VG

(66)

1>

ltlsdylrd-kd.ba mlttl yasasd.ou-su.ru-mlkl.ha yl

ylukegr-HDP.XL^ mlrg egktcg.flki-hl.prgh-l`cde VG

Dk tbgsg sgktgkfgs, dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat ukcdog `god ha, tbg tlpdf lj tbg sgktgkfgs fakklt pldkt lut tl

iust a sdkecg pgrslk, ut dt pldkts lut tl a fgrtadk party/erlup lj pglpcg. Dt acsl fakklt g usgh dk spgfdjdfsdtuatdlks lkcy. Akltbgr rgstrdftdlk ds tbat dt ds klt usgh afflrhdke tl a spgaogrs iuhemgkt `ut lkcy usgh

tl gxprgss a egkgrdf statgmgkt. Dt fluch tbgk `g assumgh tbat tbds mlhac ds acsl usgh jlr egkgracdty, lr

ratbgr, tl rgmdkh pglpcg lj tbg slfdac klrms, tbg rucgs akh prdkfdpcgs mlracdty, akh, plssd`cy, gvgk cdjg.

Xbgsg may `g l`sgrvgh dk sgktgkfgs (02)(66). Actblueb (02) may `g pgrfgdvgh as tbat lj a pgrslkac

warkdke lr a egkgrac ahvdfg, dt must `g kltgh tbat tbds statgmgkt ds uttgrgh tl a erlup lj pglpcg. Vl, tbds

sgktgkfg sdekdjdgs tbat pglpcg must `g a`cg tl pgrsgvgrg akh `g patdgkt wbgk fdrfumstakfgs facc jlr dt. (04),

(6>) akh (61) acc sdekdjy praftdfgs wbdfb arg supplsghcy hlkg y pglpcg tl aft apprlprdatgcy dk tbg gygs lj

a slfdgty sdkfg dt ds wbat ds gxpgftgh lj tbgm. Xbgsg statgmgkts arg wbat wg may flksdhgr rgmdkhgrs ljmlrac l`cdeatdlk/huty.

7.

Oltl (ha)

As a kluk, oltl, ukcdog mlkl, dt ds dktgrprgtgh as ak a`straft tbdke (Acjlksl, 14::). Dt ds acsl sadh tbat dt

gxprgssgs a jaft(Tamaedwa, 1480).

Ubgk vdgwdke tbgsg sgktgkfgs as jafts, dt edvgs lut a jggc lj strlkecy l`cdedke lkg tl hl a fgrtadk aftdlk.

Blwgvgr, dt ds hlkg sl dkhdrgftcy sdkfg dt acsl flkvgys tbat tbg aftdlk tl g pgrjlrmgh ds mgrgcy ak

ahvdfg/sueegstdlk tbat slmgtbdke ds mlst cdogcy tbg gst waylj afbdgvdke a elac. Afflrhdke tl Karrle,

tbds mlhac gxprgssgs strdft l`cdeatdlk.Xbds mlhac acways attafbgs tl tbg prghdfatdvg jlrm lj tbg vgr`,

akh dt ds kgeatgh `y flkiueatdke tbg vgr` dktl dts kgeatdvg prghdfatdvg jlrm.


13/32

Xbds mlhac ds acsl sadh tl `g ak dmpgratdvg, fclsgcy rgcatgh tl tbg pbrasgsdtg ba karakad(Maodkl, 0>>1),

mgakdke tbat tbds mlhac edvgs a bdebgr cgvgc lj l`cdeatdlk flmpargh tl tbat lj kaogrgà karakadas statgh

`y Acjlksl (14::) wbgk bg mgktdlkgh a`lut l`cdeatdlk tbrlueb flkhdtdlkacs.

(68) 2

kdblkel-ea uma.ou kar.dta.ogrgà mlttl `gkoylu-su.ru-oltl.hgsu

Iapakgsg-VW@I ellh.flki `gflmg.hgs.flkh mlrg stuhy.hl.prgh.l`cde

(67) 2

kakdeltl-ml sbdppad-wl lslrg.zu-kd yat.tg-md.ruoltl.ha

akytbdke jadcurg-HL jgar.kge-flki hl.flki-try.prgh.l`cde

(6:) 2

loakg-wl tamg.tad-kl-hgsylu. slrgoara muhahuoad-wl sd.kad-oltl.hgsu

mlkgy-HL savg.hgs-klm-FL^.vlc tbgk wastdke (mlkgy)-HL hl.kge.prgh-l`cde

(65) 4

tuoargta-tlod-ba tlkdoaou baya.ou kg.ru-oltl.ha

tdrg.pgrj-tdmg-XL^ at.aky.ratg garcy.flki scggp.prgh-l`cde

(62) 4

yasg.tad-kara oaksylou-sd.kad-oltl.hgsu ylclsg.wgdebt.hgs-flkh skafodke-hl.kge.prgh-l`cde VG

(64) 4

olhlml-ba kl`dkl`d asl`.asg.ru-oltl.hgsu

fbdch-XL^ fargjrgg pcay.faus.prgh-l`cde

Dk (68) dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat tbg spgaogr ds tgccdke lkg tl stuhy mlrg dj tbgy wakt tl `g mlrg prljdfdgkt

dk Iapakgsg. Vdkfg dt ds wbat tbg spgaogr iuhegs as tbg `gst way tl `gflmg `gttgr at usdke tbg cakeuaeg, dt

ds, dk a way, trgatgh as a flmmakh.

Actblueb dt ds mgktdlkgh garcdgr tbat tbds mlhac gxprgssgs ahvdfg akh sueegstdlk, tbds mlhac may gxprgss

a flmmakh ùt lkcy tbrlueb rucgs akh rgeucatdlks lkg must jlcclw. Dt ds usuaccy gxprgssgh as oltllkcy.

(8>) 2


14/32

sbuouhad-kl saou`uk-ba dtutu-mahgkd Odmura-sgksgd-kd has-u-oltl

blmgwlro.CO flmplsdtdlk.XL^ 7tbhay.XGM^ Odmura.tgafbgr.HDP pass.prgh.l`cde

(81) 11 15 10 IP 2

iuudtd-eatu iuukaka-kdtd iuukd-id-kd IP tamatd-god-kl oadsatueutd-mag-kd sbuuelu-kl-oltlKlvgm`gr 15tbhay (Xugshay) 109>>.XGM^ IP Xamafbd.statdlk.CO tdfogt eatg.jrlkt.CLF eatbgr.CO.l`cde

(80) :

saod-kd oakarazu tggpu-wl od.ou-oltl

`gjlrg dmmghdatgcy tapg-HL cdstgk.prgh-l`cde

(86)

17:

bappylu-ba 17juk dkad-hg lolka.u-oltl

prgsgktatdlk-XL^ 17mdkutgs wdtbdk-XGM^ farry.lut.prgh-l`cde

(88) :

sdel-ba tutusdm.u-oltl

wbdspgrdke-XL^ rgjradk.prgh-l`cde

Dk ltb dkstakfgs wbgrgdk oltlds usgh, dt bas `ggk sadh tbat tbds mlhac ds usgh tl gxprgss tbat ak aft ds

hggmgh as slmgtbdke dmplrtakt.

VWMMAPT

Jlrm Mgakdke Vampcg Vgktgkfg

Z.prgh gxprgssgs tbg spgaogrs

iuhemgkt tbat

slmglkg/slmgtbdke ds

gxpgftgh tl hl slmgtbdke

lr tl `g dk a fgrtadk statg

Z.kge dkhdfatgs huty, l`cdeatdlk

akh kgfgssdty

Z.kge dkhdfatgs tbat tbgrg ds kl

ltbgr way `ut tl hl

slmgtbdke


15/32

Z.prgh gxprgssgs tbat a erlup lj

pglpcg sbluch hl

slmgtbdke as huty

Z.prgh/kge gxprgssgs a strdft

flmmakh, sueegst/ahvdfg

Xa`cg 1. Vummary lj Iapakgsg L`cdeatlry Mlhacs

Hdjjgrgktdatdke Iapakgsg Mlhacs

Jrlm tbg hgjdkdtdlks lj tbg mlhacs edvgk a`lvg, slmg dmpcdfatdlks edvgk `y tbg mlhacs hdsfussgh arg put

dktl cdebt9 dmpgratdvg, gxpgftatdlk, dkgvdta`dcdty, sgcj-jlfusgh, dkhdvdhuacdty, sueegstdlk, akh jlrfgjuckgss.

Xbrlueb tbgsg hgvdsgh frdtgrda, tbg hdjjgrgkfgs `gtwggk tbgsg mlhacs may `g gxprgssgh mlrg fcgarcy.

Dmpgratdvgkgss gxprgssgs tbg plwgr lj tbg mlhac dk `gdke pgrfgdvgh as a flmmakh. Gxpgftatdlk rgjgrs tl

mlrac gxpgftatdlk, tbg afts wbdfb arg sadh tl `g lj flmmlk oklwcgheg dk a slfdgty wbgk a`dhdke `y

slfdac klrms. Dkgvdta`dcdty, as tbg kamg sueegsts, pgrtadks tl tbg bgcpcgsskgss lj lkg tl pgrjlrm ak aftdlk

lut lj l`cdeatdlk. Vgcj pgrtadks tl wbgtbgr tbg sgktgkfg flktadkdke tbg mlhacs hdsfussgh may `g ahhrgssgh

tl tbg spgaogr bdmsgcj lr klt. Xbg frdtgrda lj `gdke dkhdvdhuac dmpcdgs tbat tbg statgmgkt `gdke hgcdvgrgh ds

lkg wbdfb ds uttgrgh lkcy lk spgfdjdf sdtuatdlks tl a spgfdjdf dkhdvdhuac ratbgr tbak lkg wbdfb may `g

pgrfgdvgh as `gdke ahhrgssgh tl a partdfucar erlup lj pglpcg, dj klt acc. Jlr sueegstdlk, a statgmgkt ds

`gdke pgrfgdvgh klt lkcy as ak l`cdeatdlk tl `g pgrjlrmgh `ut as ak ahvdfg tl tbg lkgs gdke ahhrgssgh.

Actblueb tbgsg mlhacs acc gxprgss l`cdeatdlk, tbgy stdcc hdjjgr dk tbg jlrfgjuckgss, lr ratbgr, tbg

l`cdeatlrdkgss lj ak aft tl `g pgrjlrmgh.

Dmpgratdvg Gxpgftatdlk Dkgvdta`dcdty Vgcj Dkhdvdhuac Ahvdfg/

Vueegstdlk

Cgvgc lj

L`cdeatdlk

wgao (0)

mghdac (6)

strlke (7)


16/32

wgao (1)

strlke (8)

Xa`cg 0. Xbg Iapakgsg L`cdeatlry Mlhacs akh tbgdr jgaturgs

Dk vdgwdke tbds ta`cg, dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat as statgh dk tbg akacysds lj mlhacs, mlkl hamay `gpgrfgdvgh as ak dmpgratdvg, actblueb a cdebt lkg at tbat sdkfg dt was acsl sadh tbat tbds mlhac lkcy sblws

cdttcg l`cdeatdlk sdkfg dt ds mlrg jlfusgh lk rgmdkhdke tbg pglpcg lj wbat tbgy supplsghcy oklw acrgahy.

Dk ltbgr wlrhs, tbds mlhac jlfusgs mlrg lk dts aspgft lj katuracdtyakh mlrac gxpgftatdlk tbak tbat lj ak

l`cdeatdlk. Cllodke at (60) (rgdtgratgh `gclw), dt was statgh tbat lkg ds klt supplsgh tl àhmlutb ltbgrs

sl mufb. Dk tbds sgktgkfg, tbg ahhrgssgg sbacc pgrfgdvg tbat tbg sgktgkfg was uttgrgh tl flrrgft tbgdr wrlke

hldke (as pgrfgdvgh `y slfdgty) wbdfb ds wby tbgy wdcc tbdko tbat tbds ds a flmmakh. Xbus, tbds mlhac ds

marogh +dmpgratdvg akh +gxpgftatdlk.

1>

slkka-kd bdtl-kl warueutd-wl d.u-mlkl.hg.ba.ardmasgk yl

0HGM.cdog.ahk-flki pgrslk-CO àhmlutb-HL say.prgh-l`cde.kge VG

Ubgk wg say tbat a statgmgkt ds a flmmakh, tbgrg ds stdcc ak lptdlk jlr tbg ahhrgssgg tl klt pgrjlrm tbg

aftdlk. Xbat ds wby tbds mlhac ds marogh asdkgvdta`dcdty. As statgh lk tbg gxpcakatdlk lj mlkl hadk

tbg jdrst part lj tbg rgsgarfb, tbds mlhac may lkcy `g usgh wbgk slmglkg ahvdsgs a erlup lj pglpcg tl hl

slmgtbdke as mlrac huty. Dt ds acsl a mlhac wbdfb ds klt usgh tl tgcc lkgsgcj lj wbat tbgy sbluch hl. Xbds

mlhac ds tbgk marogh asdkhdvdhuac, +ahvdfg, akhsgcj. As sggk dk Xa`cg 0, mlkl habas tbg wgaogstcgvgc lj l`cdeatdlk. Dt mdebt `g `gfausg lj tbg jaft tbat tbds mlhac mgrgcy sueegsts jlr a mass lj pglpcg tl

aft apprlprdatgcy tl a mass lj pglpcg, maodke dts cgvgc lj l`cdeatlrdkgss cgssgk sdkfg tbds may `g vdgwgh

as a hdvdsdlk/hdspgrsdlk lj rgsplksd`dcdty lj tbg ahhrgssgg. Xbds tbgk fausgs a cgssgr dmpaft tl tbg bgargr lj

tbg statgmgkts uttgrgh wdtb tbds mlhac.

@god ha, cdog mlkl haacsl bas a wgao l`cdeatdlk. Blwgvgr, tbds mlhac may `g as `ltb ak dmpgratdvg akh

a klk-dmpgratdvg. Dk sgktgkfg (1) (rgdtgratgh `gclw), dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat dt ds a statgmgkt uttgrgh `y

tbg spgaogr tl bdmsgcj maodke dt klt lkcy a klk-dmpgratdvg sgktgkfg ùt acsl a sgcj-jlfusgh lkg. Xbg

statgmgkt acsl edvgs tbg mgakdke tbat tbg spgaogr sueegstgh tbat bg sbluch bavg hlkg slmgtbdke (dk tbds

fasg, flksuctdke wdtb slmglkg) sl bg wluch bavg bah matfbgh wbat wluch bavg bappgkgh wdtb ak

gxpgftatdlk. Vl jlr tbds statgmgkt aclkg, dt sbacc `g marogh +sgcj, +ahvdfg, +gxpgftatdlk akh dmpgratdvg.

Dt sbacc acsl `g marogh as +dkhdvdhuac sdkfg tbg statgmgkt was ahhrgssgh tl tbg spgaogr aclkg.

1


17/32

ufbd-kl bdtl-kd sluhak-su.ru god-hat.ta

dk-erlup-CO pgrslk-HDP flksuct-hl.prgh l`cde.past

Lk tbg ltbgr bakh, sgktgkfg (0) (rgdtgratgh `gclw) sblws tbat tbg statgmgkt ds qudtg am`deulus sdkfg dt

may bavg `ggk uttgrgh tl gdtbgr a spgfdjdf dkhdvdhuac lr a erlup lj pglpcg, ùt hgjdkdtgcy klt ahhrgssgh tl

tbg spgaogr bdmsgcj. Xbg statgmgkt was gxprgssgh tl ahvdsg/jlrgwark pglpcg tbat lkg must klt el dktl a

fgrtadk typg lj pcafg, maodke dt sggm cdog dt bas `ggk ak dkhdrgft flmmakh cdog tbat lj mlkl ha. Xbds sbacc

tbgk `g marogh assgcj, +ahvdfg, +gxpgftatdlk, +dmpgratdvg, akh dkhdvdhuac. Acsl, cdog mlkl hatbg

flmmakh uttgrgh hlgs klt jlrfg lkg tl hl slmgtbdke, tbgrgjlrg, maodke tbdsdkgvdta`dcdty.

1

slkka tlolrl-bg do-u `god-ia-kad

0HGM.CO.cdog.ahk pcafg -HDP el.prgh l`cde.kge.klkp

Xbrlueb tbgsg flktgxts prgsgktgh, tbg fbaraftgrdstdfs wrdttgk dk Xa`cg 0wgrg hgrdvgh. Afflrhdke tl

Maodkl akh Xsutsud (0>>1), actblueb `god hads prgsgktgh tl `g sdmdcar wdtb mlkl ha, `god habas a

bdebgr hgergg lj l`cdeatdlk sdkfg tbds mlhac hlgs klt lkcy flvgr egkgrdf statgmgkts.

Kaogrgà karakadds a mlhac oklwk tl gxprgss tbg kgutracdty lj ak l`cdeatdlk. Xbds mlhac hlgs klt bavg

as mufb partdfucars dk mgakdkes as flmpargh tl tbg ltbgr mlhacs. Xbg wlrhs usgh ajtgr tbg flkhdtdlkacs

arg tbg lkgs wbdfb slmgblw ajjgft tbg flktgxt lj a sgktgkfg tbg mlst. Jrlm tbg hdjjgrgkfgs lj karakad

akh dogkadstatgh dk tbg jdrst part, tbg jlcclwdke bas ggk hgrdvgh9


Vueegstdlk

+

Xa`cg 6. Xbg Xwl Zardatdlks lj kaogrgà karakad akh tbgdr Jgaturgs

Dk (15) (rgdtgratgh `gclw), dt was statgh tbat a tukkgc ds gxpgftgh tl `g sajg. Dk tbds sgktgkfg, tbg

fbaraftgrdstdf lj `gdke sajg ds a rgqudrgmgkt jlr a tukkgc, tbgrgjlrg, maodke sajgty ak ukavldha`cg

kgfgssdty. Xbds statgmgkt ds acsl uttgrgh as a egkgrac tgfbkdfac kgfgssdty, sl dt fak `g assumgh tbat tbds ds

klt lkcy ahhrgssgh tl a sdkecg pgrslk, akh hgjdkdtgcy klt ahhrgssgh tl tbg spgaogr bdmsgcj. Dk tbds fasg, wg

sbacc maro tbg sgktgkfg asdmpgratdvg, +gxpgftatdlk, +dkgvdta`dcdty,sgcj,dkhdvdhuac akhahvdfg.

1>

tlkkgru-tl d.u mlkl-ba akzgk-hg ka.ogrgà kar.akad

tukkgc-FLM^ say.prgh tbdke -XL^ sajg-FL^.flki kge.flkh `gflmg.kge.klkp


18/32

Gxampcg (17) (rgdtgratgh `gclw) acsl sblws tbg dkgvdta`dcdty lj hldke ak aftdlk sdkfg dt flkkltgs tbat tbgrg

mdebt `g flksgqugkfgs dj tbds aftdlk ds klt pgrjlrmgh. Wkcdog tbg prgvdlus gxampcg, tbds dmpcdgs tbat tbg

spgaogr ds tbg lkg wbl ds supplsgh tl pgrjlrm tbg aftdlk dkstgah lj ahhrgssdke tbds tl akylkg gcsg. Vdkfg

tbds ds a pgrslkac mattgr, dt fluch acsl `g assumgh tbat tbds ds klt a mlrac gxpgftatdlk `gfausg dt iust

sdekdjdgs tbat tbg spgaogr must jlcclw bds lwk sfbghucg. Asdhg jrlm tbgsg, tbg sgktgkfg sggms tl `g qudtg

sdmdcar wdtb tbg gxampcg a`lvg. Xbgrgjlrg, tbds sbacc `g marogh dmpgratdvg,gxpgftatdlk,

+dkgvdta`dcdty, +sgcj,dkhdvdhuac, akhahvdfg.

41

ou.id-mahgkd oagt.tg ol.ka.ogrgà kar.akad

49>>-XGM^ rgturk.flki flmg.kge.flkh `gflmg.kge.klkp

Blwgvgr, dj karakadds tl `g rgpcafgh wdtb dogkaddk tbg sgktgkfg a`lvg, slmg dmpcdfatdlks fbakeg as wgcc.

41

ou.id-mahgkd oagt.tg ol.ka.ogrgà do.g.kad

49>>-XGM^ rgturk.flki flmg.kge.flkh el.a`c.kge.klkp

Dk tbg sgktgkfg a`lvg, dkstgah lj bavdke tbds sgktgkfg uttgrgh tl lkgsgcj, dt ds pgrfgdvgh tl `g ahhrgssgh tl

akltbgr dkhdvdhuac (dj klt a fgrtadk erlup lj pglpcg). Udtb tbat dk mdkh, tbds may dmpcy tbat tbg spgaogr ds

flmmakhdke tbg ahhrgssgg tl pgrjlrm tbg aftdlk, maodke tbg cgvgc lj l`cdeatdlk scdebtcy clwgr sdkfg tbg

aftdlk tl `g pgrjlrmgh ds klt at acc ukavldha`cg. Xbds sbacc tbgk `g marogh +dmpgratdvg, gxpgftatdlk,

dkgvdta`dcdty, sgcj, +dkhdvdhuac akhahvdfg.Dogkadas part lj tbds mlhac may acsl `g usgh wbgk

ahvdsdke lkg tl hl slmgtbdke. Dk (18) (rgdtgratgh `gclw), dt was dmpcdgh tbat lkg ds l`cdegh/kgghgh tl qudt

smlodke jlr slmg rgaslk. @ut dj karakadsbacc g rgpcafgh wdtb dogkad, tbg dmpcdfatdlk lj dkgvdta`dcdty

fbakegs dktl tbat lj a sueegstdlk/ahvdfg jlr a pgrslk.

1

odmd-ba taàol-wl yamg.ka.ogrgà kar.akad

ylu-XL^ fdeargttg-HL stlp.kge.flkh `gflmg.kge.klkp

1

odmd-ba taàol-wl yamg.ka.ogrgà do.g.kad

ylu-XL^ fdeargttg-HL stlp.kge.flkh el.a`c.kge.klkp

Afflrhdke tl Maodkl akh Xsutsud (0>>1), tbds mlhac gxprgssgs a bdebgr uregkfy akh hgergg lj l`cdeatdlk

tbak `god hawbdfb ds wby tbds was edvgk a cgvgc lj l`cdeatdlk lj 6.


19/32

Dkstakfgs wbgrgdk oltl hads usgh sblw tbat tbg sgktgkfgs uttgrgh wdtb tbds mlhac sblw tbat tbgy arg

pgrfgdvgh tl bavg mlrg uregkfy `gfausg lj tbg dmpgratdvgkgss hdspcaygh. Udtb tbds, dt bas ggk statgh

garcdgr lk tbat tbds mlhac ds usuaccy usgh rgmdkhdke lkg lj tbg rucgs akh rgeucatdlks, akh tbat ds wby tbg

dkgvdta`dcdty lj aftdke afflrhdke tl tbds l`cdeatdlk ds qudtg bdeb. Xbds may `g sggk dk gxampcg (65)

(rgdtgratgh `gclw). Dk tbds sgktgkfg, dt was sadh tbat dj lkg wakts tl clsg wgdebt, tbgy must avldh skafodke

lr gatdke dk `gtwggk mgac tdmgs. Dt dmpcdgs tbat tbg aftdlk tl `g (lr klt tl `g) pgrjlrmgh ds lkg lj tbg `gst

ways tl afbdgvg a fgrtadk elac afflrhdke tl tbg spgaogrs iuhemgkt. Xbds ds wby gvgk dj tbds ds qudtg

bgavdcy gkjlrfgh tl tbg ahhrgssgg, dt ds klt flksdhgrgh tl `g ak ukavldha`cg l`cdeatdlk. Dt was acsl statgh

`y tbg dkjlrmakt tbat tbds mlhac, cdog mlkl ha, fakklt `g usgh tl pgrtadk tl lkgsgcj lr gvgk tl a spgfdjdf

pgrslk. Xbg statgmgkts flktadkdke tbds mlhac arg acways ahhrgssgh tl a frlwh. Xbgrgjlrg, tbds sgktgkfg

sbacc `g marogh as +dmpgratdvg,gxpgftatdlk,dkgvdta`dcdty, sgcj,dkhdvdhuac, akh +ahvdfg.

4

yasg.tad-kara oaksylou-sd.kad-oltl.hgsu yl

clsg.wgdebt.hgs-flkh skafodke-hl.kge.prgh-l`cde VG

Xbds mlhac was edvgk a cgvgc lj l`cdeatdlk lj 8 `gfausg, as statgh a`lvg, dt may `g hgrdvgh tbat tbds mlhac

bas a bdebgr hgergg lj l`cdeatdlk flmpargh tl tbat lj kaogrg`a karakad. Xbg fbaraftgrdstdfs lj oltl hadk

tbds flktgxt hlgs klt hdjjgr jrlm tbg ltbgr flktgxt wbgrgdk oltl(ha)ds usgh.

17:

bappylu-ba 17juk dkad-hg lolka.u-oltl

prgsgktatdlk-XL^ 17mdkutgs wdtbdk-XGM^ farry.lut.prgh-l`cde

Dk tbg gxampcg a`lvg (sgktgkfg (86)), dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat a flccgftdvg kum`gr lj pglpcg arg

flmmakhghtl flmpcgtg tbgdr prgsgktatdlk wdtbdk tbg huratdlk lj 17 mdkutgs. As statgh `gjlrg, dt ds klt

kgfgssary jlr ak dmpgratdvg tl `g ak ukavldha`cg taso sdkfg tbds lkcy dmpcdgs tbat dj tbg aft ds klt hlkg,

tbgrg may `g flksgqugkfgs. Xbg lkcy hdjjgrgkfg dt bas wdtb tbg jdrst jukftdlk lj oltl hads tbat dt may klt

`g pgrfgdvgh as ak ahvdfg/sueegstdlk sdkfg dt pgrtadks tl a rucg tbat pglpcg must jlcclw, tbgrgjlrg, marodke

tbds sgktgkfg asahvdfg.

Jrlm tbg hgjdkdtdlk akh tbg usg lj tbg mlhac dtsgcj, dt ds acrgahy gxpgftgh tbatzaru wl gkadbas tbg bdebgst

hgergg lj l`cdeatdlk wbgk flmpargh tl tbg ltbgr mlhacs hdsfussgh dk tbds papgr. Lut lj tbg l`cdeatdlks

tbat lkg pgrjlrms, tbg l`cdeatdlk gxprgssdke tbg spgaogrs kggh tl pgrjlrm tbg aftdlk lvgrplwgrs acc ltbgr

l`cdeatdlks. Dt bas `ggk gsta`cdsbgh tbat dj lkg kgghs tl pgrjlrm ak aft, tbgy rgaccy bavg tl pgrjlrm dt,

rgearhcgss lj wbgtbgr tbgy wluch `g wdccdke tl hl dt lr klt. Acsl, ak l`cdeatdlk `gdke a pgrslkac lkg


20/32

sggms tl `g a jaftlr tbat bgdebtgks tbg cgvgc lj l`cdeatdlk.Yaru wl gkad ds tbg lkcy mlhac wbgrgdk dt ds

usgh lk pgrslkac dkstakfgs akh dt bas `ggk rakogh as tbg mlhac wbdfb bas tbg bdebgst hgergg lj l`cdeatdlk.

Dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat acc tbg gxampcg sgktgkfgs flktadkdkezaru wl gkadbavg acc `ggk ahhrgssgh tl tbg

spgaogr lj tbg sgktgkfg bdmsgcj. Xbg assumptdlk tbat tbds mlhac lkcy jlfusgs lk tbg spgaogrs l`cdeatdlk

was tbgk flkjdrmgh `y tbg dkjlrmakt wbgrgdk bg bas statgh tbat usdkezaru wl gkadwbgrgdk dt ds

ahhrgssgh tl akltbgr dkhdvdhuac edvgs lut tbg mgakdke tbat tbg lkg `gdke ahhrgssgh ds dk a statg lj `gdke

pdtdjuc dk tbg gygs lj tbg spgaogr, sblwdke gmpatby tlwarhs tbg ahhrgssgg. Xbat ds wby tbds mlhac ds

acmlst kgvgr usgh wbgk ahhrgssdke tl akltbgr dkhdvdhuac. Xbgsg hgsfrdptdlks may `g l`sgrvgh dk (08)

(rgdtgratgh gclw).

4

mad.àk kgmur.g.kad-klhg ol-kl ousurd-wl klm.a.zaru-wl g.kad

gvgry.kdebt scggp.a`c.kge-`gfausg 1HGM-CO mghdfdkg-HL hrdko.flki.kge-HL l`tadk.kge.klkp

Dk tbds gxampcg dt bas `ggk statgh tbat `gfausg tbg spgaogr fluch klt scggp gvgry kdebt, bg bah kl fbldfg

ùt tl hrdko a fgrtadk mghdfdkg. Jrlm tbds statgmgkt tbg jdrst tbdke tbat fatfbgs tbg attgktdlk ds tbg

dkgvdta`dcdty lj pgrjlrmdke tbg aftdlk dmpcdgh dk tbg sgktgkfg. Xbds tbgk gmpbasdzgs tbg flkkltatdlk tbat

tbg aftdlk tl `g pgrjlrmgh ds klt lj ak ahvdsg ùt ratbgr lj ak dktgrkac kgfgssdty, mgakdke tbat tbds fakklt

`g pgrfgdvgh as ak dmpgratdvg statgmgkt. Acsl, tbds (aclke wdtb tbg ltbgr gxampcgs gkumgratgh dk tbg

hgsfrdptdlk ljzaru wl gkad) prlvgs tbat tbg statgmgkt flktadkdke tbg mlhaczaru wl gkadmay lkcy `g

usgh wbgk pgrtadkdke tl tbg spgaogr. Udtb tbgsg dk mdkh, tbg flktgxts lj tbds sgktgkfg sbacc `g marogh

dmpgratdvg,gxpgftatdlk, +dkgvdta`dcdty, +sgcj,dkhdvdhuac akhahvdfg.

DD. Xaeacle Mlhacs Gxprgssdke Huty/L`cdeatdlk/Kgfgssdty

1.

Oadcakeak

Xbg wlrh oadcakeakds a muctd-jukftdlkac wlrh wbdfb dmpcdgs tbat lkg ds dk kggh lj slmgtbdke. Klrmaccy,

tbds wlrh ds flksdhgrgh a vgr` sdkfg dt usuaccy appgars dk tbg sclt jlr prghdfatgs. As sggk jrlm (87), wbgk

oadcakeak ds dk tbg prghdfatdvg sclt lj a sdmpcg pbrasg, tbg lìgft lj tbg sgktgkfg ds acways marogh `y ake,

akh tbg aftlr, y ke.

(87) A. Oadcakeak ke ààg ake pgra

@. *Oadcakeak ake ààg ke pgra


21/32

Blwgvgr, tbat ds klt lkcy tbg fasg sdkfg dt ds acsl plssd`cg jlr ketl `g tbg marogr lj tbg lìgft lj tbg

sgktgkfg. Xbgrgjlrg, tbg sgktgkfg Oadcakeak ke ààg ke pgra ds flksdhgrgh erammatdfac. Afflrhdke tl

tbg rgjgrgkfg erammar `y Vfbafbtgr akh Ltakgs (0>>:), tbg hdjjgrgkfg `gtwggk tbg sgktgkfgs wdtb ake-

marogh lìgft akh ke-marogh lìgft ds tbg hdrgftkgss lj tbg l`cdeatdlk. Dt bas `ggk statgh tbat ak ake-

marogh lìgft ds flksdhgrgh tl `g tbg hdrgft lìgft lj tbg sgktgkfg, wbdcg tbg ke-marogh lìgft ds fcadmgh

tl `g tbg dkhdrgft lìgft.

(8:) A. Oadcakeak ke cacaod ake oltsg.

@. Oadcakeak ke cacaod ke oltsg.

Cllodke at (8:) sgktgkfg A sueegsts tbat tbgrg ds a spgfdjdf far kgghgh `y tbg mak, akh tbat fgrtadk far ds

gxaftcy wbat bg kgghs. Lk tbg ltbgr bakh, sgktgkfg @ sueegsts tbat tbg mak ds klt spgfdjdfaccy kgghdke a

fgrtadk far, tbgrgjlrg, edvdke mlrg jlfus lk tbg usaeg lj tbg far mlrg tbak tbg far dtsgcj. Blwgvgr, tbg

hdrgftdlkacdty lj tbg aftdlk ds klt lkcy cdmdtgh tl tbds sdmpcg sgktgkfg. Oadcakeak, wbgk usgh as a mlhac

(lr ak auxdcdary vgr`), tbg marogrs acsl hgtgrmdkg tbg hdrgftkgss lj ak l`cdeatdlk. (Asardka Blct, 0>>7)

(85) A. Oadcakeake mawaca ke cacaod.

@. Oadcakeake mawaca ake cacaod.

Dk (85), dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat oadcakeak kgghs tbg cdkogr ketl `g a`cg tl flkkgft dtsgcj wdtb a vgr`,

akh tbg vgr` must `g dk dts prghdfatdvg lr àsdf jlrm. Xbg suìgft lj tbg sgktgkfg fluch `g marogh `y `ltb

keakh akeactblueb tbgy hlkt sggm tl bavg a flmpcgtgcy sdmdcar mgakdke. Vgktgkfg A fluch mgak tbat

tbg mak hdrgftcy rgfgdvgs tbg l`cdeatdlk, sl, dt dmpcdgs tbat tbg mak bdmsgcj ds l`cdegh tl hdsappgar.

Vgktgkfg @ dmpcdgs tbat tbgrg ds ak lutsdhg jlrfg wbdfb ds l`cdeatgh tl maog tbg mak hdsappgar. @gfausg

lj tbds, dt bas `ggk fcadmgh tbat sgktgkfgs wdtb ke-marogh suìgft arg flksdhgrgh tl gxprgss hdrgft

l`cdeatdlk wbdcg tblsg wdtb ake-marogh suìgfts gxprgss a klk-hdrgft l`cdeatdlk (Asardka Blct, 0>>7).

Asdhg jrlm `gdke a psguhl-vgr` akh a mlhac, tbg wlrh oadcakeak fluch acsl `g usgh as a kluk, iust cdog a

vgràc lr ak ahigftdvac rllt.

(82)

hgcdoahl ake pakablk, oaya `lhy euarh ake oadcakeak ml.

(84)

Vaelt cake kamak ake oadcakeak ml.

(7>) Hdsoartg cake ake oadcakeak.

(71)

Maoaoatuclke ouke daaylk ml ake cu`le ke oatawak ml sa mea àeay ka oadcakeak

mlke tawdrdk.


22/32

(70) Ake mea oatakedake oadcakeak para sa dsake cdhgr

Xbds may acsl `g usgh dk attrdùtdke a kluk sufb as tblsg lj (71) akh (70).Oadcakeakds usuaccy attafbgh

tbrlueb tbg cdkogr ka(lr ke). Dk `ltb sgktgkfgs, oadcakeakds jlukh ajtgr tbg kluk dt ds mlhdjydke,

blwgvgr, dt ds plssd`cg jlr tbg kluk akh oadcakeaktl dktgrfbakeg.

(76) Ake mea oadcakeake oatakedak para sa dsake cdhgr

(78)

>:). Xbds dmpcdgs tbat oadcakeak

madkcy jlfusgs akh gmpbasdzgs lk tbg flkfgpt lj sgcjwbgk dk usg. Xbgsg arg plssd`cy slmg lj tbg

rgaslks wby sgvgrac slurfgs, sufb as XaeacleGkecdsb hdftdlkardgs ljtgk hdrgftcy trakscatg tbds wlrh as

kggh dk Gkecdsb.Blwgvgr, tbgrg arg acsl dkstakfgs tbat tbds kgfgssdty may `g pgrfgdvgh as mlrg lj ak

l`cdeatdlk dkjcdftgh y ak lutgr jlrfg as dk (77).

(77) Oadcakeak kamdke maejlrmatdlk tuwdke Martgs at @dygrkgs.

0.

Hapat

Hapatds acsl flksdhgrgh `y Vfbafbtgr akh Ltakgs (1426) as a psguhl-vgr` ùt, ukcdog oadcakeak, tbg

gkvdrlkmgkt wbgrgdk hapatds usgh ds qudtg cdmdtgh.Hapatds acsl jlukh at tbg `gedkkdke lj tbg sgktgkfg

(prghdfatdvg plsdtdlk), ut dt ds hgpgkhgkt lj a vgr` pbrasg. Xbds ds wby tbds wlrh ds acsl flksdhgrgh as a

bdeb ahvgr`(Va`àeb, 0>16). Ubgk flkkgftdke a vgr` tl hapat, kaakh ay arg `ltb usgh as cdkogrs

actblueb sgktgkfgs arg stdcc flksdhgrgh erammatdfac gvgk wdtblut tbgm.

(7:)

hapat ay acdsdk ake mea saàw kdtl.

(75) Hapat ka acam ke mea tal sa lpdsdka ake wdoa ke oakyake hdpclmasya.


23/32

(72) Hapat dkuu`ls ml ake paeoadk ml.

Hapatmay acsl `g klmdkacdzgh tbrlueb tbg klmdkac marogrs lj Xaeacle ùt dt stdcc ds hgpgkhgkt lj a vgr`

pbrasg, ukcdog oadcakeakwbdfb fak stakh aclkg. Dk tbds dkstakfg, marapatmay lffur dk dts pcafg, wbdcg

kararapatmay lffur akywbgrg hapatmay `g pcafgh ùt ds usgh lk mlrg jlrmac lffasdlks.

(74) At sa hamd ke dkddsdp olke hapat hacbdk, bdkhd ka rdk aol kaoacayas.

(:>)

Aol ake hapat kdcake àcdtaak.

(:1) Ake hapat sakay kadhgplsdtl ay aosdhgktgke ka-wdtbhraw.

Xbds wlrh flkkltgs gxtgrkac kgfgssdty lr apprlprdatgkgss (Vfbafbtgr, 1426). Xbds wlrh (as a mlhac) ds

usgh wbgkgvgr ak dkhdvdhuac ds rgmdkhgh lj wbat tbgy arg supplsgh tl hl as ak uprdebt dkhdvdhuac.

Lvgracc, tbds mlhac gxprgssgs tbat ak aft ds supplsgh tl `g pgrjlrmgh lut lj huty/l`cdeatdlk.

VWMMAPT

Mgakdke Jlrm Jukftdlk Vampcg Vgktgkfg

Oadcakeak gxprgssgs dktgrkac

kgfgssdty? a pgrslkac

l`cdeatdlk lj

pgrjlrmdke ak aft

Oadcakeak + CO +Z^ psguhl-

vgr`

Oadcakeake mawaca ke cacaod.

Ake

ke + oadcakeak + CO +Z^

sa

Kluk hgcdoahl ake pakablk, oaya `lhy

euarh ake oadcakeak ml.

K + CO +oadcakeak + (Z^) ahigftdvg Ake mea oadcakeake oatakedak para

sa dsake cdhgr

Hapat gxprgssgs gxtgrkac

kgfgssdty akh

apprlprdatgkgss lj ak

aft

hapat+ ay +Z^

ka

psguhl-

vgr`

Hapat dkuu`ls ml ake paeoadk ml.

Ake

ke + hapat +Z^

sa

Kluk Ake hapat sakay kadhgplsdtl ay

aosdhgktgke ka-wdtbhraw.

Xa`cg 6. Vummary lj Xaeacle L`cdeatdlk ^sguhl-Zgr`s

Hdjjgrgktdatdke tbg Mgakdke

Xbrlueb tbg samg frdtgrda as tbg lkg usgh dk flmpardke tbg Iapakgsg l`cdeatdlk mlhacs, tbg twl Xaeacle

mlhacs sbacc acsl `g iuhegh dk tbg samg way dk ak attgmpt tl flmparg tbgm wdtb gafb ltbgr tbrlueb tbgdr

flktgxts.


24/32

Dmpgratdvg Gxpgftatdlk Dkgvdta`dcdty Vgcj Dkhdvdhuacdty Ahvdfg/

Vueegstdlk

Cgvgc lj

L`cdeatdlk

Oadcakeak Mghdac

Hapat Vtrlke

Xa`cg 8. Xbg Xaeacle L`cdeatdlk ^sguhl-Zgr`s akh tbgdr Jgaturgs

Dk statgmgkts usdke tbg wlrh hapatsufb as (77) (rgdtgratgh `gclw), tbgrg ds ak dmaeg lj tbg spgaogr tgccdke

ak dkhdvdhuac tl hl wbat tbgy tbdko ds rdebt/apprlprdatg (wbdfb ds tl rgmlvg tbg slup). Xbds tbgk edvgs lut

tbg jggc tbat tbg spgaogr edvgs lut ak ahvdfg/sueegstdlk (mgakdke tbat lkg stdcc bas tbg lptdlk lj klt

jlcclwdke tbg statgmgkt), as wgcc as `gdke ak dmpgratdvg. Dk tbds samg sgktgkfg, dt acsl plssd`cg tl dktgrprgt

tbds sgktgkfg as gdtbgr `gdke ahhrgssgh tl a spgfdjdf pgrslk lr tl a erlup lj pglpcg sdkfg suìgft ds pcafgh

dk tbg sgktgkfg. Udtb tbgsg taogk dktl flksdhgratdlk, wg fluch assumg tbat tbds sgktgkfg ds +dmpgratdvg,

+gxpgftatdlk, dkgvdta`dcdty, +ahvdfg,sgcj akh dkhdvdhuac.

hapat ay acdsdk ake saàw kdtl.

Dk usdke tbds mlhac, dt sggms tbat tbds fakklt gxprgss tbg dkgvdta`dcdty lj ak aftdlk. As sggk jrlm (77)-(75),

tbg sgktgkfgs dmpcy tbat tbgrg stdcc ds a fbldfg jlr tbg ahhrgssgg tl klt hl a fgrtadk aftdlk gvgk wbgk a

suìgft ds prgsgkt dk tbg sgktgkfg iust as dk (75).

Hapat dkuu`ls ml ake paeoadk ml.

Vtatgmgkts flktadkdke oadcakeakds madkcy usgh tl statg a fgrtadk kggh jlr slmglkg/slmgtbdke tl hl

slmgtbdke lr `g dk a fgrtadk statg cdog tbat lj (85). Dk tbg gxampcg dt was statgh tbat tbg mak was kgghgh tl

hdsappgar lr `g dk a statg lj hdsappgarakfg. Blwgvgr, tbds ds statgh as slmgtbdke tbat tbg spgaogr iuhegs as

ak aftdlk kgghgh tl `g pgrjlrmgh. Xbds may acsl `g sggk dk tbg gxampcgs cdstgh `gclw.

(:0) Oadcakeak olke yumuol

(:6) Oadcakeake mae-hlkatg ke pdktura sa sfbllc.

(:8) Oadcakeake maoa-erahuatg para maoaouba ke hdpclma.

Dk (:0), dt was statgh tbat tbg spgaogr kgghgh tl clwgr bds bgah. Xbds slmgblw flkkltgs tbat `gfausg lj ak

lffurrgkfg tbg spgaogr fluch klt hl akytbdke ùt clwgr bds bgah, sblwdke tbat tbg aftdlk was klt lut lj

gxpgftatdlk akh ukavldha`cg. Acsl `gfausg lj tbg prlkluk ol, dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat tbds mlhac may

acsl `g usgh wbgk pgrtadkdke tl lkgsgcj, akh klt lj akylkg gcsg. Dk cdkg wdtb tbds, wg may tbgk assumg

tbat (:0) sbacc `g marogh asdmpgratdvg,gxpgftatdlk, +dkgvdta`dcdty, +sgcj,dkhdvdhuac akhahvdfg.


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As jlr (:6), `gfausg tbg spgaogr statgs tbat pglpcg arg kgghgh/rgqudrgh tl hlkatg padkt jlr tbgdr sfbllc, tbg

sgktgkfg may `g flksdhgrgh as ak dmpgratdvg. Acsl, as sggk dk (:8) tbds may acsl edvg lut tbg flktgxt lj

dkgvdta`dcdty, akh sueegstdlk wbgk tbg pbrasg flktadkdke oadcakeakds flkkgftgh tl a su`lrhdkatdke fcausg

wbdfb gxprgssgs tbg purplsg lj tbg aftdlk sdkfg dt flkkltgs tbat ak aftdlk must `g hlkg tl afbdgvg

slmgtbdke. Dk cdkg wdtb tbds flkkltatdlk, wg may assumg tbat tbds was uttgrgh as ak ahvdfg/rgmdkhgr tl

tbg ahhrgssgg lj wbat ds kgghgh tl `g hlkg dk lrhgr tl l`tadk a fgrtadk elac.

Jrlm tbgsg l`sgrvatdlks, actblueb hapat akh oadcakeakappgar tl `g prgsgkt dk acmlst tbg samg

gkvdrlkmgkts as gafb ltbgr, tbgsg twl may `g prgsgktgh as sgparatg dhgktdtdgs. Xbds may `g l`sgrvgh

wbgk tbgdr cgvgc lj l`cdeatdlk ds mgasurgh.Hapat, oklwk tl `g a mlhac gxprgssdke l`cdeatdlk, ds sadh tl

flkkltg a bdebgr hgergg lj l`cdeatdlk flmpargh tl oadcakeaksdkfg tbg uregkfy ds acsl gxprgssgh dk tbds

mlhac. Blwgvgr, wbgk dt flmgs tl tbg flmpardslk lj tbg hgergg lj kgfgssdty, oadcakeakflkkltgs a

bdebgr hgergg lj kgfgssdty sdkfg tbds mlhac may flkkltg tbat tbg aftdlk tl `g pgrjlrmgh ds dkgvdta`cg akh

ukavldha`cg.

DDD. Flmparatdvgs lj Iapakgsg akh Xaeacle Mlhacs

1. @god ha


Vueegstdlk

Cgvgc lj

L`cdeatdlk

Ugao

Oadcakeak Mghdac

Hapat Vtrlke

Xa`cg 8. Flmpardslk lj tbg Jgaturgs lj `god ha akh tbg Xaeacle L`cdeatdlk Mlhacs

Vdkfg tbg prlmdkgkt jgaturg lj `god hads tbg flktgxt lj mlrac gxpgftatdlk, dt ds appargkt tbat tbg Xaeacle

mlhac fclsgr tl tbds mlhac (hgjdkdtdlk-wdsg) ds tbg mlhac hapat. Vdkfg hapatds madkcy usgh jlr gxprgssdke

ak l`cdeatdlk, dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat tbds mlhac cgaks mlrg lk dts flktgxt lj `gdke ak l`cdeatdlk tbak

tbat lj a kgfgssdty. Xbds may acsl `g l`sgrvgh jrlm tbg dkjlrmakts trakscatdlk lj sgktgkfgs flktadkdke

`god ha.

(a)

Hapat tayl maodkde kake maùtd sa ouwgktl ke mea dàke tal.

(`)

Hapat tayl kaebakha kake mas maùtd.


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(f)

Hapat oa maebdktay kake mas mataeac.

(h)

Hapat olke dtdkucly dylk.

(g)

Bdkhd oa hapat pumukta sa eakyake cuear.

(j)

Bdkhd ml hapat edkawa ake oatucah kdyak.

Dt fluch g l`sgrvgh dk tbg trakscatdlks tbat hapatwas usgh dk acc lffasdlks gvgk wbgk kgeatdke.

Xbgrgjlrg, tbds supplrts tbg assumptdlk tbat `god hads rgprgsgktgh `y hapatdk Xaeacle.

0.

Kaogrgà karakad


Vueegstdlk

Cgvgc lj

L`cdeatdlk

Mghdac

Oadcakeak Mghdac

Hapat Vtrlke

Xa`cg 7. Flmpardslk lj tbg Jgaturgs lj kaogrgà karakad akh tbg Xaeacle L`cdeatdlk Mlhacs

Cllodke at Xa`cg 7, dt sggms tbat `gfausg lj tbg egkgracdty lj tbg usaeg lj kaogrgà karakad, dt sggms tbathapatakh oadcakeakarg a`cg tl aft as fluktgrpart lj kaogrgà karakadwbgk trakscatgh dktl Xaeacle. Dk

(a) akh (`) dt fak `g l`sgrvgh tbat dj tbg sgktgkfg ds uttgrgh tl tbg spgaogr bdmsgcj, tbgrg ds a bdeb

plssd`dcdty tbat kaogrgà karakadcgaks mlrg lk tbg dmpcdfatdlk lj ak dktgrkac kgfgssdty wbdfb ds wby

oadcakeakwas prgjgrrgh lvgr hapatwbgk trakscatgh. @ut, tbgrg arg acsl slmg dkstakfgs wbgrgdk gvgk dk

tbds flktgxtuac gkvdrlkmgkt, hapat wluch `g prgjgrrgh lvgr oadcakeak iust cdog dk (f)

(a)

Oadcakeak olke umuwd àel mae-acas kwg`g.

(`)

Oadcakeak olke mae-ùsdkgss trdp sa Lsaoa sa susuklh ka pakablk.

(f)

Hapat mas aeabak ol pa sa susuklh ka paeoaoatalk.


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Egkgraccy spgaodke, wbgk kaogrgà karakadds dktgrprgtgh dk Xaeacle, hapatprgvadcs dk tgrms lj tbg

jrgqugkfy lj usaeg. Xbds iust elgs tl sblw tbat kaogrgà karakadds mlrg jlfusgh lk dts flktgxt lj bavdke

tl pgrjlrm ak l`cdeatlry aft tbak tbat lj kgfgssdty.

(h)

Hapat maedke maeacake ake pakakacdta.

(g)

Hapat sa @rasdc ake ùtl ke oapg.

(j) .

Hapat aol pumukta sa Ol`g kake mas maaea.

6.

Yaru wl gkad


Vueegstdlk

Cgvgc lj

L`cdeatdlk

Vtrlke

Oadcakeak Mghdac

Hapat Vtrlke

Xa`cg :. Flmpardslk lj tbg Jgaturgs lj zaru wl gkad akh tbg Xaeacle L`cdeatdlk Mlhacs

Xbrlueb tbds ta`cg, wg may assumg tbatzaru wl gkadfclsgr tl oadcakeaktbak hapatdk tgrms lj flktgxt,

madkcy gfausg lj tbg frdtgrdagxpgftatdlk, akh +dkgvdta`dcdty wbdfb arg slmg lj tbg flktgxts

gmpbasdzgh wbgk usdke tbds mlhac. Xbg trakscatdlk prlvdhgh `y tbg dkjlrmakt àfogh up tbds assumptdlk

sdkfg tbgrg wgrg kl trafgs lj hapatdk aky lj tbg sgktgkfgs trakscatgh. Blwgvgr, tbgrg arg acsl dkstakfgs

wbgrgdk tbg pbrasg wacake maeawaappgars dk slmg sgktgkfgs partdfucarcy dk sgktgkfgs (`), (f), akh (h).

Xbds tbgk dmpcdgs tbat oadcakeakmay `g blchdke tbg samg hgergg lj dkgvdta`dcdty sl tbg dkjlrmakt usgh

akltbgr pbrasg (dk tbds fasg, wacake maeawa) tl `g a`cg tl flkvgy tbg mgssaeg as bg ukhgrstllh dt. Dk

ahhdtdlk, dt fluch `g l`sgrvgh tbat tbgrg arg dkstakfgs wbgrgdk oadcakeakwas klt usgh dk tbg sgktgkfg (as

dk (f), (h), akh (j)) sblwdke tbat actblueb tbgy arg qudtg jdttdke wdtb gafb ltbgr dk tgrms lj mgakdke akh

jukftdlk, tbg flktgxts lj oadcakeakfakklt gxaftcy dmpcy tbg flktgxts ljzaru wl gkad, spgfdjdfaccy

oadcakeakhlgs klt gmpbasdzg lk tbg dkgvdta`dcdty lj ak aftdlk as mufb as dt hlgs lk kgfgssdty lj ak aftdlk.

(a)

Ouke masdsdra pa ake XZ ka dtl, oadcakeake ùmdcd ke àel.


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(`)

Ayaw ol ake pdsdoa pgrl oadcakeake oukdk ake ocasgke dtl oaya waca aolke maeaeawa.

(f)

Uaca aolke maeaeawa oukhd dàesao sd Xarl.

(h)

Kaoaodta aol ke maeakhake tasa sa Oyltl pgrl mabac oaya waca aolke kaeawa oukhd sumuol.

(g)

Wmaoyat aol bakeeake sa oacaedtkaak ke Mt. Juid pgrl odkadcakeak olke ùmacdo habdc macaoas

ake bakedk at ucak.

(j)

Masasa`dke drgsplksa`cg ake paetdedc ke traàblke bdkhd pa katatapls.

8.

Mlkl ha


Vueegstdlk

Cgvgc lj

L`cdeatdlk

Ugao

Oadcakeak Mghdac

Hapat Vtrlke

Xa`cg 5. Flmpardslk lj tbg Jgaturgs lj mlkl ha akh tbg Xaeacle L`cdeatdlk Mlhacs

Jrlm tbds ta`cg, dt fak `g assumgh tbat mlkl ha ds mlrg sdmdcar wdtb hapat sdkfg `ltb gxprgss huty as

mlrac l`cdeatdlk. As prllj lj tbds assumptdlk, tbg dkjlrmakt madkcy usgh hapat dk tbg trakscatdlk lj tbds

mlhac, dmpcydke tbat tbds mlhac ds cgakdke tlwarhs tbg mgakdke lj ak aft `gdke ak l`cdeatdlk tbak tbat lj

a kgfgssdty.

(a)

Bdkhd ml hapat patraàbudk ake kakay mlke matakha kake eakllk oabdepdt.

(`)

Hapat maetraàbl kake maùtd baàke àta pa.

(f)

Hapat ml pasacamatak ake kae`deay ke pasacu`lk sa dyl.

Blwgvgr, tbgrg sggm tl acsl `g dkstakfgs wbgrgdk oadcakeakds usgh as tbg fluktgrpart jlr mlkl ha. Vdkfg

tbds bah lkcy lffurrgh lkfg, ak akacysds lk tbds lffurrgkfg fakklt `g pgrjlrmgh.


29/32

(h)

Oadcakeake maetdds ke oauktd.

7.

Oltl (ha)


Vueegstdlk

Cgvgc lj

L`cdeatdlk

strlke

Oadcakeak mghdac

Hapat strlke

Xa`cg 2. Flmpardslk lj tbg Jgaturgs lj oltl ha akh tbg Xaeacle L`cdeatdlk Mlhacs

Jrlm tbg hata, dt sggms tbat oltl (ha)ds flktgxtuaccy mlrg sdmdcar wdtb oadcakeak tbak hapat`gfausg lj

tbg frdtgrdagxpgftatdlk.^lssd`cy, tbds l`sgrvatdlk may `g usgh as a ellh gxpcakatdlk lj wbat

oadcakeak dmpcdgs wbgk gxprgssdke ak l`cdeatdlk as dk (77). Blwgvgr, acc trakscatdlks prlvdhgh `y tbg

dkjlrmakt sblw tbat dkstgah lj usdke gdtbgr lj tbg twl Xaeacle mlhacs, tbg dmpgratdvg jlrm lj tbg vgr`s

wgrg prgjgrrgh dk tbg dktgrprgtatdlk lj oltl ha. Dt may tbgk `g assumgh tbat oltl hahlgs klt bavg a

Xaeacle mlhac fluktgrpart dk tgrms lj jukftdlk akh mgakdke.

(a)

Ouke eustl mlke pumaslo sa ukd`grsdhah, mae-arac oa kake maùtd.

(`)

Ouke muobake sdsdpukdk oa, matucle kake maaea.

(f)

âucdt-ucdt oake maesakay para maedke mabusay.

(h)

Ake asaykmgkt ka sakaysay ay dpasa oay Mr. Odmura àel ake doa-7.

(g) 11 1510 IP

Maetdplk-tdplk oayl sa tdfogt eatg ke gstasylk ke IP Xamafbd ke acas hlsg ke doa-15 ke

Kl`ygm`rg(Martgs).

FLKFCWVDLK

@asgh jrlm tbg akacysds, dt fak `g flkfcuhgh tbat Xaeacle cgxdfac dtgms, oadcakeakakh hapat, dk tgrms lj

jukftdlk, aft sdmdcarcy wdtb tbg Iapakgsg mlhacs, `god ha, kaogrgà karakad,zaru wl gkad, mlkl haakh

oltl ha, sdkfg acc tbg mlhacs hdsfussgh arg usgh as l`cdeatdlk mlhacs ùt tbgy arg klt qudtg paraccgc wdtb


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gafb ltbgr dk tgrms lj mgakdke. Iapakgsg mlhacs arg mufb mlrg partdfucar wbgk dt flmgs tl tbg flktgxts

dk wbdfb tbgy arg usgh wbdcg tbg Xaeacle mlhacs arg trgatgh as gktdtdgs sgparatg jrlm gafb ltbgr `gfausg

tbgy hl klt dmpcy tbg samg tbdke. Xbg twl mlhacs slmgblw maog tbg hdfbltlmy `gtwggk

l`cdeatdlks/hutdgs akh kgfgssdtdgs mlrg appargkt. Xbds ds gxaftcy tbg jaftlr flksdhgrgh wbgk jdeurdke lut

wbdfb Xaeacle mlhac rgprgsgkt wbdfb Iapakgsg mlhac. Vdkfg tbg mlhacs lj Iapakgsg bavg dktgrcafgh

mgakdkes lj kgfgssdty akh l`cdeatdlk, tbg fbllsdke lj tbg mlrg prgjgra`cg Xaeacle fluktgrpart lj tbg

mlhac ds qudtg fbaccgkedke. Dk jdkhdke tbg fluktgrpart lj a Iapakgsg mlhac, tbg sgktgkfg ds iuhegh `y

ukhgrstakhdke wbgtbgr tbg flktgxt lj tbg sgktgkfg mlrg lj ak l`cdeatdlk tbak a kgfgssdty, dk wbdfb fasg ds

rgprgsgktgh wdtb hapat, lr tbg lpplsdtg, dk wbdfb fasg ds rgprgsgktgh wdtb tbg mlhac oadcakeak. Dk

ahhdtdlk, `gfausg lj tbg kgutracdty (dk mgakdke) lj tbg twl l`cdeatdlk mlhacs lj Xaeacle, ltbgr cgxdfac

dtgms arg `gdke usgh tl fapturg tbg gssgkfg lj tbg mlhacs usgh dk Iapakgsg.

VWMMAPT

Xbg jdkhdkes dk tbds rgsgarfb papgr sblw tbat tbg l`cdeatdlk mlhacs hl klt lkcy gxprgss tbg egkgrac

l`cdeatdlk lr huty, ùt gafb mlhac bas a spgfdjdf typg lj l`cdeatdlk dt gxprgssgs. Egkgraccy, tbgsg cgxdfac

dtgms arg oklwk tl bavg a taso lj gxprgssdke prlà`dcdty, flmmakh, huty, akh rgflekdtdlk. Blwgvgr, dk

slmg cakeuaegs, dt ds prlà`cg tbat mlhacs gxprgssdke prlà`dcdty, flmmakh, huty, akh rgflekdtdlk arg

klt rgprgsgktgh `y a sdkecg jlrm aclkg dk gafb fatgelry. Dk tbg Iapakgsg cakeuaeg, tbgrg arg tbrgg mlhacs

tbat fak gxprgss huty lr l`cdeatdlk (wdtb tbg ahhdtdlk lj mlkl ha akh oltl ha), maodke dt flkjusdke jlr

Iapakgsg cakeuaeg cgarkgrs `gfausg tbgy bavg a barh tdmg dhgktdjydke wbdfb mlhac ds apprlprdatg tl usg dk

wbdfb dkstakfgs dkvlcvdke huty lr l`cdeatdlk. Xbds papgr admgh tl ahhrgss tbg sadh prl`cgm, akh

spgfdjdfaccy dhgktdjdgh tbg fdrfumstakfgs wbgrgdk gafb mlhac ds usgh. Dk cdkg wdtb tbds, tbg Xaeacle

mlhacs bavg acsl `ggk akacyzgh dk a sdmdcar makkgr. Bavdke dhgktdjdgh tbg spgfdjdf typg lj l`cdeatdlk

tbgsg huty auxdcdary vgr`s gxprgss, wdcc bgcp tbg cakeuaeg cgarkgrs ukhgrstakh dk wbat sdtuatdlks tbgsg

huty auxdcdary vgr`s arg tl `g usgh. Asdhg jrlm tbds, tbds rgsgarfb papgr acsl attgmptgh tl jdkh lut blw a

Xaeacle mlhac fluktgrpart lj gafb Iapakgsg l`cdeatdlk mlhac ds fblsgk tbrlueb l`sgrvdke tbg flktgxts dk

wbdfb tbgsg mlhacs arg prgsgkt. Castcy, tbds papgr wdcc acsl flktrdùtg kgw jdkhdkes dk tbg jdgch lj

flmpardslk `gtwggk tbg Iapakgsg akh Xaeacle cakeuaeg, spgfdjdfaccy, dk tbg jdgch lj mlhacs gxprgssdke

huty lr l`cdeatdlk.

PGFLMMGKHAXDLK

Xbds papgr ds lkcy a prgcdmdkary rgsgarfb a`lut tbg l`cdeatdlk mlhacs lj Iapakgsg akh Xaeacle. Jurtbgr

stuhy ds rgflmmgkhgh `gfausg tbgrg may `g `gttgr, mlrg apprlprdatg frdtgrda dk tbg hdjjgrgktdatdlk lj tbg

mlhacs tl edvg fcgargr hdstdkftdlk lj tbg mlhacs, gspgfdaccy tblsg lj Xaeacle. Acsl, dt ds acsl


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rgflmmgkhgh tbat a Jdcdpdkl jcugkt dk Iapakgsg acsl trakscatg sgktgkfgs flktadkdke tbgsg mlhacs tl `g

a`cg tl flmparg tbg pgrfgptdlk lj tbg Iapakgsg lk Xaeacle mlhacs akh tbg pgrfgptdlk lj tbg Jdcdpdkl lk

Iapakgsg mlhacs. Dt wluch acsl `g `gttgr jlr tblsg wbl arg dktgrgstgh dk stuhydke tbds tlpdf tl eatbgr mlrg

hata tl `g a`cg tl flmg up wdtb a mlrg vda`cg flkfcusdlk.

@d`cdlerapby

Acjlksl, A. (14::).Iapakgsg Cakeuaeg attgrks9 a strufturac apprlafb.Xloyl9 Vlpbda Wkdvgrsdty C.C.

Fgktgr lj Appcdgh Cdkeudstdfs.

Asardka, A., & Blct, A. (0>>7, Vgptgm`gr 10). Vyktafs akh Vgmaktdfs lj Xaeacle Mlhacs.Pgtrdgvgh jrlm

MDX-Massafbussgtts Dkstdtutg lj Xgfbklcley9 bttp9//wg`.mdt.ghu/acya/www/XaeacleMlhacs.phj

Eluch, V. (0>11).Mlhac Auxdcdary Zgr`s. Pgtrdgvgh jrlm @drmdkebam Fdty Wkdvgrsdty9

bttp9//cd`rary.`fu.af.uo

Blyg, C. (1445).Ahvgr`s akh Mlhacdty dk Gkecdsb.Kgw Tlro9 Ahhdslk Clkemak Dkf.

Oamgrmaks, M. (0>>:, Lftl`gr 6>). Ak Dktrlhuftdlk tl Iapakgsg Vyktax, Erammar akh Cakeuaeg.

Oatlu. (0>>:)..Xloyl9 Ogkoyusba.

Obldrukkdsa, K. (0>1>).A Flmparatdvg Vtuhy gtwggk Gkecdsb akh Iapakgsg Auxdcdary Zgr`.

Tleyaoarta9 Wkdvgrsdty lj Abmah Habcak.

Maodkl, V., & Xsutsud, M. (0>>1).A Hdftdlkary lj Dktgrmghdatg Iapakgsg.Xloyl9 Xbg Iapak Xdmgs Cth.

Karrle, B. (0>>4).Mlhacdty dk Iapakgsg9 tbg caygrgh strufturg lj tbg fcausg akh bdgrarfbdgs lj jukftdlkacfatgelrdgs.Amstgrham9 Ilbk @gkiamdks û`cdsbdke Fl.

âcmgr, J. (144>).Mlhacdty akh tbg Gkecdsb Mlhacs.Clkhlk9 Clkemak Erlup Cdmdtgh.

Va`àeb, I. (0>18, Marfb). Ulrh Lrhgr akh ^rlslhdf-Vtrufturg Flkstradkts dk Xaeacle. Vyktax, pp. 8>-24.

Vfbafbtgr, ^., & Ltakgs, J. (1426). Xaeacle Pgjgrgkfg Erammar.Cls Akegcgs9 Wkdvgrsdty lj Facdjlrkda

^rgss.

Xlmlmatsu, & Mdyamltl. (0>1>). 7>> Gssgktdac Iapakgsg Gxprgssdlks9 a eudhg tl flrrgft usaeg lj ogy

sgktgkfg pattgrks..

Tamaedwa, I. (1480).Mlhgrk Flkvgrsatdlkac Iapakgsg.WVA9 MfEraw-Bdcc @llo Flmpaky, Dkf.

Vgktgkfg Vlurfgs


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1Acjlksl, A. (14::).Iapakgsg Cakeuaeg attgrks9 a strufturac apprlafb.Xloyl9 Vlpbda Wkdvgrsdty C.C.

Fgktgr lj Appcdgh Cdkeudstdfs.

0Asardka, A., & Blct, A. (0>>7, Vgptgm`gr 10). Vyktafs akh Vgmaktdfs lj Xaeacle Mlhacs.Pgtrdgvgh

jrlm MDX-Massafbussgtts Dkstdtutg lj Xgfbklcley9

bttp9//wg`.mdt.ghu/acya/www/XaeacleMlhacs.phj

6Atacda, G. (0>>4).Cdel ka W, Capdt ka Mg. Zdsprdkt.

8Elkzacgs, Z. (0>>2).Dsake Kapaoacaodke Oaastdeak. Mdcjclrgs u`cdsbdke, Dkf.

7Oatlu. (0>>:)..Xloyl9 Ogkoyusba.

:Maodkl, V., & Xsutsud, M. (0>>1).A Hdftdlkary lj Dktgrmghdatg Iapakgsg.Xloyl9 Xbg Iapak Xdmgs Cth.

5k.a. (18 Klvgm`gr 0>1>). ~~~.Tuds Hdary. Pgtrdgvgh jrlm

bttp9//www.hlu`ak.flm/kltg/1>>787126/

2Xlmlmatsu, & Mdyamltl. (0>1>). 7>> Gssgktdac Iapakgsg Gxprgssdlks9 a eudhg tl flrrgft usaeg lj ogy

sgktgkfg pattgrks.Xloyl9.

4Xlmlmatsu, & Uaourd. (0>>5). 0>. Xloyl9 6A Flrplratdlk.

1>Tamaedwa, I. (1480).Mlhgrk Flkvgrsatdlkac Iapakgsg.WVA9 MfEraw-Bdcc @llo Flmpaky, Dkf.

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