Office of Air and Radiation

Progress, Challenges,

and Opportunities

July 2006

Innovative Programs

Trading and economic incentives CAIR, CAMR Acid Rain/NOx Budget Program

Voluntary Partnerships Energy Star, Climate Leaders,… Tools for Schools,… Clean Schoolbus USA, Smart Way,… Community-based programs, CARE (e.g. Charlotte, Cleveland)

Information-based programs -- e.g. AIRNOW, E-GRID, Green Vehicle Guide, PSAs

Early use of advanced technology -- e.g. low sulfur fuels, diesel retrofits, fuel cells, renewables

Regulatory flexibility – e.g., Early Action Compacts, Banking and Trading programs for engine manufacturers

The Air & Radiation ProgramThe Federal Role Economic, air quality, and policy analysis

Set national standards with states/locals/tribes implementing

e.g., NAAQS, toxic air pollutants

Help states/locals/tribes attain standards with national programs

e.g., vehicle emission standards, acid rain program

Partner with Indian Tribes e.g., CAA treats tribes like states

Provide tools for states, locals, tribes, and others e.g., emission models, guidance, & grants

Global program e.g., stratospheric ozone, climate

4

Economic Growth and Emissions Decline

Power Plants are Significant Contributors to Public Health and Environmental Challenges

Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides

* Other stationary combustion includes residential and commercial sources.

Mercury

Electric Power (63%)

Electric Power (22%)

Electric Power (37%)

Transportation

Miscellaneous

Electric power

Other stationarycombustion *

Industrial Processing

Clear Skies Act: Caps and Timing

69%15 (2018)

26 (2010)

48Mercury (tons)

67%1.7 million (2018)

2.1 million (2008)

5 millionNitrogen Oxides (tons)

73%3 million (2018)4.5 million (2010)

11 millionSulfur Dioxide (tons)

Total Reductions

at Full Implementation

Phase 2 Cap

Phase 1 CapEmissions(2000)

Major Reductions in SO2 Emissions and Acid Rain

SO2 emissions from power plants down by 5.5 million tons

since 1990

Acid rain reduced by

25 – 40%

Wet Sulfate DepositionAverage 1989 - 1991

Wet Sulfate DepositionAverage 2000 – 2002

10.2

0

5

10

15

20

1980 1990 1995 2000 2002 2010

Mil

lio

n T

on

s o

f S

O2

Actual EmissionsFinal Cap

15.7

10.2

17.3

8.9511.211.9

Air Toxic Emissions 1990-2007

With CAA

Without CAA

1990/1993 1996 1999 2007 2007 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9M

illio

ns

Em

issi

ons

[ton

s/yr

]

(projected) (projected) (projected)

Mercury Challenges

Nationally 60% of the mercury falling on the U.S. is coming from

current U.S. man-made sources

Internationally Mercury is transported regionally and globally Reducing deposition in the U.S. to acceptable levels

requires collaboration between the U.S. and other countries to reduce emissions

Ozone Layer Protection Progress

On track to save 6.3 M US lives and avoid 299 M non-fatal skin cancer and 27.5 M cataract incidences

19891990

19911992

19931994

19951996

19971998

Years

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Thousands o

f M

etr

ic T

onnes

U.S. Consumption Phaseout Limit

U.S. Consumption of ODSs(includes CFC, halons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform)

President’s goal to improve GHG intensity by 18% by 2012 (GHG intensity = tons of GHG/$GDP)

EPA's programs contribute:

45 mmtce* annually to intensity improvement goal by 2012

An additional 75 mmtce from sustained growth programs as reflected in the Administration’s baseline

U.S. GHG Emissions Projections (2002 - 2012)

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

2400

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Em

issi

on

s (M

MT

CE

)

Without EPA Measures

Administration Baseline

With Enhanced EPA Voluntary Programs

18% Intensity Improvement

2148 (18.0%)

2333 (11.3 %)

2211 (15.6%)

2256 (13.8%)

Climate Change: EPA Programs Produce Results Critical to Meeting President’s Goal

* MMTCE = million metric tons of carbon equivalent

12

WSSD Partnership for Clean Indoor Air

Launched by EPA and partners at WSSD in 2002 3.2 billion people use solid fuels for energy -- # growing Over 1.6 million deaths per year 4th worst health risk in poor developing countries (#11 overall)

PCIA now has over 120 global partners 10 Pilot Projects in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Reduce indoor smoke by 50-80% Reduce fuel use by 50% or more Demonstrate effective approaches, share lessons, and scale

up

13

WSSD Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles WHO estimates urban air pollution leads to 800,000

premature deaths/year In 2002, 88 countries still used lead in gasoline Vehicles often contribute over 50% of urban air pollution.

PCFV now has over 80 partners from 32 countries China: working with SEPA, Beijing EPB & others

Low sulfur fuels policy Beijing diesel retrofit project Advanced technologies and compliance strategies

Also active in Africa, Mexico, and Central America Sub-Saharan Africa is has now phased out leaded gasoline

Sharing information and technologies with 81 countries

Recently Enacted Legislation

Energy Bill Address MTBE issue Establish an EPA – implemented

Renewable fuels program Clean school bus program Anti-truck idling program

Transportation Bill Re-authorizes CMAQ Program New flexibility on transportation conformity