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1 | Biomass Program eere.energy.gov

Office of Biomass Program

Advanced Biofuels and the RFS

Valerie Reed, Ph.D.

Acting Program Manager

Office of Biomass Programs

Department of Energy June 13, 2012


Developing and securing America’s energy resources

• Expand safe and responsible domestic oil and gas

development and production

• Lead the world toward safer and more secure energy supplies

Innovating our way to a clean energy future

• Harness America’s clean energy potential through supporting

industry in commercializing new biofuels technologies

• Win the future through clean energy research, development,

and deployment activities that reduce barriers to increased

biofuel, bioproduct, and biopower use

Provide consumers with choices to reduce costs and

save energy

• Reduce consumer costs at the pump with more efficient, fuel-

flexible cars and trucks

Administration Priorities


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1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

American Recovery & Reinvestment

Act of 2009 (Recovery Act)

Biomass R&D

Act of 2000 Energy Policy

Act of 2005

Energy Independence &

Security Act of 2007

Annual Appropriations

Congressionally Directed Projects

Recovery Act

Fiscal Year

$ M

illio

ns

Program Drivers Legislative & Administrative Drivers

$200M FY 2012


Value of Biofuels

Pump price:

$125/bbl

($3/gal) Biomass Cost of feedstock supply and

logistics: $31/bbl

Cost of conversion,

distribution,

marketing: $74/bbl

Taxes:

$20/bbl = + +

Pump

price:

$125/bbl

($3/gal)

Imported

crude oil

($75/bbl)

Cost of

production &

transport

(avg.): $20/bbl

Profit to host

country:

$55/bbl

Cost of

refining &

marketing:

$30/bbl

Taxes:

$20/bbl = + + +

Price differential between imported crude oil and domestic biomass:

$75/barrel x 4.3 billion barrels/year = $323 billion/year

Sources: EIA, Annual Energy Review; OBP MYPP

• Jobs Creation and Balance of Trade - displacing oil imports offers massive opportunity for domestic

jobs creation, with virtually no consequent job destruction

• Climate Change Mitigation - sustainable biomass production can provide >50% GHG reduction vs.

petroleum-based fuels on a complete life-cycle basis

• Energy Security - domestic production decreases vulnerability to short-term economic disruption due

to war, civil unrest, OPEC action, speculation, etc.

Creating a National Biomass Economy

Lost


Strategic

Goal:

Vision:

Mission:

Biomass Program Mission, Vision, and Goals

A viable, sustainable domestic biomass industry that produces

renewable biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower:

• Creates economic and employment opportunities across the nation

• Enhances U.S. energy security

• Reduces our dependence on oil

• Provides environmental benefits, including reduced GHG emissions

Develop and transform our renewable biomass resources into

commercially viable, high-performance biofuels, bioproducts, and

biopower through targeted RDD&D supported through public and

private partnerships.

Develop commercially viable biomass technologies to enable the

production of biofuels nationwide and reduce dependence on oil

through the creation of a new domestic bioenergy industry, thus

supporting the EISA goal of 36 billion gallons per year of renewable

transportation fuels by 2022. And, increase biopower’s contribution

to national renewable energy goals by increasing biopower

generating capacity.


Expanding Scope

U.S. Department

of Energy

Biomass Program

Cellulosic Ethanol

Alternative Light-Duty and Diesel

Replacement Fuels

Historic focus on

RDD&D to convert

lignocellulosic biomass

to fuel ethanol and

other products.

Expansion of scope to

include other advanced

biofuels such as hydrocarbon

fuels (renewable gasoline,

diesel, jet fuel), algae-derived

biofuels, and biobutanol.

The Biomass Program forms cost-share partnerships with key stakeholders to develop, demonstrate, and deploy technologies for advanced biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower from lignocellulosic and algal biomass.


Source: Energy Information Administration, “Oil: Crude

Oil and Petroleum Products Explained” and AEO2009,

Updated February 2010, Reference Case.

*American Petroleum Institute.

Greater focus needed on RDD&D for a

range of technologies to displace the

entire barrel of petroleum crude

• Reducing dependence on oil requires

replacing diesel, jet, heavy distillates, and

a range of other chemicals and products

• Cellulosic ethanol can displace gasoline

fraction

• U.S. spends about $1B each day on

crude oil imports*

• Nearly 22.3M barrels of oil are required

every day to fuel ~247M light-duty

vehicles on the road*

• Only about 40% of a barrel of crude oil is

used to produce petroleum gasoline

*

Replacing the Whole Barrel


Overcoming Barriers to RFS

Barriers

• High cost of enzymatic

conversion

• High cost of organisms for

producing ethanol from complex

sugars within cellulosic biomass

• Limitations of thermochemical

conversion processes

• Demonstration/integration of

technology in biorefineries

• Inadequate feedstock and

distribution infrastructure

• Sustainability issues

Solutions

• R&D to improve effectiveness and

reduce costs of enzymatic conversion

• R&D on advanced micro-organisms

for fermentation of sugars

• R&D on thermochemical conversion and

upgrading of refinery compatible

intermediates

• Fund commercial biorefinery

demonstrations, 10% scale validation, and

advanced biofuel pilot projects

• Form interagency infrastructure and

feedstock teams

• Develop detailed LCAs, tools, and models

to ensure sustainable production

NAS Study calls for innovation and consistent policy to meet RFS


The Program’s portfolio is organized to reflect the biomass-to-bioenergy supply chain—

from the source to the end user.

Feedstocks

Supply

Develop sustainable technologies to provide a secure,

reliable, and affordable biomass feedstock supply for the

U.S. bioenergy industry

Conversion

R&D

Develop technologies for converting feedstocks into

commercially viable liquid transportation fuels, as well as

bioproducts and biopower

Biomass Program Strategy Spans Supply Chain

Integrated

Biorefineries

Demonstrate and validate integrated technologies to

achieve commercially acceptable performance and

cost targets

Distribution,

Infrastructure,

and End

Support efforts to ensure that biofuels can safely, cost-

effectively, and sustainably reach their market and be used

by consumers as a replacement for petroleum fuels

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/biomass_feedstocks.html


Terrestrial Feedstocks Activities

Feedstock Interface – Resource Assessment

• Billion Ton Update

• High Yield Workshops

Feedstock Interface - Production

• Regional Feedstock Partnership

• Knowledge Discovery Framework

• Residue Removal Decision Framework

Feedstock Interface – Feedstock Quality

• Biomass Sample Library

Feedstock Logistics - High Tonnage Demonstrations

• Moisture management in southern pine systems

• Increased automation over conventional ag

• Energy input reductions for switchgrass systems

• Single pass harvesting of woody energy crops

• Cost reduction and increased feedstock quality in

agricultural residue systems.

• Demonstration of 2012 cellulosic ethanol targets

Feedstock Logistics – Core R&D

• Deployable Process Demonstration

Unit User Facility (PDU)

• Delivered fundamental & engineering

research, as well as demonstrations

for achieving 2012 cellulosic ethanol

targets

• Herbaceous and Woody feedstock

design cases

• Developing cost and design targets

for achieving $3/gal 2017 goal

• Established the Uniform Format

vision to deliver the full Billion Ton


Aquatic Species Program (ASP) Legacy

• 1976: ASP initiated

• 1996: ASP closed out after demonstrating a pathway to algal biodiesel at 2-

3x cost of regular diesel

Biomass Program Algae Platform Development

• 2009: Used ARRA to develop Algae Consortia & Algae Biorefinery FOAs

• 2010: Roadmap released by DOE

• 2010: Selected $174M DOE value in R&D (Consortia Initiative) and D&D

(IBRs) new competitive activities

• 2010: Convened National Academies to develop a Algal Biofuels

Sustainability report

• 2012: Released $15M Advancements in Sustainable Algal Production

(ASAP) FOA to establish algae user facilities; gather long-term, regionally

specific cultivation data; and develop nutrient, water, and CO2 technology

Algae 2013 and Beyond

• 2013: Plans to release $17M Algal Biomass Yield (ABY) FOA to target

increases in biomass productivity in outdoor, commercially relevant

cultivation systems & increase downstream processing efficiency.

– Topic 1: Enhanced Biological Yield

– Topic 2: Improved Downstream Processing

Algae Activities

Secretary Chu Visits NAABB

(left to right: R. Sayre, W. Danforth, S. Chu)

June, 2010

Algae Roadmap

¼ Mile 1 Mile

Google Image of Sapphire IBR Project, Jan 2012

D&D: Sapphire IBR Scale-Up (2012)

R&D: NAABB Consortium Kicks Off (2010)

Roadmaps: ASP; Algae Roadmap Workshop


RD&D projects are improving the thermochemical conversion of cellulosic biomass

into biofuels such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.

Deconstruction

• Ground and dried biomass is heated in reactors to produce gas, solid, and liquid

intermediates

• Gasification efforts are being de-emphasized after 2012 demonstration

Transformation

• Synthesis gas is cleaned (inorganics and CO2 removal) and conditioned (tar reforming)

and converted into biofuels and chemicals

• Bio-oils are stabilized and upgraded (O2 removal) to produce biofuels and chemicals

Thermochemical Conversion

Biomass

BIOFUELS Fuel

Processing

Gasification

Liquefaction

Syngas Cleanup

& Conditioning

Bio-oil

Stabilization

Deconstruction Transformation

Fuel Synthesis

Fuel Processing


Syngas to Liquid Fuels Validation Goal: Prove validity of syngas clean-up technologies used in

converting a wide range of biomass feedstock into ethanol or

hydrocarbon fuels

Pyrolysis Oil Stabilization Goal: Develop processes or techniques that stabilize fast

pyrolysis bio oils generated from woody biomass

Bio-Oil Upgrading Goal: Demonstrate ability to produce hydrocarbon transportation

fuel that can be blended at up to 30 wt% or an upgraded bio-oil

compatible with existing petroleum refining unit operations

Thermochemical Intermediates Upgrading Goal: Demonstrate the ability to produce intermediate-

hydrocarbon process, or the ability to produce transportation fuel

from any intermediate.

Successes In

Gasification and

Syngas

Conversion

• Warm gas clean up

(inorganics)

• Designed catalysts

and processing

techniques for tar

reforming

• Designed catalysts

for mixed alcohols

and yield ethanol

catalysis

• Developed

molecular and

kinetic models for

gasification and

pyrolysis (will be

leveraged for CFD

modeling)

Thermochemical Conversion Efforts


RD&D projects are improving the biochemical conversion of cellulosic biomass to

biofuels and chemicals

Deconstruction

• Biomass is usually pre-treated, commonly with a mixture of hot water

and chemicals to make it amenable to hydrolysis

• The pre-treated biomass can be exposed to enzymes, which unlock

and release (hydrolyze) the biomass sugars

• Alternately, biomass can be completely deconstructed into sugar and

carbohydrate streams using non-enzymatic processing technologies

for hydrolysis

Transformation

• The sugar-rich media is then fed to organisms, like yeast and E. Coli,

which transform the sugars into biofuels and chemicals

• Chemical catalysis can also be employed to transform the sugars into

biofuels and chemicals

Biomass Pretreatment Hydrolysis

Deconstruction

Transformation

Biological Conversion

Chemical Conversion

Product Upgrading

& Recovery

BIOFUELS

An enzyme that turns

cellulose into sugar (image

courtesy of NREL)

Biochemical Conversion Technologies


Enzyme Development for Saccharification Goal: Utilize pretreated biomass feedstocks and hydrolyzates to

maximize production of glucose and xylose yields by developing

robust enzymes requiring reduced protein loading levels

Ethanologen Strain Development Goal: Increase microorganism productivity for ethanol production

(titer, rate and yield) , inhibitor tolerance and conversion of both

C5 and C6 sugars using real and modeled biomass hydrolyzate

streams

Biochemical Process Integration Goal: Show improvements to biochemical conversion unit

operations for hydrocarbon fuel production in one unit operation,

two or more unit operations or one or more unit operation using

heterotrophic algae.

Successes in

Saccharifcation

and Fermentation

• On track to meet

FY12 milestone to

demonstrate enzyme

loading of 3.6 mg

protein/g

carbohydrates while

achieving a 90%

conversion of xylan

to xylose.

• In all validations,

ethanol titer was

improved by at least

15% and xylose

utilization by at least

10% over

benchmark

Biochemical Conversional Efforts


Biofuel Production Cost Projections and Targets

• Focus on RD&D of cellulosic biofuel technologies to help reduce the cost of production and

spur private sector investment in biorefineries

• Cost of production of cellulosic biofuels – currently higher than conventional petroleum (and

starch-based) fuels

• Production costs going down substantially as a result of Program support, declines projected to

continue

• Biochemical drop in fuels – under study

2012

Pyrolysis to HC - Fuels Biochem to Ethanol Gasification to Ethanol

2017

$5.43

$4.16

$3.20

$5.99

$2.22

$3.05

$7.08

$3.76

$4.37

$-

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

$8.00

2007 2010 2012 2007 2010 2012 2010 2012 2017

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Biomass Grower Payment Feedstock Processing Conversion Processing


Integrated Biorefinery Project Locations

Project Scale Key

Research and Development

Pilot

Demonstration

Commercial

Complete/Inactive


Lab Core Capabilities

Core Areas of Research: Separative Bioreactor; Land Use; Advanced Biofuels;

Sustainability; Biomass Conversion; GREET.

Core Areas of Research: Biomass Characterization; Strategic Analysis; Feedstock

Logisitics; Preconversion; Microalgal feedstocks

Core Areas of Research: JBEI; Bioenergy Feedstocks; Biomass

Deconstruction; Fuels Synthesis; Biofuels Technologies; Advanced Biofuel

Process Demonstration Unit

Core Areas of Research: Algae Biology; Cellulose Structure; Enzyme Development;

Conversion; Lipid Harvesting; Water Management

Core Areas of Research: Biomass Characterization; Biochemical Conversion;

Thermochemical Conversion; Chemical Catalyst; Integrated Biorefinery Processes;

Microalgal Biofuels; Biomass Process and Sustainability Analysis

Core Areas of Research: Resource Analysis; Biofeedstocks; Sustainability; KDF;

Feedstock Logistics; Biorefineries; End Users

Core Areas of Research: Pyrolysis; Gasification; Fungal Genomics; Algal

Biomass; Sustainability and Analysis

Core Areas of Areas of Research: Ionic Liquid Pretreatment; Enzyme Optimization;

Microfluidics Assay

http://www.anl.gov/index.html

https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/home/255

http://www.lbl.gov/

http://www.lanl.gov/

http://www.nrel.gov/

http://www.ornl.gov/

http://www.pnl.gov/

http://www.sandia.gov/


Strategic Partnering

• Share and learn from

valuable insights and

perspectives that can

help identify the most

critical challenges

• Better define and employ

strategies with partners

from industry, national

labs, academia, and non-

profit organizations to

overcome challenges in

effectively deploying

biofuels and bioproducts

Project Performers

• Several National Laboratories

• Industry, Academic, and Non-Profit Project Partners

• State and Local Entities

DOE Internal Collaboration

• Golden Field Office (Project Management Center)

• Other Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Program Offices

• Office of Science (OS)

• Office of Advanced Research Projects-Energy (ARPA-E)

Federal Collaboration

Offices and programs within the following:

• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

• National Science Foundation (NSF)

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

• Department of the Interior (DOI)

• Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)

• Department of Transportation (DOT)

• Department of Defense (DOD)

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(NASA)

Non-Federal Coordination and

Collaboration

• Biomass R&D Technical Advisory Committee

• State, Local, and International Agencies and

Research Institutions

• Trade and Professional Associations

• Nongovernmental Organizations

• Investment and Financial Communities


Biomass R&D Board

• Facilitate intra- and inter-agency

coordination

• DOE & USDA are co-chairs

• EPA, DOD, NSF, OSTP, DOT

and others

• DOE Office of Science, ARPA-E,

Loan Guarantee Program, and

Vehicle Technologies Program

Interagency Cooperation

Biomass R&D Technical

Advisory Committee (TAC)

• 30 members from industry,

academia, non-profit organizations,

state government, and trade

associations

• Develops annual recommendations

to the Board on Federal R&D


Biomass 2012

Biomass 2012: Confronting Challenges, Creating

Opportunities – Sustaining a Commitment to Bioenergy

July 10 – 11, Washington, D.C. Convention Center

Confirmed Speakers include:

– Heather Zichal, Deputy Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change

– Steven Chu, Secretary of Energy

– David Danielson, Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

– Chris Coons, Member of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee

– Dennis McGinn, Retired Vice Admiral, President of the American Council on

Renewable Energy

– Sharon E. Burke, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Operational Energy Plans and

Programs

– Dallas Tonsager, Under Secretary of Agriculture

New this year – Poster Session Targeted primarily for university researchers, but other

university, national lab, and private researchers

More information can be found at the following website:

www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/biomass_2012.html

http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/biomass_2012.html

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