ohhs ap biology chapter 50 (class presentation)
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 50Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
Complex sensory systems that facilitate survival.
Bats use sonar to detect prey.
Moths can detect the bat’s sonar.
Include diverse mechanisms that sense stimuli and generate appropriate movement.
All stimuli represent forms of energy.
Sensation involves converting energy into a change in the membrane potential of sensory receptors.
All stimuli represent forms of energy.
Function of sensory pathways: sensory reception, transduction, transmission, an integration.
Sensation and perceptions begin with sensory reception.
Detection of stimuli by receptors – both inside and outside of the body.
Sensory transduction: conversion of stimulus energy into change of membrane potential.
Change is called receptor potential – many are very sensitive.
Transmission: sensory cell facilitate the movement of action potentials.
Larger receptor potential = more rapid action potentials.
Integration: receptor potentials integrated through summation.
Perception: the brain’s construction of stimuli
Brain distinguishes stimuli from different receptors by the area where the action potentials arrive.
Type of Sensory Receptors
Mechanoreceptors: sense physical deformation.
TOUCH!
Chemoreceptors: information about the total solute concentration of a solution.
Respond to individual kinds of molecules.
Electromagnetic receptors: detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity and magnetism.
Thermoreceptors: respond to heat or cold.
Regulate body temp. by signaling both surface and core temp.
Nociceptors: naked dendrites in the epidermis.
Pain receptors.
Hearing and perception of body equilibrium are related in most animals.
Mechanoreceptors
Most invertebrates maintain equilibrium using statocysts.
Detect movement of granules called statoliths.
Many arthropods sense sounds with body hairs that vibrate.
“Ears” consisting of tympanic membrane and receptor cells.
Vibrations create percussion waves that vibrate tympanic membrane.
Bones of the middle ear transmit the vibrations.
Vibrations create waves of fluid that move through vestibular canal.
Waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate, bending hair cells.
Bending of hair cells depolarizes the membranes.
Sends action potential to the brain via the auditory nerve.
Ear conveys information about volume and pitch.
Fishes have only a pair of inner ears near the brain.
Also have lateral line system that detect and respond to water movement.
Taste and smell rely on similar set of sensory receptors.
Terrestrial animals:Gustation: Taste, detection of chemicals called tastants.Olfaction: Smell, detection of odorant molecules.
Taste and smell rely on similar set of sensory receptors.
Taste buds detect five taste perceptions: sweet, sour, salty, butter, and umami – different regions of the tongue.
Olfactory receptors are neurons that line the upper portion of the nasal cavity.
Muscle Function
Muscle activity is a response to input from the nervous system.
The action of a muscle is always to contract.
• Skeletal muscle characterized by a hierarchy of smaller and smaller units.
• Consists of a bundle of long fibers – each a single cell – running the length of the muscle.
• Each muscle fiber is a bundle of smaller myofibrils.
Two kinds of myofilaments.
Thin: two strands of actin, one strand of regulatory protein.
Thick: staggered arrays of myosin molecules.
Skeletal muscle also called striated muscle – arrangement of myofilaments create light and dark bands.
Functional unit of a muscle is called a sarcomere – bordered by Z lines.
Sliding-filament model: filaments slide past each other, producing overlap.
Based on interaction between actin of thin filaments and myosin of the thick filaments.
Fig. 50-27-1
Thinfilaments
ATP Myosin head (low-energy configuration
Thick filament
Thin filament
Thickfilament
Fig. 50-27-2
Thinfilaments
ATP Myosin head (low-energy configuration
Thick filament
Thin filament
Thickfilament
Actin
Myosin head (high-energy configuration
Myosin binding sites
ADP
P i
Fig. 50-27-3
Thinfilaments
ATP Myosin head (low-energy configuration
Thick filament
Thin filament
Thickfilament
Actin
Myosin head (high-energy configuration
Myosin binding sites
ADP
P i
Cross-bridgeADP
P i
Fig. 50-27-4
Thinfilaments
ATP Myosin head (low-energy configuration
Thick filament
Thin filament
Thickfilament
Actin
Myosin head (high-energy configuration
Myosin binding sites
ADP
P i
Cross-bridgeADP
P i
Myosin head (low-energy configuration
Thin filament movestoward center of sarcomere.
ATP
ADP P i+
Skeletal muscle fiber contract only when stimulated by a motor neuron.
Muscle at rest, myosin-binding sites on thin filament blocked by protein tropomyosin.
• For a muscle fiber to contract, myosin-binding sites must be uncovered
• This occurs when calcium ions (Ca2+) bind to a set of regulatory proteins, the troponin complex
• Muscle fiber contracts when the concentration of Ca2+ is high; muscle fiber contraction stops when the concentration of Ca2+ is low
• The synaptic terminal of the motor neuron releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
• Acetylcholine depolarizes the muscle, causing it to produce an action potential
Action potentials travel to the interior of the muscle fiber along transverse (T) tubules
The action potential along T tubules causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to release Ca2+
The Ca2+ binds to the troponin complex on the thin filaments
This binding exposes myosin-binding sites and allows the cross-bridge cycle to proceed
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers• Skeletal muscle fibers can be classified
– As oxidative or glycolytic fibers, by the source of ATP
– As fast-twitch or slow-twitch fibers, by the speed of muscle contraction
Oxidative and Glycolytic Fibers• Oxidative fibers rely on aerobic respiration to
generate ATP• These fibers have many mitochondria, a rich
blood supply, and much myoglobin• Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen more
tightly than hemoglobin does
• Glycolytic fibers use glycolysis as their primary source of ATP
• Glycolytic fibers have less myoglobin than oxidative fibers, and tire more easily
• In poultry and fish, light meat is composed of glycolytic fibers, while dark meat is composed of oxidative fibers
Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Fibers• Slow-twitch fibers contract more slowly, but
sustain longer contractions• All slow twitch fibers are oxidative• Fast-twitch fibers contract more rapidly, but
sustain shorter contractions• Fast-twitch fibers can be either glycolytic or
oxidative
• Most skeletal muscles contain both slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles in varying ratios