ohio state univ., colu - eric

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 107 968 CE 004 181

AUTHOR McGee, Patricia; And OthersTITLE An Analysis of the ,Laboratory Assisting

Occupation.INSTITUTION Ohio State Dept. of Education, Columbus. Div. of

Vocational Education.; Ohio State Univ., Columbus.Trade and Industrial Education InstructionalMaterials Lab.

SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C.PUB DATE [75]NOTE 246p.; For related documents, see CE 004 160-180, CE

004 182-206, CE 004 263-268, and CE 004 425-427

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$12.05 PLUS POSTAGEDESCRIPTORS Communication Skills; *Job Analysis; Knoyrledge Level;

*Medical Laboratory Assistants; *MedicalTechnologists; *Occupational Information; Safety;Skill Analysis; Skill Development; SkilledOccupations; Subprofessionals; *Task Analysis; TaskPerformance; Work Attitudes

ABSTRACTThe general purpose of the occupational analysis is

to provide workable, basic information dealing with the many andvaried duties performed in the laboratory assistant occupation. Thedocument opens with a. brief introduction followed by a jobdescription: The bulk of the document is presented in table form.Eleven duties are broken down into a number of tasks and for eachtask a two-page table is prevented, showing on the first page: tools,equipment, materials, objects acted upon; performance knowledge(related also to decisions, cues and errors); safety--hazard; and onthe second page: science; math--number systems; and communications(performance modes, examples, and skills and' concepts). The dutiesinclude: performing laboratory techniques, hematology tests, clinicalchemistry tests, urinalysis, bacteriology procedures, blood bank andse- r -ology procedures, histology procedures, and EKG; operatinglaboratory equipment; utilizing communication skills; and collectingblood. (BP)

*********************** ***********************************************Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished

* materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort ** to obtain the best copy available. nevertheless, items of marginal *

* reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality *

* of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available *

* via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not *

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39

AN ANALYSIS OF THE LABORATORY ASSISTING OCCUPATION

Patricia McGeeInstructor, Lab AssistingEastland J.V.S.Columbus, Ohio

Developed By

Ronald L. MooreInstructor, Lab AssistingEastland J.V.S.Columbus, Ohio

Gordon E. PickettCOnsultantBatelle Memorial InstituteColumbus, Ohio

Occupational AnalysisE.P.D.A. Sub Project 73402

June 1, 1973 to December 30, 1974Director: Tom L. Hindes

Coordinator: William L. Ashley

The Instructional Materials LaboratoryTrade and Industrial Education

The Ohio State University

3

"Me activity which is the subjectof this report was supported inwhole or in part by the U.S. Officeof Education, Department of Health,Education, and Welfare. However,the opinions expressed herein donot reflect the position or policyof the U.S. Office of Education,an4 no official endorsement by theU.S. Office of Education should beinferred."

14-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword

Preface vii

Acknowledgment ix

Job Description xi

DutiesAB

C

D

E

F

G

HI

J

K

Perfarming LaboratoryOperating Laboratory Equipment-Utilizing Communication SkillsCollecting BloodPerforming Hematology TestsPerforming Clinical Chemistry TestsPerforming UrinalysisPerforming Bacteriology ProceduresPerforming Blood Bank and Serology Procedures . . .

Performing Histology ProceduresPerforming FKC

4

1

29

698595

127

165

189

211

221

233

FOREWORD

The occupational analysis project was conducted by The Instructional MaterialsLaboratory, Trade and Industrial Education, The Ohio State University in con-junction with the State Department of Education, Division of Vocational Educa-tion pursuant to a grant from the U.S. Office of Education.

The Occupational Analysis project was proposed and conducted to train voca-tional educators in the.techniques of making a comprehensive occupational

analysis. Instructors were selected from Agriculture, Business, Distributive,Hone Economics and Trade and Industrial Education to gain experience indeveloping analysis documents for sixty-one different occupations. Represen-

tatives from Business, Industry, Medicine, and Education were involved withthe vocational instructors in conducting the analysis process.

The project was conducted in three phases. Phase one involved the planning

and development of the project strategies. The analysis process was basedon sound principles of learning and behavior. Phase two was the identifica-

tion, selection and orientation of all participants. The training and work-

shop sessions constituted the third phase. Two -week workshops were held

during which teams of vocational instructors conducted an analysis of the

occupations in which they had employment experience. The instructors were

assisted by both occupational consultants and subject matter specialists.

The pr ject resulted in producing one hundred two trained vocational instruc-

tors c gable of conducting and assisting in a comprehensive analysis of

variou ,occupations. Occupational analysis data were generated for sixty-one

occupations. The analysis included a statement of the various tasks performed

in each occupation. For each task the following items were identified:

tools and equipment; procedural knowledge; safety knowledge; concepts and

skills of mathematics, science and communication needed for successful per-

formance in the occupation. The analysis data provided a basis for generatinginstructional materials, course outlines, student performance objectives,

criterion measures as well as identifying specific supporting skills and

knowledge in the academic subject areas.

PREFACE

This document describes the duties and tasks performed by a laboratory assistan,- from

a behavioral standpoint, analyzing each as to what the worker does, what mental processes

he/she uses and how he/she reacts to the work situation.

The tasks required to accomplish the following are to develop competency in skills and

related technical knowledge, to become familiar with chemical and medical terminology,

to develop desirable work habits and attitudes necessary to obtain gainful employment, and

to work in medical, research and development (r&d), and quality control laboratory

occupations.

Although there are no task sheets listing attributes for personal development, this is

a very important aspect of a program.

No specific duties were listed except for the medical portion of a program because the

tasks are general in nature and provide an opportunity to develop a variety of general

skills that are adaptable to a variety of employment situations.

7

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We wish'to acknowledge the valuable assistance rendered by the following

subject matter specialists. They provided input to the vocational instruc-

tors in identifying related skills and concepts of each respective subject

matter area and served as training assistants in the analysis process during

the two-week workshops.

Rollin M. Barber, PsychologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio

Jodi Beittel, CommunicationsColumbus, Ohio

Diana L. Buckeye, MathematicsUniversity of MichiganAvon Lake, Ohio

Rick Fien, ChemistryThe Ohio State UniversityBeachwood, Ohio

N.S. Gidwani, ChemistryColumbus Technical InstituteColumbus, Ohio

Bruce A. Hull, BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio

DonaJd L. Hyatt, PhysicsWorthington High SchoolWorthington, Ohio

Glenn Mann, CommunicationsColumbus, Ohio

Jerry McDonald, Physical SciencesColumbus Technical InstituteReynoldsburg, Ohio

Colleen Osinski, PsychologyColumbus Technical InstituteColumbus, Ohio

David Porteous, CommunicationsUniversity of Connecticut

Colchester, Connecticut

James A. Sherlock, CommunicationsColumbus Technical InstituteColumbus, Ohio

Jim VanArsdall, MathematicsWorthington high School

Worthington, Ohio

Lillian Yontz, BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityCaldwell, Ohio

Acknowledgment is extended to the following I.M.L. staff members for their rolein conducting the workshops; editing, revising, proofing and typing the analyses.

Faith Justice Research AssociateSheila Nelson Administrative AssistantMarsha Opritza Editorial ConsultantRita Buccilla TypistPeg Bushelman TypistCarol Fausnaugh TypistMindy Fausnaugh TypistRita Hastings TypistCarol Hicks TypistSue Holsinger TypistBarbara Hughes TypistCarol Marvin TypistPatti Nye TypistKathy Roediger TypistMary Salay Typist

JOB DESCRIPTION

A general laboratory assistant performs laboratory tests, applying practical knowledgeof one or more fields to problem solving, according to perscribed standards, to determinechemical and physical characteristics or composition of solid, liquid, or gaseous materials.Using independent judgment and discretion in planning lab work, he/she conducts, testsand makes qualitative and quantitative analyses of materials for purposes such as qualitycontrol, process control, product development, determining conformity to specificationsand the maintainence of health and safety standards.

A laboratory assistant works under the direction of a biochemist, chemical laboratorychief, analytical chemist, inorganic chemist, organic chemist, physical chemist, metallurgist,pathologist or medical technologist to carry out assigned tasks. He/she learns progress'sively more comprehensive duties and advances in ability to apply knowledge. He/sheassists in supervision, training and development of lower level personnel.

A laboratory assistant prepares chemical solutions according to standard formulas. He/shealso sets up, operates and adjusts laboratory equipment, such as ovens, gas cylinders,kilns, vacuum chambers, grinders, agitates, centrifuges, and condensers to prepare materialfor testing.

In industrial. testing the laboratory assistant performs physical tests according toestablished procedures on dry and liquid substances used as ingredients in adhesives,lubricants, paint, paper and other products for purity, viscosity, density, absorption,melting point and flash point using tension balance, pH meter, and other instruments. He/she tests samples of manufactured products to verify conformance with heat resistance,tensile strength, ductility and other specifications.

A laboratory assistant in the medical laboratory nerforms routine tests in treatment anddiagnosis of disease. He/she also prepares tissue samples for pathologist, takes bloodsamples and executes such laboratory tests as urinalyses and blood counts, using microscope,spectrophotometer, and similar instruments.

JOB DESCRIPTION CONTINUED

A laboratory assistant records and interprets operating and test data. By personal

observation and investigation, he/she determines conformance to established procedures,

methods and standards. He/she_prepares'written test reports, including' graphs and

charts describing procedures used, results obtained and conclusions reached.

1t

Duty A Performing Laboratory Techniques

1 Clean glassware`2 Separate substances by filtration and decantation3 Separate substances by evaporation and distillation4 Determine density5 Prepare solutions6 Titrate solutions7 Standardize solutions8 Purify by coagulation and sedimentation9 Determine boiling point

10 Determine melting -point

11 Analyze by qualitative methods12 Perform chromatography13 Prepare a dispersion

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Cleaning liquid

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Brush

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Select appropriate Cleaning method

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Always wear protective clothing

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Evacuate fumes

Properly handle glassware

Hazard

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Inhalation o'f noxious fumes

Explosion and/or fire

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Possible chemical reactions of '-leaning materials

Arrangement of molecules, atoms and ions and the effect on

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Necessary concentrations of solations

Transfer of heat from one body to another

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Filter paper or medium

Flask or beaker

Suction

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Vacuum source

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Select proper technique

Filter

Porosity of filter medium

Decant

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Cloudy filtrates indicate lack of

percipient

Heavy solutes can be decanted

Safety

Use glassware correctly

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Visual analysis, Detail and

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Evaporation container

Heat source

Condenser

Water source

Flasks

Fume hood

Thermometer

Stoppers

Adapters

Boiling chips

Lab record book

Evaporation

Simple distillation

Fractional distillation

Safety

Approach dry point cautiously

Use glassware corrertly

Use boiling chips to avoid hot spats

Wear protective devices such as

glasses

Hazards

Burns

Explosions

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Determine temperature range in

Observe temperature plateaus and

which collection takes place

changes therefrom

Observe liquid level

Be aware of nature of material

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Effect of heating and cooling on state of matter

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of matter from one form to anotherl

Different substances have different boiling points

rature fto include Kelvinl

Measure of temperature

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Reading.

Uriting

Viewing

Reference material

Lab record hook

Observe liquid level and temperature

changes

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Comprehension, speed/rate, terminology

Penmanship, spelling, terminology

Visual analysis, Detail/inference

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DETERMINE DENSITY

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Lab recotd book

Analytical balance

Graduated glassware

Bottles or beakers

Metric

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Unknown substance

Hydrometer

Measure volume accurately

Weigh accurately

Calculate density or

Displace water and calculate

Safety

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Composition of matter, incliidinc protons, neutrons,

electrons, atoms, molecules, elements

Chemical formulas

Periodic table

D = weight/volume (48) in gm/ml (solids, liquids)

or gm/1 !gases)

Basic arithmetic skills

Measure of

metric weiRht

Metric liquid and dry measures

Determination of area and volume of cylinders

Determination of area and volume fo rectangular, cube

and

righ trianRlar prisms

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Writing

Measuring scales

Reference materials

Record data in lab record honk

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Comprehension

Terminology

Penmanship, spelling

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Volumetric glassware

Balance,analytical

Distilled water

Chemicals

Reagent bottles

Laboratory re -ord hook

Measure volumetrically

Weigh materials

Dilute accurately

Label accurately (i.e. - chemical

formula, strength of solution, date

prepared, name)

Safety

Always add solute to solvent

Handle glassware properly

Know characteristics of chemicals

Hazard

Fumes

Burns

Lacerations

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Determine nature of solution needed

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Desired characteristics of product

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Undesired properties present

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trons, atoms, molecules, and

elements

Concept of solution

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Arrangement of molecules, atoms and

ions and the.effect

on structure and strength ofmaterials

Periodic table

Chemical formulas

Molaritv = FW(ems)/1000m1

,

Normality = gram equivalent weight/1000m1

7, = parts/100 (32)(31)

Ratio = 59


Measures of metric weight


Ratio

and proportion

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Reading

Writing

Formulas, labels, reference materials

Formulas, labels, results in lab

record hook

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Comprehension, detail/inference, term-

inology

Penmanship, spelling, description,

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Burette (or pipet) calibrated

Standard solutions

Indicators

Beakers or flasks

Unknown samples

Laboratory record book

Prepare unknown sample

Operate burette

Recognize end point

Calculate results

Use indicators

Safety

Use glasswear correctly

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Ifback titration is possible

Recognize approach of end point

Repetition is necessary

Incorrect determination

(TASK STATEMENT)

TTTRAIT SOLTITTnNS

SCIENCE

MATH

NUMBER SYSTEMS

Chemical reaction occuring such as:

Neutralization

Oxidation - reduction

Precipitation

Complex ion formation

Buffer systems

Chemical equations

Addition and subtraction of whole numbers

Multiplication and division with whole numbers

Multiplication and division of decimal fractions

Rounding off decimals and whole numbers

Measure of metric weic'ht


Civen an instrument of measure, determine precision, and/or

accuracy with respect to relative error, tolerance and

significant digits

Calculate mean

Calculate denotation from mean

Ratio and proportion

Volume x normality

volume x normality

%=VxNxeo. wt./ mgx100 (32)

COMMUNICATIONS

PERFORMANCE MODES

EXAMPLES

SKILLS/CONCEPTS

Writing

Reading

Listening .

Results in record book

Directions and/or procedures


44

Penmanship, spelling, usage

Comprehension, terminology

Concentration

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Calibrated burette

Primary standard

Indicators

Beakers or flasks

Solution to be standardized


Analytical balance

Accuratel

measure primary standard

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Use indica ors

Titrate wi

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Recognize e d point

Calculate no

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Safety


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Back titrate if necessary

Repetition is necessary

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Recognize approach of end point

End points should be alike

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Equivalent weight of titrant = equivalent weight of

desired constituent

Chemical reactions occuring such as:

Neutralizntion

Oxidation - reduction

Precipitation

Complex ion formation

Chemical equations

.

Periodic table

V x N(normality) = mg. primary standard / equivalent weight



.

Rounding off decimal and whole numbers

Measure of metric weigh

Linuid and dry measures metric]

Civen an instrument of,measure, determine precision and/or

accuracy with respect to relative error, tolerance,

and significant digits


Calculate mean

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Concentration

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PURIFY BY COAGULATION AND SEDIMENTATION

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Beakers or flasks

Chemicals - solution, non-solvent

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Decant or filter

Alter pH

Safety

Glassware used correctly

Wear protective clothing and glasses

Hazards

Flammability of materials

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Determine ultimate end point

Cloudiness

Stopping too soon

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Hydrogen ion concentration

Solubility data

Effect on heating and cooling on state of matter

Ichhnge

of matter from one form to another]

Periodic table


Scientific notation

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Concentration

2R

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DETEMINE BOILING POINT

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Thermometer

Use distillation apparatus

Safety

Heat source

Plare thermometer correctly and read


Vacuum source

Apply heat

Wear protective devices

.

Hydrometer

Thermometers are fragile

Glassware, calibrated

Lab record book

Hazard

Distillation apparatus

Mercuric vaoor poisoning

Reference material

Lacerations

Transfer vehicle

Burns

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Determine rate of heating

.Formation of bubbles

Damaged equipment or samples

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DETERMINE BOILINC POINT

SCIENCE

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Vapor pressure

Evaporation

Atmospheric pressure

Gas laws - Boyles, Charles, Cay-Lussac, Gas -law formula

Fluids under pressure !incompressibility, transfer of

pressure]

Ideal gases

Effect of heating and cooling on state of matter

[change


Effect of heating and cooling on expansion of materials

[change of dimensions]

Argument of molecules, atoms, and ions and the effect on

structure and strength of materials

Periodic table

Chemical formulas

Measures of temperature (including Kelvin]

Conversion of atmospheres to mm of Hg,

1 atm = 760 mm Hg

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EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Writing

Reading

Listening

Results in record hook



19

Penman hip, spelling, usage


Concentration

(TASK STATEMENT)

DETERMINE MELTING POINT

TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS,

OBJECTS ACTED UPON

PERFORMANCE KNOWLEDGE

SAFETY - HAZARD

Lab record book

Melting point apparatus

Thermometer

Heat source, controlled

Unknown sample

Spatula

Read thermometer

Recognize transformation from solid

to liquid

Safety

Handle equipment correctly


Thermometers are fragile

-

Hazard

Burns

Mercuric vapor poisoning

Lacerations

DECISIONS

CUES

ERRORS

Determine melting point

Recognize initial signs of melting

Misread endpoints

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DT TERMINE MELTINC POINT

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Melting point concepts

Effect of heating and Pooling on state of matter (change


Effect of heating and cocain- on expansion -f materials

!change 4n dimensions]

Arrangement of molecules, atoms, and ions and the effect

nn structure of strength of materials

Periodic table

Chemical equations

Measures of temperature (including Kelvin]

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

K IL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Writing

Reading

Liscening

,

Results in record hook



21



Concentration

:12

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

ANALYZE BY QUALITATIVE METHODS

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

1

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

Chemicals

Unknown samples

Heat source

Glassware

Lab record book

Fume hood

Indicators

Procedures sheets

Test tubes

Reference materials

Timer

Centrifuge

...--....-

Chemically separate groups of elements

Perform differential chemical reaction

AnalYte changes occurring

Safety



Use fume hood whenever gases are

formed

Hazard

Lacerations

Burns

Noxious fumes

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Select procedure

Color change recognition

Select equipment and sequence

Formatior of precipitates

--...

Damaged equipment

Inadequate observation

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

ANALY7E BY (WALITATTVE METHODS

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Specific characteristics of elements and element groups

Chemical reactions

Composition of natter, including protons, neutrons,


Effect of heaing and cooling on state of matter !change


Transfer of heat from one body to arther

Arrangement of molecules, atoms, ions, and the effect on


Chemical formulas

Chemical equations

Periodic table

Measures of temperature rincluding Kelvin]

Liquid and dry mess ores !metric]

Read and interpret charts, tables, and/or graphs

Measure of time

14

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Reading

Writing

Viewing

EX

AM

PLE

S

Operrting manual, reference material,

procedures

Record data and results in lab record

hook

Color change

23

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Comprehension, description of mechanism

definition, terminology

Penmanship, spelling, classification,

description

Visual analysis, Color discrimination.

K S

TA

TE

ME

NT

ns. e

.a...

. v I

.".

%/1

i 4.A

. NJ

S., .

1,67

1..,..

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

L,O

BJE

CT

SACTED

UP

ON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Separation media

Material to be separated

Solvent

Glassware

Fume hood

Lab record book

Prepare separation media

Prepare material to be separated

Calibrate media

Load columns

Safety

Avoid contact with skin

Avoid inhalation of fumes

Hazard

Fainting

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

S

Frequently check calibration

Type of substance to be analyzed

ER

RO

RS

Ruin media

No separation

Determine type of media to use

Determine completion of separation

W

(TA

SK S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)PERFORM CHROMATOGRAPHY

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Nature of solvents

Capillary action

-

Osmosis

Cravity

_

....


Measure metric length

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Writin^

Reading

Viewing

Results in lab record hook

Separation procedure

.

25


Comprehension, technical terminology


.

r-

nc,

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PREPARE A DISPERSION

--\

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Dispersion equipment

Liquid

Material to be dispersed

Container

Dispersion media

Microscope


Operate dispersion equipment at

optimum efficiency

Assess dispersion equipment capability

Microscopic examination of dispersion

Safety

Do not exceed limitations

of equip-

ment

Use protective devices

Hazard

Chemical spills

DE

CIS

ION

S

Determine degree of dispersion

required

Select dispersion equipment

Select dispersion. media if required

CUES

Recognize desired dispersion

characteristics

Recognize failure of equipment in

terms of desired dispersion

ER

RO

RS

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PREPARE A DISPERSION

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Centrifugal forces developed by bodies in rotation

[force

tending to discharge material from a rotating

body]

Forces acting on a body immersed or floating in a

liquid

Resistance of materials to liquid flow

Measure of particular size

Measure with the Metric and English system and convert

between them

Scientific notation

,

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Uriting

Reading

Viewing

EX

AM

PLE

S

Results in lab record book

Instructional material

-Microscopic examination of dispersion

characteristics

27

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Penmanship, spelling, description

Comprehension, description of mechanis

logic

Visual analysis, Logic, Detail/

inference

Duty B Operating Laboratory Equipment

1 Operate bunsen burner2 Measure with calibrated glassware? Calibrate burette4 Weigh with balances '

5 Read barometer and thermometer6 Operate pH meter7 Operate centrifuge8 Operate spectrophotometer9 Operate microscope

10 Operate ovens11 Operate timing devices12 Operate autoclave13 Operate muffle furnace14 Measure with micrometer15 Install regulators16 Operate incubators and waterbaths17 Operate dispersator18 Operate microtome19 Operate linear slide rule

3

29

a

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE BUNSEN BURNER

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Bunsen burner

Fuel source (gas)

Tubing

Striker

,Striker

Identify purpose of each part

Trace route of gas

Adjust gas for proper flame

'Adjust air intake for proper flame

Safety

Keep away from volatUe

solvents

Turn off gas when flame is out

Burns

Inhalation of gas fumes

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Determine proper adjustment

Flame is hottest directly above inner

cone (oxidizing flame)

Blue flame is desirable

Insufficient heat

Fumes, Smoke

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE BUNSEN BURNER

"

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Combustion

Transfer of ene-py from one form to another (potential to

kinetic]


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Viewing

EX

AM

PLE

S

Size and color of flame

31

SK

I L L

S/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Visual analysis, Color discrimination

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

MEASURE WITH, CALIBRATED GLASSWARE

4)

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Safety

Calibrated glassware such as:

Pour liquids safely

Use of glassware correctly

grated cylinders

Handle glassware


flasks

Determine meniscus

oeakers

Hazard

pipets

burettes

centrifuge tube

tubes

Lacerations

Liquid to measure

Lab record book

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

ISelect proper device

Cleanliness is essential for accurate

measurement

Inaccuracies

Contamination

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

MEASURE WITH e:XLIBRXTEn CLASSWARE

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Meniscus

Metric system of measurement

(liven an instrument of measure, to determine precision

and/or accuracy with resp-*ct to relative error, tolerance

and significant digits

Liquid and dry measures (metric]

raven a coding system, recnemire and identify each unit

involved by assigning necessary symbols, numerical or

literal

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Record

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Writing

.

results in lab record hook

33

Penmanship, spelling, usage -

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

LIBRATE BURETTE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Burette

Distilled water

Beaker or flask

Balance (top loader)

Thermometer

Graph paper

Straight edge

Pencil


Volumetrically measure distilled

water

Weigh distilled water

Record temperature

Repeat at 10 ml. intervals

Calculate error

Draw calibration graph

Safety


DECISIONS

CU

ES

ER

RO

RS

Determine if repetition is necessary

Cleamequipment is essential

Interpret results for approximate

accuracy and precision

Inaccurate results

.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

CALIBRATE BURETTE

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Relationship between volume and weight

Effect of heating and cooling, on expansion of materials

!change of dimensions]


Measure of metric weight

Measures of temperature Ito include Kelvin]

Liquid and dry measures !metric]

Development of graphs comparing two complimentary sets

of figures

Read

and interpret charts, tables, and/or graphs

Calculate mean

Deviation from the mean

Given an instrument of measure, determine precision, and/or

accuracy with respect to relative error tolerance, and

significant digits

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

[

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Vriting

Reading

Listening

Record results in lab record book

Prepare graph of results

Procedures and/or directions

Procedures and/or directions

35

Penmanship, spelling, terminology,

logic

Comprehension, vocabulary

Concentration, logic

.....

.A7

.4

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

WEICH WITH BALANCES

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Balance

Weighing paper or container

Transfer device (spatula)

Laboratory record hook

Substance to be weighed

Set of weights

Clean balance pans

Level balance

Adjust to zero

Determine tare weight

_

Read and interpret scales

Safety

Care in handling chemicals

Instrument is delicate and requires

careful handling

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Accuracy required

Care must be taken when adding or

Trip and triple beam balance -weighs

removing substances when pan is

to

1 decimal place

-accurate to

released

nearest whole number

Add weight in sequential order

Top loading. balance

-weighs to 2

decimal places

-accuracy to

1

decimal place

Analytical balance

-weighs to 4

decimal places

-accurate to 3

decimal. places

Inaccurate weight

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

WEICH WITH BALANCES

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Simple levers

Measure of metrz weight

Liquid and dry measures rmetricj


Addition and subtraction of decimal fractions

Liven an instrument of measure, determine precision, and/or

accuracy with respect to relative error tolerance, and

significant dig.its

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

Readiro,

Writin^

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

SInstruction manual


37

Comprehension, vocabulary, terminology

Spelling, penmanship

1507

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

1NQ

I3JE

CT

S A

CT

ED

UP

ON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y -

HA

ZA

RD

Barometer

Thermometer

Lab record book

Determine whether values should be

read in English or Metric system

Read and interpret scales on instru-

ments

.

Safety

Bendable

Hazards

Mercury contamination

Lacerations

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Determine appropriate scale

i

Column separation

Inaccurate reading

.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

RrA

D B

AR

OM

ET

ER

AN

D T

HE

RM

OM

ET

ER

SCIE

NC

EM

AT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YST

EM

S

Atmospheric pressure

Ar.rangement of molecules, atoms and

structure of strength of m-,terinls

Cas laTs

Barometric pressure

AbF'lute and relatilre humidity

ions

and

the effect on

Measures of temperature `to include Kelvin]

Measures of length 'metriel

Liquid and dry measure [metric]

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PER

FOR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SSK

ILL

S/C

ON

CE

PTS

/4,-

_-_

'Writing

Reading


Scales on instruments

1

39

Spelling, penmanship, definition

Comprehension, Detail/inference

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE nH METER

.50

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

pH meter

Care of electrodes

Safety

Buffer solution, standard

Calibrate meter

Electrodes can not be scatched,touched

KCl, saturated

Correct for temperature

or allowed to dry out

Distilled water

Read unknown pH

Electrodes - reference

Hazards

- standard

Contamination from chemicals used

Beakers

Wash bottle

Unknown sample

Lab re-ord book

Transfer device

Stirrine device

.

N

DECISIONS

CU

ES

r-

ER

RO

RS

proper calibration

Liquid should be in motion during call-

oration

Inaccurate reading

pH meter must be warm

---''

Read on proper scale

i

1

.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATF pit NETER

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Concepts: Hydrogen ion concentration

Acid - base theory

Ionization potential

-

Scientific notation

Ratio - proportion

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

Results on indicator


41

Description, terminology

Penmanship, vocabulary

r-A --ii

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE CENTRIFUGE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

....c

;

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Centrifuge

Head

Cups

Shields

Centrifuge tubes

Balance

Water for balancins,

Lab record book

Balance tubes on opposite aides of

centrifuge

Set speed and time

Decant liquid

Safety

Keep cover closed to avoid flying

glass

Wear protective

glasses

Centrifuges must be cleaned, and

lubricated regularly to insure

operation

Hazard

Lacerations

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Select proper counter balance

Be sure tubes are balanced

Select speed

Clean cups and shields if breakage

occurs

Damage or breakage

Improper separation

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE CENTRIFUCE

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

i

Centripetal forces developed in bodies in rotation iforce

tending to pull naterial toward center of rotating body]

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S,

Readint,

Writing

Speed indicator

Record in lab record book

43

Comprehension, terminology, description

of mechanism

Penmanship, spelling, terminology

Ir--

.- 4. i

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPE

RA

TE

SPE

CT

RO

PHO

TO

ME

TE

R,

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

-OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

.,

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Spectrophotometer

Cuvettes

Lab record book

Standards

Standardize and cal-ibrate

Set wave length -'

Record

% T or OD

Safety

eoe'

Spillage must lie cleaned to prevent

damage to instrument

All parts must be sealed and tightened

to function properly

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Select wave length

.,

Meter must be warns

Cuvettes must he free from scratches

or fingerprints

Bulbs burn out easily

Cover .must be closed when reading

No reading

(TA

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE SPECTROPHOTOMETER

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Fundamentals of color

Beer's law

Composition of matter, including protons, neutrons,


Structure arranpemen: of molecules, atoms, and ions and

the effect on structure and strength of materials

Analytical methods

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Rendinp,

Writing

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Tnstruction manual

Results on indicator


45

Comprehension, terminology, description

of mechanism

Penmanshin, snellinp, logic

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

raM

IJN

IMO

!GPERATE MICROSCOPE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

N

Microscope with light source

Prepared slide

Imnersion oil

Lens paper

Xylol

DE

CIS

ION

S

Select objective

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

E

Place slide on stage

Focus and examine on low power

Focus and examine on high power

Add oil drop and switch to oil

Immersion lens

CUES

Focus using both oculars - use both

eyes

Do not touch eyepiece with eyelashes

Adjust light for best viewing

Always use fine adjustment for final

focusing

Clean eyepieces and objectives before

and after use with lens paper

Be aware of functions of each part and

possible adjustments

Higher the magnification, the more

light is necessary

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Safety

Never focus down on slide

With oil, do not touch lens to slide

Clean surface with neutral soap and

water

Hazard

Break slide

Scratch or break obiective

ER

RO

RS

Poor image

Improper focus

Damage objective

Damage specimen

1

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

opERATr MICIZOSCOPE

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

--

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Fundamentals of optics

Refractive index

Types of microscopes

Multiplication and division of whole numbers

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Readinr,,

Viewing

Microscope narts and usage

Image through microscope

47

Comprehension, description of mechanism

terminolor!y

Visual analysis, Detail

rr.

--..-

A-1

.---

-.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE OVENS

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TL

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Oven

Thermometer

Material to be dried

Set appropriate temperature

Determine length of time necessary for

drying

Safety

Close oven door

Use gloves and/or tongs

Hazard

Burns

DE

CIS

ION

S

Permit oven to come to equilibrium

Set temperature

Check thermostat

CUES

Function of test

Pilot indicator

Damage sample

ER

RO

RS

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATF OVENS

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

- N

UM

BE

R S

YS

TE

MS

Thermodynamics

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Readinc!

Operatine instructions

4f;

Comprehension

r.--

0-i.

.II

0

Tgn

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OBJECTS ACTED UPON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Timer intervals

Clock

Stop watch

Set timing devices

Activate timing devices

Read timing devices

Safety

Do not drop

Do not turn

Hazard

Distruction

hand backwards

of timing devices

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

S

Improper

Lost sequence

ER

RO

RS

timing

Select type of timer

Check operation

Type of procedure

Sound or movement

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE TIMING DEVICES

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S



CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

.--,0

Readinc

Timinc device

51

Detail/inference

K S

TA

TE

ME

NT

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Autoclave

Water

Material to be autoclaved

Degree of sterilization necessary

Evacuate air from autoclave

Operate using manual

Interpret dials and indicators

Safety

Steam burns

Hazard

Burns

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

S,

ER

RO

RS

Determine proper water level

Usual conditions are 1210 C -

15 to 20

minPtes

Damaged equipment or material

Lost time

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE APTOCLAVF.

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Reactions of steam under pressure

Conditions necessary for adequate sterilization

Pressure gauge

Temperature scale

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Readinc

Operating instructions manual, dials

and indirarors

.53

Comprehension, terminology, detail/

inference

C.%

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE MUFFLE FURNACE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

r. 4

SA

FE

TY

- H

AZ

AR

D--

----

Furnace

Set appropriate temperature

Safety

Temperature measuring device

Determine length of time necessary to

Use protective devices

Asbestos

gloves

operate

Use tongs to insert and remove speci-

Long tongs

mens

Crucibles

Do not exceed temperature range of

Material to he fired

furnace

Analytical balance

Do not handle crucible with hands

Hazard

Burns

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Permit furnace to equilibrate

Determine end point in firing

process

Gages and light cycle

Burn out elements

,...

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE MUFFLF. FURNACE

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Indestructability of energy and matter

Effe't of heating and cooling on expansion of materials

(change of dimensions]

Composition of matter, including protons, neutrons,


Transfer of heat from one body to another

Arrangement of molecules, atoms, and ions and the effect on


Resistance of material

Pto change in shape 'fluidity,

elasticity, melting and boiling points]

Measures of temperature 'to include Kelvin]


Liquid and dry measures rmetric]

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

detail/infer-

dr.

,....

11-:

-.11

Reading

Operating instructions, temperature

indicator

55

Comprehension,

ence

terminology,

. t

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

MEASURE WITH MICROMETER

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Outside micrometer calip.lr

Dial indicator

Hold micrometer

Read micrometer scale

Proper feel of micrometer for drag

Safety

Never measure a rotating shaft

Protect form exposure to corrosive

Health protective devices

Hazard

Injury to hand

-

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

S

Aria

t-._

ER

RO

RS

Damage to micrometer or sample

Degree of accuracy required

Surface condition of micrometer and

material to be measured

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

MFAS1TRF. WIT1I

mic

Ror

tmul

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Work input, work output, friction and efficiency in simple

machines 'feel for drag]

Arrangement of molecules, atoms and ions an-I the effect on

structure and strength of materials [over tightening]

/

Measure of length fto include metric]

Addition and subtraction of decimal fractions

Liven an instrument of measure, determine precision and/or

accuracy with respect to relative error, tolerance and

significant digits


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Reading

EX

AM

PLE

S

Scales and/or dial indicators

57

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Detail /inference, comprehension,

technical terminology

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

INSTALL REGULATORS

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Regulator

Remove cap

Bottled pas

Secure gas cylinder

Safety

Wrench

Purge valve

Hydrocarbon material

Tubing

Secure regulator to tank

Releaf valve

Fittings

Purge regulator

Open tank valve all the way

Connect transmission line

Protective devices

Hazard

Possible explosion

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Select proper operating pressure

Type of regulator

Damage to equipment

Select proper gauge for different

Type of gases

type of gases

<-.

-G

IN -

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

LNSTALL P GITLATORS

SC

IEN

CE

IAT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YS

TE

MS

Cav

-Lussac law

Charles law

Boyles law

Numbering system

ITank pressure

Work

p-Essure

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

R F

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Rea

clin

cInstruction manuals

59

Comprehension

............

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE INCUBATORS AND WATERBATHS

"70

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Incubator or waterbath

Material to be incub:Ited

Wal.er for waterbath

Thermometer

Determine purpose of incubation

Determine temperature requirements

,

for particular procedure

Safety

Keep water away from electrical

equipment

Hazard

Electrical shocks

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Select temperature

Make sure temperature remains constant

Keep water level constant

Temperature

r.:2-_s

Damage test media

Over heating

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

oPrIZAT1' INCUBATORS ArI) UATUPBATIIS

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Optimum

frt.

owt 11 reouirements

Ontimum color development or reaction completion

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Rendin,'

Procedures

61

Comnrehension

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE DISPERSATOR

1..-

1 or

it0

<-4

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Dispersing equipment

Liquid

Material to be dispersed

Container

Dispersing media

Microscope

Power source

Set up according to direction

Operate according to directions

Select and assemble proper equipment

Safety

Selection of proper electrical source

Hazard

Electrical shock

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

0133

Improper dispersion

Select dispersion equipment

Recognize failure of equipment to

Select dispersing media if

perform

required

Determine purpose and expected results

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE DISPERSATOR

SCIENCE

MA

TH

- N

UM

BE

R S

YS

TE

M

Centriftwal forces developed by bodies in rotation 'force

tending to discharge material from a rotating body.]

Forces actinr on a body imnersed or floating in a hinui.i

Resitance of materials to liquid flow measure of narticle

size

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Fendina

EX

AM

PLE

S

Instruction manual

63

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Comprehension

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE MICROTOME

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

- H

AZ

AR

D

Micro tome

Knife

Hone

Strop

Material to he microtomed

Insert sharpened knife

Insert mounted specimen

Adjust for desired thickness

Obtain desired sections

Hone and strop knife

Adjust knife set screws

Safety

Handling blade

Hazard

Severe

lacerations

DE

CIS

ION

S

Determine a satisfactory specimen

Select type of cutter

CU

ES

Make adjustment cuts (five)

Material to be cut

ER

RO

RS

Damage to cutter

Damage to specimen

Improper cut

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

0PEflATE " C

) 0

7

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Inertia and momentum 'bodies at rest and bodies in motion]

Fesistance of materials to change in share 'bending, twist-

inp, stretchinr]

Measures of length

metric)

Given an instrument of measure, determine precision and/or

accuracy with respect to relative error tolerance and

significant digits

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Readily'

Instruction manual, thickness rauge

65

Comprehension, terminology, detail/

inference

(TASK STATEMENT)

OPERATE LINEAR SLIDE RULE

t


OBJECTS ACTED UPON


SAFETY - HAZARD

Slide rule

Check and adjust scale alignment

Determine proper scales

Manipulate fine adjustment of the

slide and cross hair

Safety

Handle with care

Hazard

Misalignment of scales

Iiismir

DECISIONS

CUES

ERRORS

Scales required for calculation

Standard procedures

Select proper index

Improper reading

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE LINEAR SLIDE RULE

I

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Theory of scale function

Multiplication and diviSion with whole numbers


Rounding off decimals and whole numbers

Extracting square root

Understanding and use of logarithms

Scientific notation

"se of trigonometric functions in solution of problems

involving right triangles

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Readino

EX

AM

PLE

S

instruction manual. scP1P

67

SK

I L L

S/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Comprehension, detail /inference

!..

'77

Duty C Utilizing Communication Skills

1 Read and follow specifications (procedures)2 Prepare table of data3 Prepare graphs4 Make oral presentation5 Record data in laboratory record book6 Write reports7 Utilize reference material

(TASK STATEMENT)

READ AND FOLLOW SPECIFTCATTONS (PROCEDURES)

rTOOLS, EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS,

OBJECTS ACTED UPON


SAFETY

HAZARD

Specifications

Laboratory rernrd book

Equipment and material called for in

specifications

Read for general information

Read for specifics

Assemble materials and equipment

Follow logical sequential order of

specified work

Report work in specified terms

Hazard

Specified results are determined by

following nrocedures specified

/DECISIONS

CUES

ERRORS

Determine and select nroper spec-

ifications

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

Rre

nFf

lL)W

SPF

rIFI

CA

TIM

ISPROCEDURFS

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Reporting data in mathematical terms specified

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

nead4ng

"ri-ing

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Re-

ort o

rk

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

,i-,ishod 71

C.-mpr-hensi on, Trchni cal ~erm4nolog

Penminship, spelling, progress reports,

terminolo,,y

,---

, -

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PREPARE TABLE OF DATA

i'..1

0LS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

- H

AZ

AR

D,(

721:


Pencil

Columned paper

Data to be tabulated

Determine purpose of the table

Organize data in logical arrangement

Label accurately

Enter data

Size

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

of tables

Type of data

Difficult to read

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PREPARE TABLE OF DATA

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Report data is specified mathmatical terms

Use of numbers (without calculation)

Indexing

Coding

CO

MM

UN

!CA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

"ritinc,

Readinc,

EX

AM

PLE

S

Prepare table: column heading, footnotes

numerical data

Information to he tabulated

73

SK

I L L

S/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Penmanship, informational reports,

format/content, usage

Detail/inference, speed/rate

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PREPARE GRAPHS

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

Tcp

UP

ON

6Graph paper

Pencil

Straight edge

French curve

Data to he graphed

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Determine urpose for the data and use

of graph

Apply gener-.1 terminology pertairil,p t

praphs

rrepaze praphs using a) linear naper,

h) semi-log paper, c) log-log parer

DE

CIS

ION

S

Select size of graph paper

CUES

pe of indicator to be used

ER

RO

RS

Poor readability

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PPFPARE GRAPHS

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

SS

CIE

NC

E

,------

Read

and Interpret charts, tables, and/or graphs

Development of graphs comparing two complimentary sets of

figures

Locate by approximation rational numbers and integers on the

number line (sequential

orderinr)

CO

MM

UN

!CA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

7eadin-

Writing

Sn,..akinr

Graphs, charts

Plot rraphs

Yith supervisor

75

Comprehension, recommendation renorts

Penmanship, format, usage

Fnunciation, noise, terminology/

vocabulary

4--.

1(-

-,,..

.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

MAKE ORAL PRESENTATION

fOO

LS, E

QU

IPM

EN

T, M

AT

ER

IALS

,O

BJE

CT

S A

CT

ED

UP

ON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y -

HA

ZA

RD

Laboratory records

1

Speak clearly and concisely in

"trade" language and corresponding

"common" language

Analyze and interpret laboratory

results orally

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

/

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

MA

KE

OR

AL

.PRESENTATIOni

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KI L

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

`'peal-ins

.

Presentation

77

Clarity of expression, conciseness,

technical vocabulary, organization,

diction, logic, work usage, emotional

appeal

t...

x

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

RECORD DATA Ir LABORATORY RECORD BOOK

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

- H

AZ

AR

D

Laborarory record book

Pen

Data to be recorded

Enter

Title

Date

Purpose

Procedure

Data

Observations

Calculations

Conclusions

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

.

(TASK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

RECORD DATA IN LABORATORY RECORD BOOK

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S


Measure of metric length & weight, time & speed, temperature

Ito inc7ude Kelvinl,.liquid & dry measures

(metric]

Extracting square root

Solution of problems involving numerical & literal algebraic

expressions

Use of exponents to indicate the power of a number

Addition of positive and negative numbers

Algebraic subtraction, multiplication and division of numer-

ical and literal terms

Manipulation of formula involving three factors


Determination of area and volume of cylinders

Development of graphs comparing two complimentav sets of

figures

Given an instrument of measure, determine precision and/or


and

significant digits;

scientific notation

Calculate mean, deviation from mean, and relative average

deviation (in

7' or ppt)

CO

MM

ON

CA

TIO

NS

Reading

fttinc

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Test results

Record in lab book 71

Comprehension, terminology, technical

vocabulary, detail/inference

Penmanship, precision and conciseness

:..-

C-.

..e--...

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

WRITE REPORTS

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

N


Paper

Pen

"....

.1.1

1P

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

Organizing factual information to:

Write record of telephone conversation

Write letter report

Write informational (progress)

report

Write analytical report

Develop data in a logical manner

i '-',

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Hazard

Protection

DE

CIS

ION

S

Determine audience level

CUES

Nat "re of data and use of report

ER

RO

RS

Insufficient information

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

RTT REPORTS

SC

IEN

CE

Inductive reasoninc,.

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Organize data

\,____.)

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

...

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Readiny

Yriting

EX

AM

PLE

S

Lab recDrds

Informational and analytical reports,

Serrion of Aprinel reports And other

external and internal. Publications

81

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Comprehension

Clslrity of expression, proper word usage

grammatical and technical precision,

progress_report, physical experiment

I.&

...7,..-

V%

7

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

ILIZ

E R

EFE

RFN

CE

MA

TE

RIA

L

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

References

Handbook of chemistry and physics

Others

Flexibility in interpreting basis

Technical vocabulary

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

UTTI.T7r Prry.P17:Cr MATT-MAL

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

rhemi cal symbol s

Re'd and interpret charts, tables, and/or eraphs

Scienti fir notation

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

I

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Che

ni c

alE

XA

MP

LES

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

dc -

a i 1

/

IC:.9

Ron

ei4m

var

,r1mathematic notation

83

Comn rehen si on

,te

nni n

olo ev

,inference

Duty P Collecting blood

1 Determine type blood sample needed2 Preform capillary puncture3 Perform venipuncture using syringe or vacutainer4 Prepare blood samples for analysis

i3}

85i'

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DETERMINE TYPE BLOOD SAMPLE NF9)ED

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

N'

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y -

HA

ZA

RD

Requisition for blood test

Determine time of drawing

Interpret from procedure whether

serum, plasma, whole blood are

needed

Determine amount blood necessary

Determine type' anticoagulant needed

dictated by tests to be performed

a)Sodium floride (glucose)

b)Potasiurn oxalate (chemistry process)

c)Double oxalate (hemotolopy)

d)EDTA

(hemotology)

e)Sodium atrate (prothrombin)

f)Heparin

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

r

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DETERMINE TYPE BLOOD SAMPLE NEEDED

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Anti coap,ulant theory

Blond clot tinp mechanism

Characteristics of di fferent anti coapulants

Composition of blood

Treatment nerecsa ry to obtain

:

1) serum

') plasma

3) wl-ole blood

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Peouests

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

(medi cal)

Pe

a d

i, n

p

,

_

for laboratory_ work

,icrorodure

__ -- -

-- 87

---, ----

Comnrehension

,technical

tenni nol opv

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM CAPILLARY PUNCTURE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Alcohol

Lancet

Cotton

Collection equipment for specific

tests

Determine collection site

Anrly anrisenric

Punctu-e site to obtain free flowing

sampL

Remove blond sample

Strap bleeding

DE

CIS

ION

S

Determine where to take sample

Area used must he free from organisms

or edema

First drop of blood can not he used

Excessive snueezinp contaminates

sample

with tissue fluid

Pipets should not touch skin

Safety

Complete sterility must be maintained

Used blades must be discarded safely

Technician should not "stick "self

Hazard

Contamination of sample

Infect patient - unsterile conditions

Lacerations from used blades

Infection of technician

Contamination

Injury

ER

RO

RS

PrPFORM C.APTT T APY PI

C

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Circu]atnry system

Aseptic conditions

.

.

..

----

-

,...-

T-.

.,

.

-C

OM

MU

NIC

AT

ION

S.

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

(mod

i cal

)

.-- -

Reading

Writing

,

Reouisitions

Labels

89

C:ormrehensi on, -technical

tenni nolopv

Accuracy, Penmanship

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM VENIPUNCTURE USING SYRINGE OR VACUTAINER

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

%.,

-,

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Al e

nhal

Prepare patient

..Safety

Cotton or gauge

Prepare needle and syringe

Aseptic conditions must prevail

Syringe and needle -or-

Apply the tourniquet

Used equipment must he disposed of

.

Shield, vacutainer, needle

Select vein

properly

' properly

Tourniquet

Apply antiseptic

Insert needle

Withd'aw blond

Tourniquet application must not he

prolonged - release before withdraw -

inc needle

Release tourniquet

Needle should rot go through vein

Withdraw needle

Artery should not be punctured

Prevent bleeding

Assu

not to puncture self

Transfer blood to proper container

1

zard

nfections of patient

matoma

Prolonged bleeding from lack of pres-

sure applied

Lacerations

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

S,

ER

RO

RS

Select proper

location

Arterial blood spurts; venous flows

Injury

Needle and svrinre must be dry

Needle must be lame enough to pre-

vent trauma

Miss vein or puncture vein

Blood must he allowed to flow

Patient and technician must be in

comfortable position

.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PER

FOR

MVENTPUNCTURE USTNC SYRINCF. OR VACIITAINER

.,

SC

IEN

CE

.

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Circulatory system-anatomy and physiology

Aseptic conditions

Patient concern and treatment

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIC

NIS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

Requisitions

Labels

91

Comprehension, technical (medical)

terminology, process report

-instructions

Accuracy, penmanship

:-N

oT

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PREPARE BLOOD SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

.S

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Blood sample

Anticoagulant

Centrifuge

lest tubes or vacutainers

Pasteur pipet and bulb

Refrigerator - freezer

---

Mix whole blood samples with anti-

coagulant

Mix samples_for plasma, centrifuge and

separate plasma from cells

Prepare serium samples

a) allow blood to clot

b) centrifuge

c) aspirate serium from clot

Safety

Balance centrifuge

Use pipeta carefully

Do not aspirate serium into mouth

Do not preserve unless absolutely

necessary

Hazards

Label specimens completely

Distortion of sample

Store specimens if possible

Breakage of sample

Lacerations

Breakdown of constituents

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Decide what analysis to be made

Hemolysis necessitates redrawing of

specimen

Improper results

Abnormalities in sample-Should be noted

Clean, dry -glassware must be used

Most determinations must be performed

in fresh specimens.

If stored, allow

to return to room temperature before

use

.

,

AS

K S

TA

TE

ME

NT

PREPARE BLOOD SAMPLES FOR ANALYSTS

.

SC

IEN

CE

I

MATH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S


Characteristics of blood

Appearance of blood - normal and abnormal

,...-

_,

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EXAMPLES

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Reading

Writing

Instructions

Label specimens

\

1

,

93

Comprehension, technical (medical)

Penmanship,

terminologyaccuracy

.

ii ::.1

.

Duty E Performing Hematology Tests

1 Perform RBC using hemacytometer2 Perform WBC using hemacytometer3 Perform hemoglobin by cyanmethemoblobin method4 Perform microhematocrit5 Prepare blood smear6 Stain blood smear7 Examine blood smear.8 Perform erythrocyte sedimentation rate Wintrobe method9 Perform bleeding time (Duke or Ivv)10 Perform coagulation tests11 Perform prothrombin time12 Perform reticulocyte count13 Perform platelet count14 Calculate indices115 Maintain hematology equipment

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM RBC USING HEMACYTOMETER

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

RBC diluting pipet (thoma)

Aspirator tubing and mouthpiece

Blood sample

Diluting fluid

Hayem's, Gower's

sol"tion

Mechanical shaker

Hemacytometer

Hemacytometer cover glass

Alcohol or xvlene

Microscope

Cell counter

Pipet cleaning solutions

water,

alcohol, acetone

Gauze


Dilute blood sample 1:200

Mix and mount on hemacytometer

Count RBC in 1/5 mm2 on microscope with

high dry (40x)

Calculate RBC/mm3

Safety

Coverglass can he broken if lens

touches

Solutions cannot he aspirated into

mouth

Hazard

Scratched or cracked lens

Broken coverglass

Poisoning from chemicals

DE

CIS

ION

S

In severe anemia,

dilution can be

altered

CU

ES

Repeat until 10% agreement reached

Glassware must be clean

Improper mounting of specimen causes

errors in count

ER

RO

RS

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM RBC USING HEMACYTOMETER

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Characteristics and purpose of RBC's

Formation of RBC's

Decrease = anemia

Increase = polycythemia

Function of hemacytometer

Normal = 4.5 - 5.5 million/mm3 - men

= 4.0 - 5.0 million/mm3 - women

Terminology of RBC and diseases

Sources of error

Parts of CRC

Destruction of RBC

Variations from normal

Formula

or number

Ratio and

Basic arithmetic

-

Number of cells counted x dilution

in 1/5 mm

.

RRC /mm3

0.2 area x 0.1 depth

of cells x 20,000

proportion

skills

COMMUNICATIONS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KI L

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

1:friting

Directions

Record results,

labels

97

Comnrehenslon, technical (medical)

terminology

Penmanship, spellin;k, accuracy

-

i'.--1-

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM WBC USING HEMACYTOMETER

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

EO

BJE

CT

S A

CT

ED

UP

ON

WBC diluting pipet (thoma)


Blood sample

Diluting fluid - 27 acetic acid or

0.1N HCL

Mechanical shaker

Hemacytometer

Hemacytometer cover glass

Alcohol

Microscope

Cell counter

Pipet cleaning solutions

Gauze


DECISIONS

Identify area to be used in count

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Dilute sample 1:20

Mix and mount nn hemacytometer

Count WBC in four Lurner square mm

with low power 00x)

Calculate WBC /mmi

Safety

Aspirate blood and diluting fluid

carefully

Cover glass can be broken if lens

touches

Hazard


Broken coverglass

Chemical poisoning

CU

E

Count cells touching top and left

linear

Repeat to arreement within 500/mm3

ER

RO

RS

Faulty equipment

Faulty technique

Cell distribution

Nature of sample

Small sample size

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PE

RF

OR

M W

BC

US

ING

HE

MA

CY

TO

ME

TE

R

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Chararterisrics and purposes of !11C.

Formation of WRC's

Increase = leukocytosis

Decrease - leukopenia

Function of reagent and equipment

Normal .. 5000 - 10,000/mmi

Terminology of WBC find diseares

Sources of error

Pitts r,f CB(;

NImber of cells counted

diltion of blood

/= Wilc/mm

V^lul..c (area -- depth)

or number counped x 50

Ratio and pre:,ortion


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

-

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

.E

XA

MP

LES

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Reading

Writing

Procedures

Record results, label

99

Comprehension, medical terminology

Penmanship, spelling, accuracy

,,.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM

BE

,Toc

i,nB

IN B

Y C

YA

NtI

ET

HF.

MO

OT

,OB

IN M

ET

HO

D

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

# 4

r1

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Spectrophotometer

Standardize photometer using commercial

Safety

Drabkin's reagent (fresh)

standards. Draw calibration curve

Drabkin's reagent is poisonous

Cuvettes

Dilute blood 1:251 (5 ml reagent .02

Pipettes

blood)

Hazard

Sahli pipet

Allow color development

Inhalation of fumes

Tubing and mouthpiece

Read percent transmittence on

Blood sample

photometer

Semi-log graph paper

Determine concentration from calibra-

Straight edge

tion curve

Commercial hemoglobin standard


Timer

AMMINMV

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Det

erm

ine

conditions of equipment

Accuracy is dependent or technique,

and reagents

equipment, reagent stability,

glassware cleanliness

I.

mproper results

Control should be\utilized to check

technique, equipment, reagents

Rinse Sahli pipet with reagent

0

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

TPERPROM HEMOCT,OBTII BY CYAN! ETHEMOOLOBTN METHOD

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Characteristics and purposes of hemoglobin

Anemia = decrease in quality and quantity of PBC and

hemoglobin

Compounds of hemoglobin

Terminology and abbreviation - hemoglobin

Liquid and dry measures 'metric]


Read and interOret charts, tables, and/or graphs

Measure With the metric system

Civen an instrument of measure, determine precision and/or


and significant dicits

Measure of time


,

.

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

N

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EXAMPLES

SK

I LLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Reading

Writing

.

7.

Procedure

Record results,

0,raph

-

lahel, draw calibration

.,

101


Penmanship, Spelling,-accuracy, format

description

.

I

_

J

,e,o

r-%

.?"1

LTASK S1'ATEMENT)

al11

1.1.

111.

1111

1,

_u p

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

- H

AZ

AR

D

Capillary or whole blood sample

Fill capillary tube

Safety

Heparinized capillary tubes

Seal vacant end

Use caution when handling capillary

Plasticene or seal-ease (sealing

Centrifuge

tubes

medium)

Read X on reader

Do-not lift_cover until rotation has

Micro-hematocrit centrifuge

completely stopped

Micro-capillary reader


Hazard

Trauma - lacerations

Trauma - to operator

.

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Determine how to take sample

Blood sample must he properly collected

and preserved

Improper results

Centrifugation must he standardized

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM MICRO-HEMATOCRIT

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Uses of hematocrit

Comparison of RBC tests

-RBC diseases and characteristics

Normal Q 40 - 50%\males

37k- 45% females

Centrifugal forced developed by bodies in rotation 'force

tending to discharge material from a rotating body]

Read and interpret charts, tables, and/or graphs


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Reading

Writing

EX

AM

PLE

S

Procedures

Record results,label

103

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS


Penmanship, accuracy

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

A, l

ISN

A, 7

2.0/

11.1

7 I

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

N

llart

,

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

E ,

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

11

I

Capillary blood sample

Pre - leaned glass slides

Spreader slide

Pencil

Spread drop of blood with spreader

slide thinly

Air dry smear

Label accurately in blood

,

Hazard

Lacerations from slides

/..

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Select methods for preparing smear

Blood must not be contaminated with

tissue fluid or antisepties

Feather edge indicates good smear

-smooth, moderately thin

11.1

1.11

1.11

1111

1....

11M

Y

Damage sample

Poor quality smear

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PRFPAR RIOnD SW:AR

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Purpose

ofblood smears

Terminology

ofhematolopy

Characteristics

of g

ood

smears

Sources

ofblood samples

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Writing

T.abel

-10

5,

Penmanship, accuracy

..,..

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

STAIN BLOOD SMEAR

.yam

Z

TO

OL

S, E

QU

IPM

EN

T, M

AT

ER

IAL

S,O

BJE

CT

S A

CT

ED

UP

ON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y -

- H

AZ

AR

D

Well made blood smear

Fix smear with Wright's stain

Hazard

Wright's stain

Add buffer to stain

Stained hands and cloths

Phosphate buffer (pH 6.4)

Wash with water

Water

Wipe dye off bads of slide

Staining rack

Air dry, standing on end

Timer

DE

CIS

ION

S.

CU

ES

ER

RO

RS

Determine standards for accuracy

Accurate timing is essential

Incorrect results

Metallic sheen should form with buffer

pH must he exact

Errors occur due to reagents, timing

Timing varies with each hatch of

reagents

Rapid drying prevents distortions

.

ST

AT

EM

EN

TSTATN BLOOD SMEAR

ZS

CIE

NC

EM

AT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YS

TE

MS

,

Writ's

stain fixes dead cells

Chifimi al affinity of tissues for stain

-7-p11

hypotonic

-hypertonic

,

Measure of tine

/

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Procedure

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

(medical)

-1

Reading

107

Comprehension, technical

terminology

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

EXAMINE BLOOD SMEAR

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OBJECTS ACTED -UPON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y -

. HA

ZA

RD

Properly stained blood smear

Microscope

Immersion nil

Blood cell calculator


Evaluate smear quality with low power

objective

Estimate white count and scan for

abnormal cells (low power)

Examine RBC morphology (oil immersion)

Evaluate platelets (oil)

Identify and count 100 WIC's (oil)

Repeat abnormalities and % of each type

WBC

Hazard

Microscope lens can be sr.ratched or

broken

DECISIONS

CU

ES

ER

RO

RS

Questionable smears should be reviewed

by pathologist

_

/

Number of cells to be counted is

dependent on total WBC

.

.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

EXAMINE BLOOD SMEAR

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Types of white cells - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Lymphocytes, Mano-..ytes

Appearance of normal and abnormal or immature RAC's and

WBC's

Blood cell developmental series

Abnormal RBC conditions - anisocytosis, parkilocytosis,

hypochromasia, sickle cells, polychromatophilia, haso-

phylic stippling, mecleated red blood cells, target cell

Terminology of hematology

Objectives of differential

Disorders indicated by abnormalities

Correlation with otner hematology tests

Correct for nucleated RBC

Correction = uncorrected /mm3

100 + number nucleated RBC

Finding a percent of

a number and what percent one number

is of another

Locate by approximation rational numbers and integers on

the number line (sequential ordering)

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Reading

Writing

Viewing

EX

AM

PLE

S

Morphology puides and proceditres

Record results

Blood smear

109

SK

I LLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Com

preh

ensi

onPenmanship, spelling

Visual analysis, Detail/inference,

Color discrimination

1di

e

11 P

UM

0 V

IF%

I 1

6111

11.1

11 ii

ciri

Ars

.ral

ra ..

......

....w

...--

- --

----

----

--,

,T

OO

LS, E

QU

IPM

EN

T, M

AT

ER

IALS

,O

BJE

CT

S A

CT

ED

UP

ON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y -

. HA

ZA

RD

Whole blood sample

Wintrobe tube

Pasteur pipet

Sedimentation rack

Centrifuge

Timer

Correction chart


1

rill Wintrobe tube accurately

Time vertical standing accurately

Read tube graduations

Centrifuge

Correct for anemia

1

.

.

DECISIONS

CUES

sImproper results

Damaged sample

0

.

Anticoagulant used must preserve RBC

g --\\

morphology

No hemolysls can be present

Tubes must stand perfettly vertical.

Test must be perforred within ' hours

of erawinl

Accurlte til,pg is essential

Select anticoagulant

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

ER FORM ERYTHROCYTE. SFDIMENTATION p Tr

BY WI TR B

THO

:--

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Plasma proteins

RBC morphology

Increase - infections, and defense mechanisms active

Normal - 5 - 20 mm for women

5 - 15 mm for men

Sources of error

Read sequential scales

Measure of time

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

4,

.,:-,

Reading

Writing

Procedures, correction chart


1i1

Comorehension, technical (medical)

terminology


-1

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM BLEEDING TIME (DUKE OR IVY

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

,-.

a-

-I,

70% alcohol

Lancet

Stopwatch

Blotting paper

Cotton

Blood pressre cuff


Perform capillary puncture

Time bleeding accurately

Hazard

Technician shnuld not

stick

self

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Decide where to puncture

Adequate, standard4zed punctures are

essential (3mm depth)

Prolonged nr shortened results must

be repeated

increase shows platelet

derrease

Improper results

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM BLEEDING TIME (DUKE OR TVY)

.

SC

IEN

CE

ti

.

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Z5

Clotting mechanism

Tissue factors

,

Normal = 1-6 minutes

Measure of time

,

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

Procedure;

Results

.

113



-

,.,

...

V% .

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM COAGULATION TESTS

*

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

/ED

UP

ON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y. -

- H

AZ

AR

D

Test tubes

(ID, 8 mm)

Blood sample

i

Stopwatch

Describe clot retration

Interpret capillary coagulation

time

Accurately read Lee-White clotting

tint,.

Safety - use glassware\correctly

Hazard .. lacerations from tubes

Nnn- henarinized capillary ..tibes

Lancet

Syringe and needle

Alcohol and cotton balls

Tourniquet

.

Saline


,i.

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

$E

RR

OR

S

_-

Determine proper sample appearan,...a

Tissue juice contamination alters

Poor sample

results (shortens time)

Improper results

Tests do not differentiatebetween

clotting deficiencies and

anticoagulant presence

Capillary tests are unreliable

Iee-White .is influenced by test

tube

size and surface, temperature,

and

agitation

..

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM COAGULATION TESTS

SCIENCE

MA

TH

. N

UM

BE

R S

YS

TE

MS

Blond coagulation theory

Normal Lee-White = 15 - 25 minutes

Normal clot retraction = Begin 1 hour

Complete 18 hours

Capillary coagulation time = 2 - 6 minutes

Methods of prolonging or retarding coagulation time

Measure of rime

/

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writirg

Procedures

.

Record re.sults

115


Penmanship, spellin(.1, accuracy

.

1

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PE

RF

OR

M P

PO

TH

RO

MB

IN T

UX

LiO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

BJE

CT

S A

CT

ED

UP

ON

IP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

1111

1111

1101

1111

=11

111,

Blood sample preserved,with sodium

Prepare correct 1:10 blood sample

oxalate (0.1M)

Perform and interpret control solutions

Stock thrmbnplastiu

Observe clot formation accurately

Saline

0.02 '1 Ca C12

Control solution

Centrifuge

Test tubes - 8 x 75 mm

37° C incubator

Timer

Pipets

Light source

L1borator record book

DE

CIS

ION

SDetermine standards of accuracy

CUES

Must he preformed within four hours o

drawinc' snecimen

Used often for patients on

anticoagulant therapy or screening-

for deficienees

Samples must be performed'in duplicate

or triplicate and agree

within one-

second

Controls must 'be used to validate

reagents and procedure


SA

FE

TY

- H

AZ

AR

D

ER

RO

RS

Improper timing

Incorrect results

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM POTHROMBIN TIME

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Blood coagulation theory and mechanism

Nomal = 11.2 - 14.5 seconds

Mechanism of anticoagulant therapy

Dilutions

Measure of time

Measure of metric volume


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

,E

XA

MP

LES

Comprehension,

Penmanship,SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

°0-1.4.

Reading

Writing


117

medical terminology

spelling, accuracy

I-

1

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORMRETT6LOCYTE COUNT

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

N

:111

1111

1111

MIN

SIIM

ISIP

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Brilliart cresyl blue or new methy-

lene blue

Sodium citrate and sodium chloride or

Sodium oxalate and sodium chloride

Capillary or venous blood

Test tube 8 x 75mm

Pipet

Timer

Slides

Microscope

Immersion oil

Hand counter

Asp/rat-1r tubing and mouthpiece

Laboratory record ,,rok

1111

111M

Ir

Prepare stain

Mix stain nnd blood accnrately

Spread nixture on slides

Identify nunbor reticulocytes/number

of erythrocyte counted under oil

immerEdon

Harvard


Cracked lens or slide

Aspiration of solutions

DECISIONS

Identify type of blood cell

CU

ES

2000 RBC's are counted - 1000 on each

of 2 slides

Count in riedium thin portion of

slides

Precipita*ed .tain must not be confus-

ed with reticulocytes

Stain should be filtered immediately

betfore u.e

Allowable difference between slides

5-7 cell.

ER

RO

RS

Count wrong kind of cell

Inaccurate count

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM RETICULOCYTE COUN"'

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

RBC maturation series

RBC morphology and abnormalities

Normal = .8 - 1.5% retirs

Formation of RBC

Physiology of anemias

Supravital staining

Uses of reticulocyte count

Number reticIllocvtes counted

x 100 = % reties

Number erythrocyte counted


Basic arithMetic skills

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Writing

Reading

Viewing

Record results, labels

-

,

Slide

, .

119




1; C.f..;

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

rl

PERFORM PLATELET COUNT

TOOLS,

EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TSAmp WON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y -

. HA

ZA

RD

Rees-Ecker diluting fluid

Dilute blood with Rees-Ecker

Hazard

RBC diluting pipet

Mount specimen or hemocytometer

Aspiration of solution

Capillary or venous blood

Allow adequate settling

Broken cover glass

Pipet shaker

Blood smears

.

Identify and count platelets using

high dry in center square millimeter

Scratched or broken lens

Femocytometer

gauze

Calculatc. results

.

Petri plate contained moistened

gauze

.

Microscope

Hand counter



DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Identify type of cells

Plat,lets are small, attach easily to

Count wrong type of cell

glassware, clump easily

Inaccurate count

Diluent musr be stored in refrigerator

and filtered prior to use

.Glassware must be very clean

Counts must_ be done in duplicate and

must agree within 20,000 cells

...

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

_ __

___

___.

......

......

.._...

_..

_

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Blood coagulation theory

Formation of platelets

Normal = 170,000 - 400,000cells/mm3

Terminology of abnormal platelet quantity

Use of platelet count

_

Number of platPletg

Platelets /mm

or number counted x



counted xlmm3 x 200 (dilution of blood)

0.1 mm

200

.

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

Viewing


Slide

121'




(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

CALCULATE INDICES

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

', M

AT

ER

IALS

,O

BJE

CT

S A

CT

ED

UP

ON

)

1

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y -

HA

ZA

RD

11 9

.q

Results of RBC

Hematocrit

Hemoglobin

Aaemia classifier (blood constants

calculator)


Calculate MCV

Calculate MCH

Calculate MCHC

-,

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S,

'.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

CALCULATE INDICES

SCIENCE

MATH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Comparison of RBC, Hematocrite, Hemoglobin

.

Normal blood value range

Values of indices

Theory of indices

MCV =

Hematocrit x 10

(cu.

RBC (millions)

microns)

MCI

Hemoglobin x 10

=(uup)

RBC (millions)

=MCHCHemoglobin x 100

(%)

Hematocrit


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

Reading

Writinp

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

Sdi

Procedures, Plassifier

Record and report results

123

Comprehension, medical terminology,

description if mechanism

Penmanship, spelling, progress report

(TASK STATEMENT)

141P


OBJECTS ACTED UPON


SAFETYHAZARD

Water

Clean diluting pipets

Hazards

Alcohol

Clean hemocytometer

Lacerations

Acetone

Clean slides

Burns

Xylol

Gauze

Vacuum

Pipet washer

Cleaning jars

Aspirator

Blood pipet cleaning wires

DECISIONS

NES

RS

Determine proper conditions

/

Contamination

Inoperative e ui ment

Pequip

Failure to function

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

MAINTAIN HEMATOLOGY EQUIPMENT

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Viewing

.

-

Inspect equipment

125

Visual analysis,

Detail/inference

.

Duty F

Performing Clinical Chemistry Tests

1Perform glucose test by Nelson-Samogyi method

2Perform glucose by Folin-Wu method

3Perform urea nitrogen test by nesslerization

4Perform uric acid test

5Perform creatinine test (Folin method)

6Perform total protein, albumin, globulin test (Biuret method)(TP/AG)

7Perform cholesterol test

8Perform chloride test (Scholes and Scholes)

9Perform carbon dioxide (CO2) determination (Van Slyke)

10

Perform sodium and potassium determination (Flame photometer)

11

Perform calcium test (Clark-Callip)

12

Perform inorganic phosphorous test

13

Perform amylase test (Samogyi method)

14

Perform SGOT, SGPT, LDH tests (Sigma)

15

Perform alkaline and acid phosphatase tests

16

Perform VDB (Van In Rergle) test (Halley and Eoelyn)

17

Perform

icteues index, thymol turbidity, cephalin cholesterol flocculation

18

Perform ASP (Bromsulfonphthalien) test

(TASK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM GLUCOSE TEST BY NELSON

SAMOGYI METHOD

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Sample of cerium, plasma, whole blood

urine or CSF

Test tubes

Pipet

Distilled water

Barium hydroxide

Zinc sulfate

Centrifuge

FolimWu sugar tubes

Alkaline copper tartrate

Boiling water bath

Cold water bath

Arsenomalupdate color reagent

Glucose stanCarc

Spectrophotometer

Cuvettes

Graph paper

Timer

Heat source

Controls

Lab record book

Prepare protein - free filtrate ,

Place samples in Folin-Vu tubes

Perform color reactions and dilute

Calibration spectrophotometer

Read % T values

Determine concentration from graph with

mg %

Safety

Reliability and accuracy of results

Proper glassware handling

Chemical handling

Sources of error

Hazards

Patient's well-being hangs in balance

Burns - heat plus chemical

Lacerations

DE

CIS

ION

S

Set proper wavelength

Check quality control

CU

ES


Reagents must

be fresh

Inadequate mixing

ER

RO

RS

Incorrect results

-(T

AS

K S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)PERFORM GLUCOSE TEST BY NELFONSAMOGYI

METHOD

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Digestion and metabalism of carbohydrates

Chemistry of rarbohydrates

Blood sugar homeostasis

Kidney, liver, pancreas function

Glucose tolerance theory

Normal values and glucose curves

Protein free filtrates

Proper specimen collection tames ply's preservation

Chemical reactions of test procedures

Diabetes mellitus

Renal threshold

Measure of metric volume and weight

Read graph

Dilutions

Ratio and nropOrtions

Liquid and dry measures (metrics)

MPasure of time


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Peadinct

Writing

Procedure

Report results, labels, draw graphs

129

Comprehension, med4cal terminology,

description of mechanism

Penmanship, spelling, accuracy,

progress report, usage

.ri

(TASK STATEMENT)

PERFORM GLUCOSE BY FOLINWU METHOD

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OBJECTS Amu, MIN

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

E

--

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

Test tines

Controls

Prepare Folin-Wu filtrate

Safety

Flashes

Place samples in Folin-Wu tubes


Whole blood

Perform color reaction and dilute


Sulfuric acid

Calibrate spectrophotometer

Chemical handling

Sodium tunptate

Read % T values

Sources of error

Funnel

Determine mg% from graph

.

Filter paper

Hazards

Folin-Wu blood sugar tubes

Patients well being

Bistilled water

Burns - heat and chemical

Alkaline copper tartrate

Lacerations

Boiling water bath

Heat source

Cold water bath

Molybdic acid

Spectrophotometer

Pipets

Cuvettes

Gr-Th paper

Tier

Lab record book

Standard glucose

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Select procedure


Improper results



Inadequate mixing

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM GLUCOSE BY FOLINWU METHOD

IS

CIE

NC

EM

AT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YS

TE

MS

Digestion and metabolism of carbohydrates

Chemistry of cqrbohYdrates

Blood sugar homeo.-7tasis

Kidney, liver, pancrer

function

Glucose tolerance thec..,,

,

Normal values and glucose ntili7ation /curves

Protein free filtrates

Collection times and preserYation

Chemical reactions of tests

Diabetes mellitus

Renal threshold

'Leasure of me*ric volume

Read graph

Dilutions


Ratio and proportions

Measure of metric weights

Measure

of time

.

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

,E

XA

MP

LES

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Reading

Writing

Procedure

Report results,- labels, draw granhs

,

131



Penmanshin, spelling, accuracy, progress

report, usage

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFOPH 11PEA NITROMN TEST AY NESSLERIZATION

TO

LLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

N,.

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Whole blood sample

Incubate blood with urease

Safety --

Pipet

Prepare protein free filtrates


Test tubes

Develop

color

Glassware handling

Water bath or-incubator

Caltbratc spectrophotometer

Chemical handling

Timer

Read 7 T values

Sources of error

Corks

Determine concentration from graph in

.

Filter paper

mg 7

Hazard

Funnels

Patient's well-being

Cuvettes

Lacerations

Spectrophotometer

Chemical burns

Nitrogen standard [(N114)2SO4]

Controls

Graph paper

Prease solution

Prea solution

Sulfuric acid

Sodium ttmgstate

Nesslers reagent

Distilled water

Lab record hook DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Select time and temperature

Time and

temperature must he ac....,rate

.Wavelength setting

Improper results


Make fresh reagent

.

------ ----

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PrRFORM URrA NTTROCFN TT'ST Rv NESSLERTZATION

SC

IEN

CE

---

-M

AT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YS

TE

MS

Kidney ftmction

Digestion and metabolism of proteins

Kidenv diseases

Nitrogen substances in body

Liver function

Chemical reactions of test procedure

Collection and nreservation of specimen

Enzyme reactions

Normal values

Measure of metrics volume and weight

Read graph

DilutiOns

Measure of tem-erature

Ratio and nroportions

Measure of time


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Lfritillf,

Procedure

Report results, labels, drat, graphs

133

Comprehension, medical terminolor,,y,


Snelling, nenmanshin, accuracy,

nrogress report, usage

1

li. -

1

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

lkTTRTC ACT

._.

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

,P

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

I /1.

1

Serum or plasma

Test tube

Pipets

Sulfuric acid

Sodium tunpstate

Centrifuge

Distilled water

Sodium carbonate

Phosphotungstic acid reagent

Spectrophotometer

Cuvettes

Timer

Uric acid standard

graph paper

Lab record hook

Controls

Prepare Tolin-Wu filtrate

Develop

color


Read 7 T


mg 7

Safety


Classware handling

Chemical handling

Hazard


Lacerations

Chemical burns

..,

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Inaccurate results

Select proper wave lengths

Procedure specifications

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFODM tiRIG

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Kidnny function

Digestion and metaholiem of proteins


Chemical reactions of test procedure

Normal values

,

Kidney diseases

Liver function


Ratios and proportions

Read graph

Dilutions

Measure of time


..

,--

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

Procedure


135





-

.

-..-

MASK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM

CREATINTNE TEST (FOLIN METHOD)

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OBJECTS ACTED UPON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y -

- H

AZ

AR

D

Serum or plavma

Prepare FolinWu filtrate

Safety

Water

Develop

color

Reliability and accuracy of results-

Sodium tungstate


Glassware handling

Sulfuric Acid

Read 7 T values

Chemical handling

Test tubes


Picric acid is volatile when hot

Pipets

mg 7

f

Centrifuge

Cuvette

Hazard,


Spectrophotometer

Lacerations

Timer

Chemical burns

Creatinine standard

Picric acid stains

Graph paper

Lab record hook

Controls

Picric acid_

Sodium hydroxide

DECISIONS

CUES

ERRORS

Determine

if test is complete


Improper results

Check wavelength

Fresh reagents

Procedure specification

t TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFO

1 CREATININE TEST (FOLIN METHOD)

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Chemical reactions of test

Jaffe reaction

Kidenv fucntion

Digestion and metabolism of protiens



Kidney diseases

Normal values



Read graph

Dilutions

Measure of time


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S .

Reading

Writing

Procedure


137





Zi f

t

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM TOTAL PROTEIN, ALBUMIN, GLOBULIN TEST (RIURET METHOD

(TP/AG

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Serun or plasma

Mix sample and Na011

Safety

N,Cvettes

Mix sample and sulfate - sulfite sol


Tst tubes

ution

Glassware handling

Sodium hydroxide

Extract globulins by shaking

Chemical handling

Piuret

reagent

Centrifuge

Ether is volatile

Spectrophotometer

Develop

color

Protein standard


Hazard

Graph paper

Read T. T values for TP and ALB


Controls


lacerations

Lab record honk

nX

----

Chemical hems

Timer

Calculate globulin and A/C ratio

Explosions

Sulfate - sulfite solution

Ether diethyl

Centrifuge

Pipets

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Determine endpoint

Shaking tiro and strength critical

Improper results

Do not disturh globulin lazer

Check ouality control

Check wavelength

Hemalysis of sample sho "ld be 'voided

K. S

TA

TE

ME

NT

PP.R

POR

ti T

OT

AL

PR

OT

EIN

, AL

BU

MIN

, CL

OB

UL

TN

TE

ST (

BT

ITR

ET

ME

TIT

OD

)(T

P/A

C)

SC

IEN

CE

,M

AT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YS

TE

MS

Digestion and metabolism of protein

"orotein coroononts and fimerinns

`litror.en snbstances in body

Normal values


significance of findings

Globulin

totn1 protein

--.' -cumin

A/C

ITalbumin/00bl

Meaure of metri,. volume

7-tin and proror*ions

R-nd graph

Dilttinrs

Mea-re ^f time

.

11-si- nrith^eti^ skill^

.

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Tiea

-11 n

r,

Wrf.tinf

Procedsre

Report results,

labels, draw graphs

139

Compreh^nsion, medical terminology,



Progress 'report, usage

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

. MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D-U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

1 dg

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

-

Serum

Volumetrics flask

Funnel

Filter paper

Stoppers.

'

Acetone - alcohol

Beaker

Pipets

Heat source

Glacial acetic acid

Ferric chloride

Cuvettes

Spectrophotometer

Cholesterol standard

Timer

Lab record hook

Controls

Giaph paper

Prepare filtrate

Evaporate to dryness

Develop

color


Read % T values

Determine concentration from graph

in mg 7

.

_


Glassware handling

Chemical handling

,

Alcohol-acetone is flammable

.

Hazard


Lacerations

Chemical burns

Fire

DECISIONS

CU

ES

ERRORS

Improper results

.

.

.

Determine endpoint

Dry equipment

Do not scorch residue

Evaporation occurs easily


Check wavelength

.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM alor,FsPERm, TrsT

SC

IEN

CE

.M

AT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YS

TE

MS

Digestion and metabolism of fats

Tnterpretatinn of resultc

Chemical reaction of tests

Kidney function and diseases

Liver function and diseases

Types of lipids and functions

,



Read grpah

Dilutions

_

Measure of time

_


,.

1

,

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Vri t i np

.

prncedures

Report results, lahels, draw graphs

141

.

,.


description of- mechanism

Penmanship, spelling, accnracy,


.

1':

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM CHLORIDE TEST

(SCHOLES AND SCHOLFS)

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

,.

ag iS

AF

ET

Y -

HA

ZA

RD

Serum

Prepare Folin-Wu filtrate

Safety

Water

Titrate*writh mercuric nitrate


Test tube

Calculate results in mg% and/or

Glassware handling

Sulfuric acid

neg/1

Chemical handling

Sodium tungstate

Titrate standard NaC1

Sources of error

.Funnel

Filter paper

.

Hazard

Flask erlennyer


Diphenyl rarhonzone

Lacerations

Mercuric nitrate

Chemical burns

Standard sodium chloride

Burette

.

Lib record hook

Controls

.,

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S



Incorrect results

;.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PF.RFORM CHI PR DE TEST' (C1101.1:5; AND SCPil..S)

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Flectrolyte balance in body

Water balance


Ti tration procedures

Normal values

Endocrine system

-adrenals

,..

.

Conversion of milli equivalents

-mg%

Hl 11g(N01)7 x 100/A

=meg /liter

til

11g,( *103)2 x 100/A x 5.85

=mg,/100m1

A= ml to titrate standard NaC1

tleasure of metric volume

Rati.o and proportion

Dilution


.

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Wr4

t in g

Procedures

Pepoyt results,

labels, draw graphs

143

'Comprehension, medical terminology,

description of mechanism,

Penmanship, spelling., accuracy,

,progress report, usage

1

al

.-.1

..71

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM CARBON DIOXIDE

(a)

DETERMINATION (VAN SLUE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

/S

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Serum

,

Van Slyke apparatus

Mercury

Distilled water

Capry lic alcohol

Lactic or sulfuric acid

Pipet

-Lab record hook

Prepare apparatus

Add reagents and serum

Release CO2

z'

Measure volume

Calculate volume --7/-t STP conditions

Safety

Mercury

Glassware handling

Hazard

Lacerations

Chemical burns

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S


Measure temperature and pressure

Clear of water and air

0

.

Incorrect results

.

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) DETERMINATION (VAN SLYKE)

0S

CIE

NC

EM

AT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YS

TE

MS

Electrolyte balance in body

Acidosis and alkalosis

Gas laws

Chemi'al reactions of test:

Manometric determinations

Normal values

Water balanc(

Endocrine system - adrenals

Metric measul.L of volume

Connect to STP conditions


Measure barometric pressure


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KI L

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

Procedures


145 .





i f,Z

-4;

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM SODIUM AND POTASSIUM DETERMINATION mum norommo

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

N

4"".

11.1

11.1

mm

o"..1

.1.

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EKNOWLEDGE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Serum

Distilled water

Buffer solutions

Standard solutions

Volumetric flask

Pipets

Gas source - propane

Air source

Controls

DECISIONS


Set-up photometer

Calibrate

Read Na and K values

Safety


Plow meter

Open flame

Hazard

Lacerations

Burns

CU

ES


Contaaination of buffers and standards

ER

RO

RS

Incorrect results

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM SODIUM AND POTASSIUM DETERMINATION (FLAME PHOTOMETER)

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Electrolyte balance in body

Buffer systems

Water balance

Endocrine system - adrenals

.

-(

1,1g 7._nleg/1


i

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

Procedures


147

i





.

i S.:1

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

RFORM

CALCIUM TEST (CLARK-CALLIP)

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

,,,M

AT

ER

IALS

,O

BJE

CT

S A

CT

ED

UP

ON

,a5

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Serum

Distilled water

Ammonium oxalate

Graduated centrifuge tube

Centrifuge

Filter paper

Amnion/um hydroxide

Sulfuric acid

Pipets

Boiling water bath

Heat source

Potassium permanganate

Timer

Lab recori book

Controls

DE

CIS

ION

S


Precipitate oxalate

Centrifuge and drain

Heat

Titrate with KM O4

Titrate blank

Calculate mg % Ca

Safety

Sources of error


Glassware handling

Chemical handling

Hazard


Lacerations

Stains

Burns

CU

ES

Reciprocal relation between calcium

and phosphorus


ER

RO

RS

Incorrect results

TA

TE

ME

NT

PERFORM CALCIUM TEST (CLARK

CALLIP)

._

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Electrolyte balance


Normal values

Titration mechanism

Endocrine system - parathyroid, thyroid

Vitamin metabolism

1 ml KMNO4=0.2 mg Ca

Ml KMNO4 needed

ml KMNO4 for blank x 0.2 x 100/2 =

mg Ca/100ml

Metric measure of volume



'Measure of time

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EXAMPLES

SKILLS/CONCEPTS

Reading

Writing

.

-

Procedures


149





..

,

i .rT.S:2;

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM INORGANIC PHOSPHOROUS TEST

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Serum

Prepare filtrate

Safety


Develop color


Pipets

Calibrate spectrophctometer


Trichloracetic acid

Read % T value

Chemical handling

Funnel

Determine mg % from graph

Sources of error

Filter paper

Test tubes

Hazard

Molybdate II


Amino naphthol sulfuric acid (ANS)

Burns

Distilled water

Lacerations

Standard KH2PO4

Spectrophotometer

Cuvettes

Controls

Lab record book

Timer

Graph paper

DECISIONS

CU

ES

ER

RO

RS



Incorrect results


Avoid hemolysis

7

K S

TA

TE

ME

NT

PERFORM INORGANIC PHOSPORUS TEST

S;

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Electrolyte balance

Chemical reaction of test

Normal values

Endocrine system - parathyroid,

thryoid

Vitamin metabolism

Vitamin deficiency diseases

-


Dilutions

Basic arithmetic,skills


Liquid and dry measures

Measure of time

Read graph

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

Procedures


151


description tf mechanism

Penmaaship, spelling, accuracy,


(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM AMYLASE TEST (SAMOGYI METHOD)

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Starch paste

Serum

Test tubes

Waterbath

Pipets

Sulfuric acid

Sodium tungstate

Reagents for glucose test (Folin-Wu)

Lab record book

Glucose calibration graph

Timer

Incubate serum and substrate

Prepare filtrate

Perform glucose test

Read % T on spectrophotometer

Read value from glucose calibration

graph

Safety


Glassware handling

Chemical handling

Sources of error

Hazard


Lacerations

Chemical burns

DE

CIS

ION

S


CU

ES

Must be performed soon after specimen

obtained

Temperature, pH, timing critical

ER

RO

RS

Incorrect results

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM AMYLASE TEST (SAMOGYI METHOD)

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism

Function of pancreas


.

%Enzyme function and activity

PA.acreas pathology and diseases

Liver function

Amylase function

1 amylase unit = 1 mg Z sugar


Read graphs

.

Dilutions



-,,

Measure of time


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

,E

XA

MP

LES

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Reading

Writing

-

Procedure

Report results, label, draw graphs

153



Penmanship, Spelling, accuracy,


`i r.;°c,`,

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

(__

____

__ _

___,

___

__ _

__T

ES

TS

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

DO

BJE

CT

S A

CT

ED

UP

ON

Serum

Incubate serum and substrate

,Safety

Substrate (Sigma)

.Develop

color


Waterbath


Glassware handling

Centrifuge tubes, graduated

Read X T value

Chemical handling

Timer


Sources of error

Color reagent (Sigma)

Sigma-Frankel units

Sodium hydroZide

Hazard

Spectrophotometer


Control serum

Lacerations

Standard solution

Chemical burns

Graph paper

Cuvettes

Lab record book DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S


Time and temperature critical

Incorrect results

Quack wavelength


TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM SBOT, SGPT, LDH TESTS (SIGMA)

SCIENCE

MATH

NUMBER SYSTEMS


Enzyme function and activity

Heart function

Myocardial infarctions

Liver function

Pulmonary infarctions

Pieeervation of samples

Enzyme curves


Read graphs

Dilutions

'



Measure of time


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

Procedure

Report

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

i

Writing

.

results, label, draw graphs

155



___



-.

S .!-_

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM ALKALINE AND ACID PHOSPHATASE TESTS

sir

r<

4

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

r.Serum

Alkaline or acid substrate

Water bath or incubator

Distilled water

Trichloracetic acid

Funnel

Filter paper


Molybdate II solution

ANS

Pipets

Spectrophotometer

Cuvettes

Graph paper

Standard KH2PO4

Controls

Lab record book

Prepare filtrate

Incubate

Develop

color


Read % T value


B units

Perform inorganic phosphorus test

Safety


Glassware handling

Chemical handling

Sources of

error

Hazard


Lacerations

Chemical burns

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

lime, substrate, temperature, pH

Determine standards for ac uracy

critical


Check wavelength

Incorrect results

.

.

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Function of enzymes and activity

Normal values


Optimum conditions for enzyme tests

Prostatic carcinoma

Bone diseases

4.

Phosphatase - inorganic

phosphorus =

Alkaline or acid phosphatase


1 B unit ='1 mg phosphorus /100 ml serum/ 1 hour


Read graph

Dilutions



Measure of time


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Procedure

Report results,E

XA

MP

LES

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Reading

Writing

label, draw graphs

157



Penmanship, spelling; accuracy,


..]:-I-

.

ui f

;11

PER

FOR

Mv-

---

-; ,f

--.%

1T

iDO

LS, E

QU

IPM

EN

T, M

AT

ER

IALS

,P

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

- H

AZ

AR

DO

BJE

CT

:3 A

CT

ED

UP

ON

Serum

Set up color reaction

Safety

Large test tubes

Calibrate spectrophotometex


Distilled water

Read direct reaction


Methyl alcohol

Read indirect reaction

Chemical handling

Hydrochloric acid

Determine me from graph

Sources of error

Sulfanilic acid

Sodium nitrite

Hazard

Timer


Spectrophotometer

Burns

Cuvettes

Lacerations

Graph paper

Standard bilirubin

Lab record book DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S


Reagents must be fresh

Incorrect results

Timing is critical

Avoid hemolysis

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

Y AND EOE YN

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM VDB (VAN DEN BERGLE) TEST (MALLAY AND EGELYN)

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Digestion and metabolism of food

Liver function

Red cell breakdown

Liver-diseases


Noriital 7alues

Bile formation and function


Dilutions




Measure of time

Read graph

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Reading

Writing

EX

AM

PLE

S

Piocedure

Report results, label, draw graph-

159

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS





C

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFROM ICTEUES INDEX.

TURBIDITY

CEPHALIN CHOLESTEROL

FLOECULATION

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Serum

A Test tubes

Sodium citrate

Standard potassium dichromate

Spectrophotometer

Cuvettes

Pipettes

B Test tubes

Buffered thymol

Pipettes

C Centrifuge tubes, clear

Isotonic saline

Pipettes

Ceph floc antigen

Cotton

Lab record book

A Icteues index

---J

1. Dilute serum

2. Read O.D. of standard and test

3. Calculate value

B Thymol turbidity

1. Mix reagents

2. Read turbidity

C Ceph Floc

1. Mix reagents

2. Let stand in dark

3. Read flocculation

.

Safety

Reliability of results

Chemical handling

Glassware handling

Sources of error

Hazard

Patient's well -being

Contamination

Lacerations

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

UP

S

M NT

PERFORM ICTEUES INDEX, THYMOL TURBIDITY, CEPHALIN CHOLESTEROL FLOCCULATION

SC

IEN

CE

MATH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Digestion and metabolism of foods

Liver function and diseases

Red cell breakdown


Normal values

Interpretation of results


OD unknown

Icteues index

OD standard

x 10 ...

Dilutions


Ratiod and proportions

Measure of time


CO

M:.;

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

Procedure

Report

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

results, label, draw graph

161

.

Comprehenrion, medical terminology,




.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EA

1T)

PERFORM BSP (BROMSULFONPHTHALIEN) TEST

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

....

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

S, t

,411

BSP dye

Calculate volume dye needed (mg/kg

Safety

Serum sample

body weight)


Venipuncture

equipment

Administer dye

PrOper glassware handling

Sodium hydroxide

Draw blood after 45 - 60 seconds

Chemical handling

--

Hydrochloric acid

Develop color

Proper amount dye

----

Pipettes


Spectrophotometer

Read 2 T

Razards

Cuvettes

Determine mg % dye from graph

Pnt's well-being

Distilled water

Lacerations

Graph paper

Lab record book

.

Timer

DE

CIS

ION

S--

--C

UE

$E

RR

OR

S


Technician does not inject dye gen-

erally

Incorrect results

Timing accuracy is essential

Blood sample should be drawn from

opposite arm from where dY,e injected

\ is

....,,

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM BSP (BROMSULFONPHTHALIEN) TEST

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Function of BSP dye

Liver function

Red cell breakdown

Liver diseases


Digestion and metabolism


.....

....,'


Measure with the Metric and English syste

and convert

between them

Ratio and proportions [mg dye/kilogram body weight]

Measures of weight


Measure of time

Read graph

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

Procedure

Report results, label, draw graph

163





Duty-C Performing Urinalysis

1 Collect and preserve urine specimens2 Determine physical characteristics of urine3 Determine pH of urine4 Determine specific gravity of urine5 Determine glucose in urine6 Determine protein in urine7 Determine presence of ketone bodies in urine8 Perform test for bile and urobilinogen in urine9 Perform test for blood in urine and feces

10 Perform microscopic examination of urine11 Perform renal function test

/ 7 0

165

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

COLLECT AND PRESERVE URINE SPECIMENS

i :11

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

DO

BJE

CT

S A

CT

F1

UP

ON

Clean urine bottle or cup and lid

Collect random specimen (voided or

Hazard

catheterized)

Contamination

Collect 24 hour specimen

Perserve 24 hour specimen

refrigeration

toluene

thymol

formalin

DE

CIS

ION

SGUI

ER

RO

RS


Test requested determines time spec-

Poor quality sample

imen taken

Contamination

Fresh specimen use prevents decom

position

Unless specimen is preserved, test

should be run within 1-2 hours

Catheterized specimens needed for

bacteriologic examination

First morning specimen is usually

best

(TA

SK S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)COLLECT AND PRESERVE URINE SPECIMENS

SCIE

NC

EM

AT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YST

EM

S

Composition of urine

Anatomy and physiology of urinary system

Normal quantity of urine

Effects of diet on urine

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PER

FOR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SSK

ILL

S/C

ON

CE

PTS

Reading

Requisitions

...

167


i "..;

11..

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DETERMINE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE

.1;

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

CB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Urine specimen

Determine volume

Safety


Observe and distinguish color

Wash hands

Graduated glassware

Assess transparency

Determine odor

Hazard

Contamination

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Determine need for further testing

Physical characteristics can give clues

Unnecessary tests

to findings in other portions of

urinalysis

Fail to perform needed tests

When abnormal characteristics are

found, certain other tests are indi-

cated

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

____

____

_ _

_ __

____

___

____

____

____

___

SC

IEN

CE

____

--,

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Anatomy and physiology of urinary system

Causes and characteristics of abnormal results

Quantity of urine excretion

Urinary pigments

Metric system measure of volume

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Results

Specimen

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Viewing

169



.- r-;,

,.:It

...r

4-a.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DE

TE

RM

INE

offOF URINE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

;i

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

Urine specimen

Lab record book

Combistix

Bililabstix

Nitiazine paper

Reference color charts

I

Use combistix (ames)

Use BililabStix (awes)

Use nitrazine paper

i

Compare with color charts

t

DE

CIS

ION

SP

UE

S

pH changes after specimen stands

pH can give clue to microscopic

identification

Alkaline pH can cause dissolving of

some elements

ER

RO

RS

Improper results


(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DETERMINE pH OF URINE

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Kidney function

.


Acid-base theories

Effects of pH on body

Normal r 5-7

Scientific notation

_

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

-

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EXAMPLES

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Reading

Writing

Viewing

Results

Color charts

.._

171


Penmanship, detail/inference


-C

1.01

.-.

V 0

10,

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DETERMINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

,.,..

SA

FE

TY

--,

HA

ZA

RD

Urine specimen

-Calibrate urinometer

Safety

Urinometer

Correct for temperature

Uripargeters are fragile

Hydrometer jar

Read specific gravity on urinometer

Contain mercury

;

Lab record book

Correct for glucose present

Clinical refractometer

Use refractometer

Hazard

Distilled water

Mercury vapors

Thermometer

Lacerations

_

wN

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Bubbles in urine can Cause errors in

Select urinometer

reading

No reading


Urinometer must float free off the

bottom of the container

Read on flat surface at eye level

Read at bottom of meniscus

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DETERMINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE

1

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Kidney function

,

Density

Specific gravity

Formation of solutions

Urinary physiology

Relationship of volume and pH

Osmoiality

Refractive index

Meniscus

Weight of solution

= Specific gravity

= .001/degree above or below

= .003/1 gm glucose

Weight of water

Temperature correction

calibration level

Glucose correction

Temperature measurement

.--

COMMUNICATIONS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading


Writing

Report results, note correction

Progress report, spelling, terminology

.logic

Viewing

'Specimen


1.7

,

3\

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DETERMINE' GLUCOSE IN URINE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

N

it'1

11

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y -

- H

AZ

AR

D

Urine specimen,,,. -

Clinitest tablWis

Tes-tape

Clinistix

Bililabst',

Benedicts qualitative reagent

(copper sulfate, sodium citrate,

sodium carbonate, distilled water)

Test tube

Boiling water bath

Reference color charts

Lab record book

Cold water bath

Timer

Water pipets

Quantitative test:

Benedicts quantitative reagent

Sodium carbonate

Heat source

Water

Pipet

Test tubes

Non-specific tests - reducing

activity

1%:::,:dict's qualitative test

Clinitest (Ames)

Specific tests - using enzyme oxidase

Tes-tape (Eli Lilly)

Clinistix (Ames)

Bililabstix (Ames) or Combistix

(Ames)

Report intensity of color change

Quantitative tests-(24 hour specimen)

Benedict's quantitative

Read results

Safety

Keep bottles of stix and tablets

tightly closed

Hazard

Deterioration of chemicals

DE

CIS

ION

S


CU

ES

Accurate timing is critic

Read procedures careful

Clinitest can'pass thr6ugh 4 plus

results to show higher value; watch

as reaction occurs

ZR

RO

RS

Incorrect results

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EP

-1)

DETERMINE GLUC)SE IN URINE

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Carbohydrate digestion and assimilation

Chemical reactions in testing

Diabetes - causes, symptoms

,diagnosis, results

Kidney function - absorption

Renal threshold concept

Quantitative glucose

1

cc urine

= % glucose

Total volume

cc urine

100

= gms/24 hours



CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Reading

Writing

EX

AM

PLE

S

Procedures supplied with tablets and

sticks carefully

Racord results

.175

SK

I L L

S/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Comprehension, detail/inference,

medical terminology

Penmanship, spelling, logic

1;f

(TASK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DETERMINE PROTEIN IN URINE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

N

Urine specimen

Centrifuge

Centrifuge tubes

Water

Sodium chloride

Glacial acetic acid

Boiling water bath

Timer

Cold water bath

Bumintest tablets

Sodium sulfate

Sulfsalicylic acid

Standards

Test tubes

Albutest tablets

Albustix,

Combistix

Bililabstix

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

E

Perform heat and acetic acid test

Perform Bumintest (Ames)

Perform Sulfosalicylic acid test

Perform Albutest (Ames)

Perform Albustix (Ames)

Perform Combistix or Bililabstix

Read results

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

DE

CIS

ION

S

Turbidity comparison

CU

ES

Presence of protein can indicate find-

ings in sediment

Mucin interferes with protein tests

ER

RO

RS

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DETERMINE PROTEIN IN URINE

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NUMBER SYSTEMS

Kidney function

Filtration and reabsorption - urine formation

Diseases causing protein occurrence

Chemical reactions of protein tests

Protein digestion and assimilation

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EXAMPLES

SKILLS/CONCEPTS

Reading

Writing

Literature supplied by manufacturer

Record results

177



Sr

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DETERMINE PRESENCE OF KETONE BODIES IN URINE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

Urine specimen

Sodium nitroprusside

Ammonium sulfate

Ammonium hydroxide

Test tubes

Acetest tablets

Ketostix

1O

ferric chloride

Timer

Heat source

\

Perform Rothera's test

Use acetest (Ames)

Use KetostiE (Ames)

Perform Jerhardt's test

Read

results

,

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

S

These tests are performed when

is positive

Timing is critical

I

glucose

ER

RO

RS


Incorrect results

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Digestion and assimilation of fats

Diabetes mellitus causes and effects

Types of ketone bodies

Physiologic effects 3f ketone accumulation


Dilutions


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

/

PE

R F

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S/

Reading

Writing

-0.


Record results

-

179

Comprehension, medical /terminology


//

);

-:.:4-

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PE

RF

OR

MTEST FOR BILE AND UROBILINOGEN IN URINE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

DO

BJE

CT

SACTED

UP

ON

Urine specimen

Perform Harrison's test

Safety

Lab

record book

Use Ictatest tablets (Ames)

Chemicals used in Ehrlich's test

Fouchet's reagent

Perform

Ehrlich's qualitative test fot

chlorinated are aromatic solvents

Barium chloride paper

urobilinogen

Ictotest (Axes)

Use Bililabstix (Ames)

Hazard

Water

Read results

Inhalation of chemical fumes

Color comparison chart

Ehrlich's reagent

Sodium acetate

Chloroform

Butanol

Test tube

Separatory funnel

Graduated glassware

Bililabstix

DE

CIS

ION

SCUES

ER

RO

RS

Select timing device

Color of urine indicates need to per-

Misread results

form test for bile

Improper timing

Timing is critical

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM TEST FOR BILE AND UROBILINOGEN IN URINE

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Kidney function

Digestive system

RBC breakdown process

Chemical reactions of RBC destruction

Chemical reactions of tests for bile

Liver function


CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Reading

Writing

EX

AM

PLE

S


Record results

181

SK

I LLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS



(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM TEST FOR BLOOD WVRINE AND FECES

a

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

DU

PON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

Y -

- H

AZ

AR

D

Urine specimen or feces

Lab record book

Glacial acf tic acid

Hydrogen peroxide

Gum guaiac

Ethanol

Filter paper

Dropping tube

Hemastix

Hematest

Color comparison charts

Bililabstix

Perform gum guaiac test

Use Hemastix (Ames)

Use Her test tablets (Ames)

IUse Bililabstix (Ames)

Read results

Safety

Use chemicals with care

Hazard

Burns

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Identify blood

Many chemical substances, if present,

interfere with these tests

Misread sample

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM TEST FOR BLOOD IN URINE AND FECES

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Kidney function

RBC morphology and breakdown



CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing


Record results

183



--

_

,

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF URINE

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

0. '

.. . 0

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

Urine specimen

Centrifuge specimen

Hazard

Centrifuge

Decant supernatant


Centrifuge tubes

Place sediment on slide

Broken slides

Glass slides

,

Cover slip

Examine microscopically

Identify normal and abnormal constitu

Microscope

ents under high and lower power and

Lab record book

Iestimate number

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Remove amorphous before centrifugation

Select equipment and procedure

Standing of urine cause distortion or

Misread sample

Identify type of.crystals

breakdown of sediment

..

A E

ME

NT

PERFORM MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF URINE

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Kidney physiology and anatomy

Digestion process

Characteristics, morphology of biologic and chemical

sediment

Blood cells

Casts

Crystals

Epithelial cells

Bacteria

iliscellaneous substances

Counting sequentially

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EXAMPLES

SKILLS/CONCEPTS

Reading

Writing

Viewing

Record results

Specimen

185



accuracy


(-211..

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM RENAL FUNCTION TEST

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Properly collected urine specimens

1000 ml graduated cylinder

Water

Sodium hydroxide

Spectrophotometer

Graph paper

Urinometer

Hydrometer jar

Lab record book

Perfd-rm-PSP (Phenolsulf on

phthalein) test

Measure volume

Adjust pH


Read % T of unknowns

Determine value from graph

Perform Mosenthal's Concentration

Test

Measure volume

Measure specific. gravity

Safety

Sodium hydroxide is corrosive

Hazard

Burns

DE

CIS

ION

SCUES

ER

RO

RS

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM RENAL FUNCTION

TESTS

SCIE

NC

E'

MATH

NU

MB

ER

SY

STE

MS

Kidney function

Absorption and filtration

....

Liver function


Water balance in body

Specific gravity and density

..

Kidney pathology

Draw graph



CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PER

FOR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

,EX

AM

PLE

SSK

ILL

S/C

ON

CE

PTS

Reading

Writing

Graph

-.-

Record results

187



I (4

2

Perfer Ming Bacteriology :Procedures,

1 ,Sterilite -,eqUiPment and = supplies'2 Prepare cultUre -Media;3 -Inrieculate= culture media4 innt6tte =Attire-95 teterithe,Cnitnie morphology6 Prepare- --lieeterial slides7 Stain ~slides using :gram- .stain-8 DeterMine-Micrthinopin morphology9 Identify bacteria:

10 Determine drug sensitiirity

189,

A

w",

',"Y

,(0

(TA

SK S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)S

TE

RIL

IZE

EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, AN

D'S

UPP

LIE

S

TO

OL

S; E

QU

IPM

EN

T ;

MA

TE

RIA

LS;

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

DU

PO

N,

,,,.

,.

,,

,

PER

FOR

MA

NC

EkN

OW

LE

DG

Eli

44 - ..

SAFE

TY

",H

AZ

AR

D'

Equipment

Glassware

Used or contaminated equipment

Autoclave

Burner (Bunsen or alcohol)

-Water source

75% alcohol

Soap solution

Internal timer

1

Sterilize transfer needleta ,and

loO

Pan

ds

by burning

Wrap small, equipment andHsupplies

Autoclave at 121°C for 15

20 minuted,

at 15, pounds ,pressure

,

1

Safety.

Open fire

Pressure

in autoclave ,and heat

GlassWare can be -broken

IMproper steriliZation will not kill

bacteria

Hazard'

Burns

Explosion

Lacerations

Bacterial contamination

.

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

S

Method used depends on nature of

material

Use of autoclave .(steam under pressure)

is most effective

ER

RO

RS

Select' methods of sterilization

Select autoclave

'Contamination

d''4

1d

Idd4

,1d,

'd14

1111

414

1111

,141

:

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

STERILIZE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

.= N

UM

RE

IV S

YS

TE

MS

'

Resistance of microorganisms to sterilization

Gas laws

Effect of chemicals on microorganisms

.

Measure of temperature (to include Kelvin]


1

,

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S'

Reading

Thermometer, gauge

.

191

nM

'1,

i/

Detail/inference

,,

,

1,11

1111

1'1

1111

,I11

1)1

1[11

111

;tA

M1

111,

1'11

r[r1

1,1'

1111

1:11

'ji','

11'1

. (dA

1114

1114

,11'

1011

11, A

il1;

110

1111

1

ill

(TA

SK

'ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PR

EP

AR

E C

ULT

UR

E M

ED

IA

TO

OLS

, EI:I

LIIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D 'U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RO

AN

C,e

,lisN

ovv4

Eop

k,,,

,,,S

AF

ET

Y -

-'RA

ZA

RD

,

Dehydrated media

Distilled water

Balance

Weighing paper or dish

Volumetric glassware

Autoclave

Water source

Petti dishes

Sterile tubes

Plugs

Nutrient additives, i.e. blood

Heat Source

Beakers

Stirring device

Accurately weigh Correct account of

de

ted media

Dilut

accurately

Steri

ze

Pour plates or tubes

agar slants

broth tubes

agar plates

fermentation tubes

Use sterile transfer technique

Store in refrigerator

Safety,

,

Use sterile techniques

Hazard

Burn

Lacerations

Contaminated plates

-

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SERRORS

Determine type media nedessary

Use of media

.

Shelf-life of prepared media


Denaturization of sugars at elevated

temperature and'pressure

.

.

Media will not set-up

.

II

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

SC

IEN

CE

,.

,,M

AT

H '7

. NU

MB

ER

' 'S

YS

TE

MS

.

Cultural requirements of bacteria

Selective, differential and enrichment media

characteristics

.

.

Proportions iiild' ratios

Percent measures

Measures of metric volume


,

.

,

CO

MM

UN

!CA

TIO

NS

,

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E ,M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

S'

.

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

1

Reading

,

Directions for preparation, on media

.

19;3

,

Comprehension, medical Iterminolo&

o

01'1

1'11

1',1

11

e14

,1,1

111,

1,',1

114

11H

I,1

1414

,4

r.l

III

I,k

II

IIl

H I

I

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

INNOCULATE CULTURE MEDIA

'++

+1+

1,

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

/ KN

OW

LED

GE

:S

AF

ET

Y .1

-,H

AZ

AR

D,

Culture specimen

Media

Bunsen burner or alcohol lamp

Transfer loop or needle

,,,,

Determine' appropriatecultUre media

Sterilize loop or needle, tube lips

!

Use sterile technique for transfer

Use appropriate innoculation techniques

.

00

SifetY

,.

Sterile techniques must be utilized,

Hazard

Burns

'Bacterial contamination

DECISIONS

Select innoculation technique

CUES

Media used dependent on type specimens

Innoculation techniques is dependent on

type media

ER

RO

RS

Improper culture growth

,1,1

h1,n

,1

AT

EM

EN

TIN

NO

CU

LA

TE

CU

LT

UR

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ED

IA

I11

40,1

I iii

,11,

111,

1111

'1'1

1

SC

IEN

CE

1

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

..

Normal and abnormal flora

Characteristics of selective, differential, and enrichment

media


.

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

K I

LLS

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NC

EP

TS

Reading,.

Difco manual

195


.

,

drdi

,

0

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cui

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AZ

AR

D,

Properly innoculate culture media

Incubator

Bremer anaerobic jar

Incubute Under aerobic COnditiOni

Incubate using anaerobic conditions

Brerver anaerobic jar

Innoculate deep in solid media

Allow 'time for growth

Hazard

Electrical shocks

DECISIONS

CUES

gRR

OR

$

Ruin culture

Proper temperature must be controlled

Select time and temperature

Incubator must contain moisture to

avoid drying out of cultures

-

.-,

...

....

(TA

SK

'ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

INCUBATE CULTURES

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S


Aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Optimum growth requirements

Temperature measurement

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

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SS

KIL

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Reading

.

Dif co manual

197

Comprehension., terminology

.

,

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141

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Mature culture

Lab record book

Hand lens or dissecting microscope

Calory counter

.

Observe color

Observe characteristics of colony; i.e.

texture, shape, luminous '

characteristics

'

Observe hemolysis on blood agar

'

Observe motility

,

Observe odor

Count calories

,

., 1

l'

.4fletjr

'

Avoid.' contamination

'

'Hazard

,Contamination of lab, and culture

..

'

,

.

,

.

,

r

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-

.

.

,

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, 1

. .

.,

.

,

..

,

.

.

.

1111

0111

1'1,

1''''

1'11

111,

1'11

1,',1

1114

I,I

(TA

SK S

TA

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ME

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)DETERMIA CULTURE MORPHOLOGY

SC

IEN

CE

.,

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

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S

Cultural characteristics of bacteria

..

..

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

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S.

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Reading

Writing

Viewing

Record results

Mature culture characteristics

199



Visual analusis, Detail/inference


1,11

11,1

111q

111'

1041

.1:,

I11

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,

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RFo

Ryi

4Nct

:,,kN

owL

opaE

'S

AF

ET

Y -

HA

ZA

RD

Slides

Mature culture

Wire loop or needle

Bunsen burner or alcohol burner

Distilled water

.

Make direct anearafrOnAiliecinen

Make smears from both cultures

'Emulsify growth from plate lin water

on slide

Air-dry and fix with 'heat

i

4040

Use,proper' sterile technique

.Hazards

Burns


Contamination of lab and culture

DE

CIS

ION

SCUES

gRR

OR

S

Lost slide

Select procedure and storage

Excessive heating can destroy bacteria'

Single layer sample desirable

o11

1::

11H

I"1

,111

111'

icp

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

. PERPARE BACTERIAL SLIDES

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Effects of heat. an microorganisms

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Reading

Writing

Labels

EX

AM

PLE

S

201

SK

I L L

S/C

ON

CE

PT

S


Penmanship, spelling, accuracy 2n

5

1.)

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

STAIi, SLIDES USING GRAM STAIN

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Fixed slide

Follow gram-stain procedures

Safety

Staining rack

Air dry

Stains are toxic and flammable

Timer

Examine microscopically under oil


Blotting paper

immersion

Crystal violet

Hazard

Ethyl alcohol

Fumes

Ammonium oxalate

Dyes stain hand and clothes

Distilled water

Fire

Iodine solution

Safranin

Acetone

Squeeze bottles

Microscope

Immersion oil

Lab record book

DE

CIS

ION

SCUES

ER

RO

RS

Proper timing is essential


Thorough washing necessary

Poor quality slide

Avoid direct ::ontact with slides

,

Culture must be within the 18 - 24 hou.

period

Over stained

Under stained

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

STAIN SLIDES USING GRAM STAIN

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S'

Gram positive and gram negative differentiation

Chemical reactions of stains with bacteria

Measurement of time


.

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

.

2(17

Reading

Writing

Staining procedure

Record results

203



,

(TA

SK S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)DETERMINE MICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

42,4

LR

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Stained slide

Microscope

Immersion oil

Lab record book

Classify gram reaction (gram

+or )

Observe

size

.

shape

arrangement of cells

internal cellular structure

Safety

Use microscope correctly

Hazard

Cracked or scratched microscope lens

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Identify proper sample

Visual observation

Misread sample

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

DETERMINE MICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Microscopic bacterial morphology

.,---.

COMMUNICATIONS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EMODES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S




1.q

Reading

Writing

Viewing

Record results

Morphology of cell 205

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

DLIFINU

KN

OW

I:ErG

E'

SA

FE

TY

HA

?AR

D21

0-1

Selective and differential media

Culture specimen

Culture characteristics

Microscopic characteristics

Determine culture morphology

Determine microscopic morphology

Determine staining characteristics

Determine chemical reactiveness

Determine differential media reaction

Determine optimum culturing temperatur

Organize flow chart

Classify

Safety

Use sterile technique

Hazard

Contaminati'n of lab and culture

DECISIONS

CUES

Bacteria patterns

ER

RQ

RS

Misread sample

Classify bacteria .

TA

SK S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)ID

EN

TIF

Y B

AC

TE

RIA

SCIE

NC

EM

AT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YST

EM

S

I

Classification of bacteria

Characteristics of bacteria

Normal flora

Pathological organisms

.

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PER

FOR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SSK

ILL

S/C

ON

CE

PTS

Reading

Writing

Viewing

Dif co manual

Handbook of microbiology

Record results

Characteristics of bacteria

207

Comprehension, technical terminology,

vocabulary



211

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OBJECTS

AC

TE

DUPON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Pure culture

Sensitivity discs

Streak plate with pure culture

Add sensitivity discs

Incubate

.

Read zone of sensitivity to drugs

Safety

Use sterile techniques

Hazard

Contamination of culture and lab

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Determine type of sensitivity disc

Type of drug

Improper results

TA

SK S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)DETERMINE DRUG SENSITIVITY

SCIE

NC

EM

AT

H ,-

- N

UM

BE

R S

YST

EM

S

Bacterial reaction to drugs

Normal flora

Use metric measure of length

.

,C

OM

MU

NIC

AT

ION

S

MIII

MIN

I

PER

FOR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

S.

Reference material

Record results

209

,..--

SKIL

LS/

CO

NC

EPT

S



.

...,

.

Reading

Writing

.

a

,n tr

ila

a

Duty I Performing Blood Bank and Serology Procedures

1 Perform ABO typing2 Perform Rh typing3 Crossmatch4 Perform VDRL

211

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM ABO TYPING

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

21S

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Saline

isotonic

Blood sample

AntiA typing sera

AntiB typing sera

Slide

Test tubes

Microscope

Centrifuge

Lab record book

Pipette

A cells

B cells

Place blood samples in tray

Add antigen

Observe results

Safety

Typing of blood is a life or death

procedu-v

Hazard

Transfusion reaction

Death to patient

DECISIONS

Determine type of test technique

Type of test

CUES

ER

RO

RS

Contaminated or old typing sera

Incorrect cell suspension

Timing insufficient

Identification insufficient

Law' sensitivity

Improper reading of agglutination

Contaminated specimens

Glassware dirty

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM ABO TYPING

SCIENCE

"NU

V11

1-7.

NU

MB

ER

"S

YS

TE

MS

'.

Volume of blood


History of transfusions

Anticoagulant theory

Inheritance of blood groups

Antigen - antibody reactions

Blood group systems

Means of detecting antigen - antibody reactions

ABO blood group system

Titer

p.

Agglutination

Typing sera characteristics

Proportions

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S




.

.

Reading

Writing

Viewing .

Reference manuals, procedures


Observe, results

.

213'

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM Rh TYPING

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Anti -Rh typing

Blood sample - whole blood

Test tubes

Isotonic saline

Incubator or water bath

Microscope

Pipette

Slide

Warning box

Lab record book

Timer

Slide type

Tube type

i

Safety

Typing of blood is a life or death

procedure

Hazard

Transfusion reaction

Death to patient

.

DE

CIS

ION

S

Type of test

CUES

ER

RO

RS

Determine type of test technique

Contaminated or old typing serum

Incorrect temperature

Incorrect cell suspension

Confusion of rouleaux formation

with agglutination

Contaminated specimen

Insufficient identification

Glassware dirty

i

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM Rh TYPING

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S


History of transfusions

Anticoagulant theory

Inheritance of blood groups

Antigen

antibody reactions

Rh blood group system and theory

Agglutination

....

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Measurement of temperature

Proportions

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KI L

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing



215

Comprehension, medical terminology.


21 S

1.1,

110,

161a

1144

,11,

1,11

,1,M

,5,,,

,

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

VA

NA

./....

araa

....s

a

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Patient serum and cells

Donor serum and cells

Comb's serum

Test tubes

Pipettes

Incubator and waterbath

Centrifuge

Slide

Microscope

Lab record book

Wash bottle

Saline

Albumin

Perform ABO typing

.

Perform Rh typing

Select matching unit

Set up crossmatch

saline

high-protein

coombs

Safety

Clerical errors

Organizational errors

Technical errors

Hazard

Transfusion reactions

Patient death

.

DECISIONS

CUES

Detects -

irregular antibodies

incompatabilities

labeling, identifying errors

Work should be checked by another'

technician

Timing is critical

ERRORS

incorrect matching


(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

CROSSMATCH

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Crossmatch theory

Antigen - antibody reactions

Blood group systems


Agglutination

Causes of error

Glassware cleaning

Selection of donors

Blood derivitives

Clerical work in blood bank

Transfusion reactions

Coomb's reaction

Ratio

proportion


Measure of time

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Reading

Writing

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

EX

AM

PLE

S



217

SK

I LLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS



290

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PE

RF

OR

Mm

u,

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Serum samples

Prepare antigen

Safety

Controls

Inactivate serum

Use serum cautiously

Pipettes

Pipette serum and antigen

Ring slides

Rotate

Hazard

29.1

Flat bottom, glass stoppered bottle

Examine for agglutination

Technician contamination

Syringe and needle

Run positive and negative controls

Rotator

Waterbath or incubator

.

Microscope

Lab record book

Buffered s-.

'line

Antigen

Timer

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Select rotation time, speed and

Rotation time and speed must be exact

temperature

Antigen must be prepared properly

Misread sazple

Wrong antigen

Select antigen

Accurate measuring essential

I

,.

(TA

SK S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)PERFORM VDRL

SCIE

NC

EM

AT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YST

EM

S

Antigen

-antibody reactions

Tests for syphilis

Titers

Immunity

-resistance to disease

Mechanism of reaction

False negative and positive results

Pathological aspects of syphilis


Measurement of volume

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PER

FOR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SSK

ILL

S/C

ON

CE

PTS

Reading'

Writing

Viewing



Serum for agglutination

219




292

Duty .1 Performing Histology Procedures

1 Fix tissues2 Embedded tissue in paraffin3 Cut thin sections and mount on slides4 Stain tissue slides5 Prepare frozen sections

221

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

FIX TISSUES

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

94S

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D'

Tissue' Specimen

Place appropriate size tissue in auto

Safety

Auto technicon

technicon

Fixing agents must be handled

Fixing solutions

Set.cime limits for each solution

and temperature

correctly

Hazard

Inhalation of fumes

Chemical burns

DE

CIS

ION

SG

U;

ER

RO

RS

Select fixation agent

Nature of tissue, stain to be used

Improper penetration

Determine standards for

accuracy

Process must be exact to obtain proper

penetration, preserving and hardens.

ing of tissues

Tissue blocks must be fairly small to

allow proper fixation

.

..,

(TA

SK S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)FI

X T

ISSU

ES

SCIE

NC

EM

AT

HN

UM

BE

R S

YST

EM

S

Tissue preservation theory

Properties of fixative agents

r

Measurement of time

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PER

FOR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SSK

ILL

S/C

ON

CE

PTS

Reading

Operating manual

223


,e .n

(TA

SK S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)E

MB

ED

DE

D T

ISS

UE

IN P

AR

AF

FIN

r

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

EK

NO

WL

ED

GE

.

SAFE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Fixed tissue sample

Paraffin

Heat source

Pan for embedding

Cold water

Forceps

Knife

Pencil

Melt paraffin

Transfer tissue to paraffin

Cool rapidly

Trim

bloc

ksMark

bloc

ks

Hazard

Paraffin

burn

s

..

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Rui

n sa

mpl

e .

Determine type of media

Paraffin melts at 56°

White patches are caused

byclearing

agent carried over from fixing pro-

cess

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

EMBEDDED TISSUE IN PARAFFIN

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

1

'

.

.

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Procedures

Labels

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

225


Penmanship, spelling, accuracy -

.2.';4.7

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

CUT THIN SECTIONS AND MOUNT ON SLIDES

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Embedded tissue

Microtome

Warm water bath

Slides

Fixative

Glass pick

Cut sections on microtome

Float sections in warm water

Mount on slide with fixative

Drain and dry

Label

Safety

Microtome knives are extremely sharp

Hazards

Lacerations

Destruction of tissue

DECISIONS

CUES

Errors are usually

dne to one or more

causes: paraffin temperature,

sharpness of knife, angle of knife

ER

RO

RS


Poor mount

Unusable slide

CUT THIN SECTIONS AND MOUNT ON SLIDES

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Surface tension

Capillary adhesion

Errors of cutting sections

Metric measurement of length

.

.

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

......

.P

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

MO

DE

SE

XA

MP

LES

SK

ILLS

/CO

NC

EP

TS

Reading

Writing

.

Label slide

227


PenManship, spelling, accuracy

.:?4,4.5.1

(TASK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

STAIN TISSUE SLIDES

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Properly mounted slide

Follow staining procedure

Safety

Staining trays

Mount with cover

slip

Use stains carefully

Staining jars

Label completely

Use glassware properly

Hematoxylin

Xylol

\Hazards

Alcohol

Stains dye clothes and skin

Distilled water

Chemical inhalation

HCL

Lacerations

Lithium carbonate

Eosin

Carbo-xylol

Labels

Cover slips

DE

CIS

ION

Scam

ER

RO

RS

Determine type of stain and time


Ruin sample

Tissue characteristics

Poor quality slide

-

.

I-

d

STAIN TISSUE SLIDES

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Color index for dyes

Chemical reactions of staining

Affinity of cells parts to stain

Regressive and progressive staining

Measurement of time

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Writing

Viewing

Procedure

Label slide

Stained slide

229



Visual analysis, Color discriminati

.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PR

EP

AR

E F

RO

ZE

N S

EC

TIO

NS

2'2

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TSACTED UPON

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Tissue

Heat source

Formalin

Freezing microtome

Water

Carbon monoxide

Pan of water

Slide

Glass pick

Alcohol

Hematoxylin

Eosin

Xylol

Coverslip

Label

Boil tissue in formalin

Freeze

Cut section

Float onto slide

Seal with heat

Stain

Coversiip

Mount

Safety

Use heat carefully around volatile

solutions

Use care in cutting


Hazard

Burns

Fire

Lacerations

.

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Section too thick

.

Determine quality of sample

Done

for rapid preparation

Done for special stains

.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PREPARE FROZEN SECTIONS

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Fixation process

Staining reactions

Freezing process - chemical reactions

Measurement of time

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

Reading

Writing

Procedure

Label slide

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KI L

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S



Xidty K Performing EKG

1 Prepare patient for EKG

2 Set up eleCtrocardiograph3 Operate electrocardiograph4 Perform followup care of patient

5 Perform follow-up care of machines

6 Mount electrocardiogram

(TA

SKSTATEMENT)

-PREPARE PATIENT FOR EKG

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

Patient

Warm, quiet room

Bed

Electrode jelly

Strap electrodes

Suction electrode

Reassure patient

Situate patient in comfortable position

Apply electrode jelly

Fasten electrode straps to limbs

Apply suction electrode to first

Chest position

Safety

Patient should not be touching any

metal objects

DE

CIS

ION

S

Determine proper hook-up

Locate lead hook-up

CUES

Patient must lie still and avoid

talking

Excess jelly extorts results

Attach electrode to stump in case of

amputation

Straps should provide firm contact, but

not discomfort

ER

RO

RS

Improper reading

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PREPARE PATIENT FOR EKG

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Composition of electrode jelly

Purpose of EKG

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Speaking

Requisition slip

Reassure patient

245

Comprehension

Appropriate diction, clarity of

expression, persuasion, gestures,

poise

946:

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

SE

T U

P E

LEC

TR

OC

AR

DIO

GR

AP

H

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

?,fr

7.

Prepared patient

Electrocardiograph

Cable cards

Paper for tracing

Ground machine

Allow adequate warm-up

Attach cable cards to patient electrode

straps

Check paper

Safety

Ground machine

Attach leads correctly

Hazard

Electrical shock

Interference

DECISIONS

CUES

ER

RO

RS

Determine lead hook-up

Proper operation of machine

Mix-up in lead attachments causes

abnormalities in tracing

Proper grounding eliminates A-C

interference

Oxygen tents may need to be turned

off by nurse

Inaccurate reading

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

SET UP ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Theory of machine operation -electronic amplifier system

Galvonometer operation

Styles ribbon

Function of heat sensitive paper

Electromotive force

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

.

Operation manual

.

Ai?

Comprehension

'z...

..F4

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OP

ER

AT

E E

LEC

TR

OC

AR

DIO

GR

AP

H

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

drROODO.

SA

FE

TY

HA

ZA

RD

Safety

Patient

Set lead selector switch

No X-ray or diathermy equipment

Correctly set-up electrocardiograph

Record standardization

.

Adjust baseline

must be operating near patient

Check speed of paper occasionally

Record 6 limb leads

Code each lead

Hazard

Record 6 chest leads

Electrical interference

DECISIONS

PIES

ERRORS

Identify electrical interference

No electrical inference should be

Improper reading

Identify tremor

seen (sawtooth notching)

Determine proper hook-up

Somatic tremor (irregular peaks)

Identify improper reading

caused by patient tenseness

Wondering baseline caused by patient

movement or drag on lead wires

Jittery baseline caused by poor elec-

trical contact

Poorly defined baseline caused by

stylus heat, contact with paper,

insufficient pressure

Standardisation must be adjusted if

voltage deflections exceed width of

paper

.

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

OPERATE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

Function and operation of heart

Conduction system of heart - cardiac waves

Anatomy of chest and heart

Characteristic electrical pattern

Positions of chest leads

Marking system code

.

Coding system to mark leads

I.

II

..

III

...

AVR

.-.

AVL

.-..

AVF

Vi

-.

V2

-..

V3

-...

V4

V5

-

V6

-

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Reading

Machine operating manual, graph

-249

Comprehension, description of mech-

anism, terminology

PO

W*

(TA

SK S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)P

RM

FO

LL

OW

UP

CA

RE

OF

PAT

IEN

T

TO

OL

S, E

QU

IPM

EN

T, M

AT

ER

IAL

S,O

BJE

CT

S A

CT

ED

UPO

NPE

RFO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LE

DG

ESA

FET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Patient

Towel

Water

Remove cable cords

Remove electrodes

Wipe off jelly

Safety

Clean off all jelly

Hazard

Jelly, although harmless and non-

corrosive, is uncomfortable when

left to dry on skin

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Determine if patient needs extra

Patient attitude

attention

Mental state

Depression

Fear

.

AT

EM

EN

TPERFORM FOLLOW-UP CARE OF PATIENT

._

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Speaking

Reassure patient

444

Appropriate diction, clarity of

expression, persuasion, gestures,

poise

(TASK STATEMENT)

.. ...

.. .,.

..ve

mvm

v..

v.

TO

OL

S, E

QU

IPM

EN

T, M

AT

ER

IAL

S,OBJECTS ACTED UPON

v.v.

.. v.

.1,1

.1...

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E K

NO

WLE

DG

ES

AF

ET

YH

AZ

AR

D

Electrocardiograph

Water

Towels

Pen

Cleansing powder

Turn off power

Remove tracing from machine

Label tracing

Clean electrodes with hot water and

dry well

Unpluk power cord

Cover machine

Safety

Remove jelly from electrodes com-

pletely

Hazard

Tarnish and corrosion

DECISIONS

CUES

ERRORS

Select cleaning procedure

Use cleansing powder on electrodes

Never steel wool

Improper operation

TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

PERFORM FOLLOW-UP CARE OF MACHINE

SC

IEN

CE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

S

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KIL

LS /C

ON

CE

PT

S

Viewing

.

Inspect machine for cleaning. needs

.

Ildr,3

Visual analysis, Detail/inference,


.

:?.1

111:

4

(TA

SK S

TA

TE

ME

NT

)M

OU

NT

EL

EC

TR

OC

AR

DIO

GR

AM

TO

OLS

, EQ

UIP

ME

NT

, MA

TE

RIA

LS,

OB

JEC

TS

AC

TE

D U

PO

NP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

KN

OW

LED

GE

SA

FE

TY

--

HA

ZA

RD

Properly labeled tracing

Mounting folder

Select sections to be mounted

Mount in appropriate spaces

Label mounting folder with all

essential information

Include standardization in each lead

DE

CIS

ION

SC

UE

SE

RR

OR

S

Include abnormal beats, but not

artifacts

(TA

SK

ST

AT

EM

EN

T)

MOUNT ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

SCIENCE

MA

TH

NU

MB

ER

SY

ST

EM

SI

Marking system code

Characteristic electrical pattern of beats

Characteristics of artifacts

CO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

NS

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E M

OD

ES

EX

AM

PLE

SS

KI L

LS/C

ON

CE

PT

S

Writing

1Label mounting folder

name

hospital number

date

room number

time taken

initials of technician

doctor

NO


informational reports

Arli

a