oht 10.1 © pearson education limited 2003 brassington and pettitt: principles of marketing, 3rd...
TRANSCRIPT
OHT 10.1
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Pricing: context and concepts
OHT 10.2
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Relevance of price (1 of 2)
• Generates revenues that allow organisations to create and retain customers at a profit.
• Can be used as a communicator, a bargaining tool and competitive weapon.
• Can be an important indicator of the positioning of a product/service.
• Customers equate price with the value attached to the exchange.
OHT 10.3
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Relevance of price (2 of 2)
• Customers often equate price with quality.
• Customers often use price to compare competing products.
• For some products price can be the primary customer criterion for choice.
OHT 10.4
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Factors influencing customers’ price assessments
Figure 10.1
OHT 10.5
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Price the seller’s perspective
• A distinctive and highly visible element of the marketing mix.
• Must give out signals consistent with the other elements of the marketing mix.
• Generator of revenue.
• Provides the basis of recovering costs and creating profit.
• Pricing requires knowledge and understanding of the customer and external environment.
OHT 10.6
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Pricing context - consumer markets
• Psychological factors can play an important role in consumers’ choice of purchase.
• Price negotiation in consumer markets can be difficult - the price is on the product take it or leave it.
• There are exceptions to price negotiations - for example purchasing a new car.
• Price banding can be useful in market segmentation.
OHT 10.7
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Pricing context - retail and wholesale markets
• These markets take a more rational approach to price interpretation.
• They are realistic about the price they themselves can charge which helps to establish the kind of price they are looking to pay the manufacturer.
• The pricing structures need to reflect demand.
• Price discipline is expected - manufacturers should not be seen to be selling direct to the public at lower prices than retailers could set.
OHT 10.8
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Non-profit markets
Non-profit organisations exist and operate for the benefit of the public rather than for the creation of profits.
These organisations encourage people to use their products/services and participate in their activities.
Pricing - selling goods at cost or subsidising costs visibly below market rates.
Price sometimes passes through a third party.
OHT 10.9
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
B2B markets
• The difference between price and real cost is most marked in these markets.
• The costs of installation, training, scrap, financing, etc., are all used to put the price of major purchases into perspective.
• Much effort and time is spent analysing potential purchases from all angles.
OHT 10.10
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
B2B markets - factors affecting costsof capital investment
Table 10.1Source: adapted from Mehta (1995).
OHT 10.11
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
B2B markets - factors affecting costsof capital investment (cont.)
Table 10.1 cont.Source: adapted from Mehta (1995).
OHT 10.12
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
External influences on price
Figure 10.2
OHT 10.13
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Demand and price elasticity
• Customers’ attitudes and responsiveness to price are reflected to economic theories of demand.
• Marketers must estimate demand for products/services.
OHT 10.14
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Classic demand curve
For most products if price rises, then demand falls out. If price falls then demand rises.
Figure 10.3
OHT 10.15
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Demand curves
The shape of the demand curve will be influenced by:
• Changing customers tastes and needs.
• The psychological relationship the consumer has with a product/service.
• The economic ability to pay.
• Fluctuations in real disposable income.
• The availability and pricing of close substitute products.
• The influence of marketers.
OHT 10.16
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
The boomerang demand curve
Figure 10.4
OHT 10.17
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Elastic and inelastic demand curves
Figure 10.6 and 10.7
OHT 10.18
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Factors influencing price sensitivity
Table 10.2Source: Based on Nagle (1987).
OHT 10.19
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Factors influencing price sensitivityin B2B markets
Table 10.3Source: Based on Porter (1980).
OHT 10.20
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
Internal influences on the pricing decision
Figure 10.8
OHT 10.21
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
SEM influence on pricing (1 of 2)
• The single European Market (SEM) has removed the fiscal, physical and technical barriers to trade.
• Greater price transparency across member states.
• Greater opportunity for Eurobrand building with a common positioning.
• Removal of exchange rate fluctuations and currency hedgings leading to more stable conditions and reduction in costs.
• Disturbance of established price perceptions and consumer brand values.
OHT 10.22
© Pearson Education Limited 2003Brassington and Pettitt: Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition
SEM influence on pricing (2 of 2)
• Prices may be forced downwards due to decreased costs, opening up of public procurement contracts, foreign investment, enforcement of competition policy, and an increase in competitive activity in the EU.
• Prices could also rise if non-EU competition is stifled.