OIL FATE AND SLICK TRAJECTORY PREDICTIONS FOR MARINE OIL POLLUTION

CONTROL STRATEGIES(MMK1180)

NAME : MOHAMMED ALI AL-MUHANDES MATRIC No. : MM091250

SUPERVISORS : MAIN : ASSOC. PROF. DR. ZAMANI BIN AHMAD CO. : DR. JASWAR

DEPARTMENT OF MARINE TECHNOLOGYFACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND

O’conneli (2006) stated that oil pollution affects on :

Fisheries and aquaculture resources ,

Tourism and,

Costal industries

In this research:

It is essential to predict the oil fate and slick trajectory

Combating strategies need to be set

Through simulation

1. INTRODUCTION

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Oil pollution control strategies need to be developed for each oil fate and slick trajectory scenario. Since each scenario is unique and independent, simulation method is preferred.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

To develop a method of choosing oil pollution combating

strategies

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

i. Oil fate; The most important processes are spreading, evaporation, dispersion

viscosity and emulsification (O’connel, 2006c).

ii. Slick trajectory; When an oil slick is predicted to affect on high sensitive area,

this prediction helps the decision maker significantly to choose the combating

strategies.

iii. Types of shorelines; according to geographical shape, types of beaches and

to the environmental and socio-economic activities (IPIECA 2008a).

iv. In-hand equipment and combating strategies; the limitation of spill control

techniques must be taken into consideration in determining the most appropriate

clean up response (Persga, 2009a). All of on-scene commanders are allowed to

take whatever action is appropriate to clean up and/or mitigate the effects of an oil

spill (Ch'ng,1997).

CONT.

72 references have been used in the thesis

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Determine oil fate and slick trajectory

criteria

Determine oil fate and slick trajectory

Determine protection priority and types of

shorelines

Determine equipment and

techniques

Determine strategy

Validation by Case of study

3.1 DETERMINATION OF OIL FATE

Item Using methodSpreading Lehr’s relationships (math. equation) for

major and minor diameters of ellipse Evaporation ADIOS2 (software)Dispersion ADIOS2 (software)Viscosity ADIOS2 (software)Emulsification Mackay’s relationship (math. equation)

3.2 DETERMINATION OIL SLICK TRAJECTORY

The oil slick trajectory was calculated using slick trajectory calculator software based on:

Wind effects 3% of its speed in its direction within specific time

Current affects 100% of its speed in its direction within the same specific time

3.3 PROTECTION PRIORITY AND TYPES OF SHORELINES

Biological resources high priority Mangrove Human use features high priority Water intake and port Shorelines high priority Mangrove

3.4 EQUIPMENT AND USED TECHNIQUES

Techniques Equipment

Containment and protection booming

Booms : Fence; Air inflated; Shoreline . . sealing

Recovery Skimmers: Weir; Oleophilic; Vacuum; . Mechanical Pumps: Archimedean; Reciprocating; . Peristaltic; Diaphragm; Centrifugal

Dispersion spray system mounted onworkboatAirplaneHelicopter

Clean up Sorbents: Inorganic, Natural organic and Synthetic Motorized equipmentManual equipment

3.5 DETERMINE STRATEGY

i. Offshore recovery strategy Skimmers pumps

ii. Offshore dispersion strategy

iii. Shoreline clean up and recovery strategy

iv. Shoreline protection strategy

COMBATING STRATEGY FLOW CHART

CONT.

CONT.

3.5.1 OFFSHORE RECOVERY STRATEGY3.5.1.1 SKIMMERS

3.5.1.2 PUMPS

3.5.2 OFFSHORE DISPERSION

The applying dispersant according to equations covered the following:

Application rate Vdis (litre/hectare)

Application rate Qdis (litre/sec)

Required speed (knot)

3.5.3 SHORELINE CLEAN UP AND RECOVERY STRATEGY

3.5.4 SHORELINE PROTECTION STRATEGY

3.6 CASE OF STUDY

The oil spill incident is simulated at area extended from 10 09’ N to 10 21’ N and from 1030 27’ E to 1030 37’ E which cover the area of international shipping line to shoreline of south west of Johor in Malaysia. The source of spill is considered from a vessel sailing in the international shipping line. The spill is 500 m3 crude oil type Arabian Medium, Amoco at 7 am.

4. RESULTS

.

Evaporation

Spreading

Shoreline recovery & clean up strategy

Shoreline protection strategy

Offshore dispersion strategy

Offshore recovery strategy

Oil fate predictio

n

Booms

In hand equipment & techniques

Demonstrating

combating strategies

Skimmers

Tanjunj Bin Power Plant

Tanjunj Pelepas Port

Shoreline analysis and protection

priority

Oil slick trajecto

ry

Emulsification

Viscosity

Dispersion

Pumps

Vessels, Barges , motorized &

manual equipment

Mangrove

Dispersion system

Sorbent materials

4.1 RESULTS OF OIL FATE PREDICTION

i. Spreading

ii. Evaporation

iii. Dispersion

iv. Viscosity

v. Emulsification

4.1.1 SPREADING

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Wind speed (nm)

Major diameter (km *0.5)

Minor diameter (km *0.5 )

Prediction of changing of oil slick area from 7 a.m. to 4 pm

4.1.2 EVAPORATION

Predicted quantity of evaporated oil

4.1.3 DISPERSION

Predicted quantity of naturally dispersed oil

4.1.4 VISCOSITY

Predicted change of viscosity of spilled oil

4.1.4 EMULSIFICATION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Quantity of oil (m3)Quantity of emulsion and oil (m3)

Hours

Predicted quantity of oil and oil with emulsion within 9 hours

4.2 RESULTS OF OIL SLICK TRAJECTORY PREDICTION

CONT.

4 pm

2 pm

11 am

7am

Predicted trajectory line pointed on each hour

CONT.

2 pm

4 pm

11 am

7 am

Predicted trajectory line by using Google earth

4.3 RESULTS OF SHORELINE ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION PRIORITY

High sensitive areas south west of Johor (Google earth)

Tanjung Pelepas Port

Tanjung Bin power plant

Mangrove forest (9 km)

4.4 RESULTS OF USED EQUIPMENT

Item Types

Booms Fence, air inflated and shore sealing

Skimmers Offshore weir, shallow water weir, oleophilic disk, vacuuum and toothed disc mechanical skimmers

Pumps Peristaltic, diaphragm and centrifugal pump

Chemical dispersant

Two arms on board extended towards port and starboard

Additional in hand equipments

Two oil pollution control vessels 20 knots, Three support vessels, Storage tanks 320 cubic meters, Sorbents material, manual and motorized equipment

4.5 RESULTS OF DEMONSTRATING COMBATING STRATEGIES

4.5.1 Offshore recovery strategy

4.5.1.1 STAGE ONE

4.5.1.2 STAGE TWO

4.5.2 OFFSHORE DISPERSION STRATEGY

4.5.2.1 STAGE ONE

4.5.2.2 STAGE TWO

4.5.3 SHORELINE PROTECTION STRATEGY

1

2

4

3

Protection technique for zone 1

Boom No.

Length of booms

No. of anchors & weight

1 500 m 32 x 35 kg

2 500 m 32 x 35 kg

3 300 m 20 x 35 kg

4 400 m 26 x 35 kg

Technique type: staggered shervon . configuration

CONT.

Boom No.

Length of boom

No. of anchors & weight

1 200 m 0

2 200 m 0

3 70 m 5 x 35 kg

4 20 m 1 x 35 kg

5 1300 m 0

Protection technique for Zone two

Technique type: staggered shervon and

exclusive configuration

4.5.4 SHORELINE RECOVERY AND CLEAN-UP

The remained 300 m3 of oil and emulsion reached next to tidal zone and might be scattered along the shoreline and went into part of Johor strait.

The recovery of collected oil in the deployed protection booms areas depend upon instant findings and ought to be done by using oleophilic skimmer, Shore and harbour weir skimmer , diaphragm pump, Vacuum systems and Sorbent materials . In addition to manual and motorized equipment.

4.5.5 RESULT OF COMBATING BASED ON PREDICTION

General budget after offshore combating

CONT.

Operation Combated oil (m3) Combated oil and emulsion (m3)

Offshore recovery operation (stage one)

74 103

Offshore recovery operation (stage two)

60 83

Offshore dispersion operation (stage one)

19 26

Offshore dispersion operation (stage two)

13 26

Remaining 240 300

Protection of the most environmental and economical sensitive areas such as Tanjung Pelepas Port, Tanjung Bin steam power, most of the mangrove shoreline up to Puteri Habour was based on prediction of the slick trajectory.

Large quantity of contaminate was accumulated next to the protection booms which led to make shoreline clean-up and recovery easier and faster.

5 CONCLUSION

This research simulated an oil fate and slick trajectory predictions for marine oil pollution control strategies to reach highest environmental and economical benefit in south east of Johor.

The developed combating strategies flow chart was applied and cover all the strategies which are used.

The highest sensitive areas in Johor state were nominated to be protected whenever a significant oil spillage will be happened.

Matrix of equipment, which are suitable of Johor, was listed to deal with wide range of oil types.

Protection booming configuration to protect the highest sensitive areas was appointed according to the special geographical area in the south east of Johor.

PAPERS

Two papers still in processing to be published and entitled :

OIL FATE AND TRAJECTORY SIMULATION IN MALAYSIAN SHORELINE

OIL POLLUTION COMBATING STRATEGIES SIMULATION IN MALAYSIAN SHORELINE

Thank you Trima kaseh