oil spill responder safety guide

IPIECAREPORTSERIES

VOLUME ELEVEN

OIL SPILL RESPONDERSAFETY GUIDE

International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association

IPIECA

OIL SPILL RESPONDERSAFETY GUIDE

IPIECAREPORTSERIES

VOLUME ELEVEN

International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association2nd Floor, Monmouth House, 87–93 Westbourne Grove, London W2 4UL, United KingdomTelephone: +44 (0)20 7221 2026 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 7229 4948E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.ipieca.org© IPIECA 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of IPIECA.

This publication is printed on paper manufactured from fibre obtained from sustainably grown softwoodforests and bleached without any damage to the environment.

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PREFACE

SUMMARY ANDINTRODUCTION

MANAGEMENT CONTROLOF SPILL SAFETY

RISK ASSESSMENT

SPILLED PRODUCT ANDRESPONSE CLEAN-UP:CHEMICAL SAFETY

THE WORKINGENVIRONMENT ANDSAFETY DURING RESPONSEOPERATIONS

PERSONAL PROTECTIVEEQUIPMENT SELECTIONAND SITE FACILITIES

MANAGEMENT OFVOLUNTEERS

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAND FURTHER READING

APPENDIX 1Example site safety survey form

APPENDIX 2Example site safety briefing sheet

APPENDIX 3Example gas testing record sheet

CONTENTS PREFACE

This report is one of a series commissioned by the International Petroleum

Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA). The full series of

reports will represent the IPIECA members’ collective contribution to the global

discussion on oil spill preparedness and response.

In preparing these reports—which represent a consensus of membership

views—IPIECA has been guided by a set of principles which every organization

associated with the transportation of oil products at sea should consider when

managing operations related to the transportation, handling and storage of

petroleum and petroleum products:

● it is of paramount importance to concentrate on preventing spills;

● safety of life is the highest priority in any incident;

● despite the best efforts of individual organizations, spills will continue to

occur and will affect the local environment;

● response to spills should seek to minimize the severity of the environmental

damage and to hasten the recovery of any damaged ecosystem;

● the response should always seek to complement and make use of natural

forces to the fullest extent practicable.

Anyone charged with planning for oil spill response activities is faced with a

vast array of tasks that must be analysed and prioritized. Often these tasks

conflict, requiring difficult decisions to be made and compromises reached.

Health and safety must never be compromised, regardless of the environmental

imperative. Documented, safe systems of work should always be established and

adhered to. This will often increase the complexity of operations and in many

instances will require additional personnel. However, the temptation to get the

job done at the expense of the health and safety of the responders should be

resisted at all costs.

Health and safety should be the cornerstone of all oil spill preparatory measures.

Responses to a variety of scenarios are best formulated away from the time-

pressures that an actual crisis imposes. At each stage of the planning cycle, there

must be a conscious check to ensure that no unwarranted increase in health and

safety risk has occurred, or if it has, that additional control measures are put in

place to counter it. These plans must then be practised in both tabletop and

practical exercises, and refined as required by honest feedback.

The value of independent health and safety audits cannot be underestimated. A

skilled and independent auditor will often unearth weaknesses in systems and plans

that have previously remained hidden. This will allow remedial action to be taken

to improve the quality and effectiveness of preparations.

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When an oil spill occurs, the issue of health and safety, both for the public and oil spillresponders, is the most critical consideration. The purpose of this document is toinvestigate the safety aspects of oil spills and their response. It is recognized that safetyis managed in many different ways around the world. The safety regimes in differentcountries vary enormously in the methods of achieving their objectives, from highlyregulated prescriptive regimes which legislate actions, to risk-based systems whichapproach the problem from a totally different perspective. It would be foolhardy to tryto develop a safety document that attempted to prescribe any particular approach tosafety, as it would not succeed in meeting the expectations of at least some part of thecommunity. Instead this document will concentrate on identifying the principal safetyissues when an oil spill occurs, their degree of severity, and the practical steps that canbe taken to minimize the impact of the spill.

Many spills have been cleaned up safely in the past. Because clean-up activities areusually conducted in the open air, the hazards from vapours and gases are relatively low,and simple protective clothing can reduce contact with oil and minimize any chance ofharm. Nevertheless the oil and the working environment do introduce other hazards.The key to safety is to recognize the risks from all sources and to be prepared to actaccordingly. The other major aspect when dealing with safety management is the issueof liability. Although safety management systems are used to manage the liabilities thatmay arise as a result of an accident, the document does not attempt to deal with thisaspect of the problem. Rather, it focuses on the practical and technical safetyconsiderations that need to be dealt with when responding to an oil spill. Those withwell-developed safety regimes will have the procedures in place but should find value inthe practical guidance. Those that do not have such advanced safety systems should findthe guide useful in developing safety plans to deal with the issues that are raised.

This document is divided into six broad categories, each of which needs to beaddressed. They are: ● management of safety;● risk assessment;● oil and response clean-up chemical safety issues;● the working environment and safety during operations;● personal protective equipment (PPE); and● management of volunteers.

Each organization will need to establish its own strategy to ensure that health andsafety is incorporated into its own spill response provisions. These strategies should bereviewed periodically, taking into account experience and lessons learned.

SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION

O I L S P I L L R E S P O N D E R S A F E T Y G U I D E

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The safety of the general public and responders is assigned the highest priority

during spill response operations. A response management system, with safety as

its core element, should start from the top and penetrate to all levels within the

organizations participating in response activities.

To ensure that safety takes its proper place during response operations special

actions need to be taken. The management team should appoint an individual

and, if necessary, a supporting team, with a responsibility for safety management.

Responders can often become too involved in operations and not be able to take

an overall view of the situation. The safety manager needs to be able to step back

from the operation and consider wider issues.

The safety manager should be responsible for monitoring and maintaining awareness

of active and developing situations, assessing hazardous and unsafe situations and

developing measures to assure personnel safety. These measures include:

● Site Assessment, during initial response, in order to: document the hazard analysis

process; address hazard identification, personal protective equipment and

control zones; and identify decontamination areas. Competent personnel, that

is to say, those appropriately trained and experienced in the issues surrounding

spill safety, should be used to manage and supervise response. Local labour

can be used to support the clean-up effort provided that they are: given training

in the safety issues that are relevant to the tasks they undertake; briefed on the

risks that they will meet; and provided with the appropriate safety equipment.

● Developing and implementing a Site Safety and Health Plan (SSHP).

Information to develop the plan can be obtained from sources such as specific

site safety plans, hazard assessments and air monitoring data. The Plan should

be reviewed regularly with regard to the safety implications of the activities

proposed or in progress.

● Participating in planning meetings to identify health and safety concerns

inherent in the operation’s daily work plan.

● Correcting unsafe acts or conditions through the regular line of authority,

although the safety manager should be authorized to exercise emergency

authority to prevent or stop unsafe acts when immediate action is required.

The safety manager should also investigate accidents that have occurred

during operations.

MANAGEMENT CONTROL OF SPILL SAFETY

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M A N A G E M E N T C O N T R O L O F S P I L L S A F E T Y

● Establishing first-aid stations and medical facilities in accordance with the SSHP.

Site Safety and Health Plan (SSHP)The safety manager should ensure the preparation and implementation of the

SSHP in accordance with local and national plans and regulations. The SSHP

should, ideally, address the following elements:

● health and safety hazard analysis for each site, task or operation;

● comprehensive operations work plan;

● personnel training requirements;

● personal protective equipment (PPE) selection criteria;

● site-specific occupational medical monitoring requirements;

● individual and area air monitoring plan;

● site control measures;

● confined space entry procedures, if needed;

● pre-entry briefings (initial/daily/pre-shift);

● pre-operations health and safety conference for all incident participants;

● quality assurance of SSHP effectiveness; and

● decontamination.

Site layout plans may help with making people aware of the risks and the location

of key safety elements. These should be prepared and displayed at the site

command post. A copy should be returned to the incident command centre and

should be revised as conditions at the site change.

Safety briefing and communicationOne of the key methods of managing safety is by the use of safety briefings

(Appendix 2). Ideally, briefings should be held before the start of each shift to

pass along all information necessary to ensure safety on the site. All contractor

supervisory personnel should attend these safety meetings in order to pass

information to their own teams. A method of rapid communications with all field

sites should be included in the safety briefings. The information passed should be

pitched at the correct level to suit the audience; for example clean-up crews will

require a different content and style of briefing to the personnel in the command

centre. The briefings should address:

● work zone characteristics;

● hazard information on the spilled product;

● evacuation routes;

● assembly points;

● first-aid post locations;

● location of staging areas;

● command post locations; and

● how to respond to other emergencies that may arise.

Briefing the response team prior to aday’s operations


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IntroductionThe first task that should be undertaken when preparing to conduct oil spill

response operations is a comprehensive risk assessment and hazard analysis.

When an oil spill occurs the management team will need to carry out a high-

level risk assessment of the overall situation as soon as possible to ensure that oil

spill responders or the wider population are not in danger. The initial approach

should be to answer such questions as:

● Is there a potential gas cloud and therefore an explosion risk?

● Should people be evacuated or excluded?

● Is the environment safe for people?

● Will oil enter water systems that may affect people?

This initial safety assessment may lead to the establishment of safety or exclusion

zones whilst the area is monitored in more detail. This may include the use of

monitoring equipment to detect flammable or toxic gases and materials. The

persistence of these sorts of hazards is not usually great, but this issue is more

significant with the more volatile oil types and in calm weather conditions.

Monitoring should continue until it can be established that the risk has reduced

to acceptable levels. Once the overall situation has been stabilized from a safety

point of view then the work of responding to the oil spill can begin. In normal

circumstances responders are not likely to be exposed to areas in which there is

an explosion or toxic vapour risk. Specialist source control teams, who are

trained and equipped to work within these high-risk areas, are the ones most

likely to enter these environments.

When responding to a spill, the risks posed by particular operations or locations

should be assessed on a case-by-case basis. One way of dealing with this situation

is through the use of a Site Safety Survey Form (Appendix 1). This form, when

completed by a competent individual from the response team, can be used to

identify the various hazards and determine if they present a risk. Once identified,

appropriate control measures can be taken to mitigate the risks. Those personnel

involved in carrying out risk assessments must have sufficient training and

knowledge to understand the potential hazards presented by the operations. The

process of risk assessment is intended to identify all of the potential hazards.

Once this has been completed, the probability and the severity of any potential

RISK ASSESSMENT

An overall risk assessment should beconducted at the start of a spill.

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R I S K A S S E S S M E N T

incident should be predictable. Those incidents most likely to occur frequently,

or those most likely to cause the greatest harm, should be dealt with first.

Account must be taken of who might be harmed, and how. There are a number

of techniques in common use for the assessment of risk. Some rely on descriptive

ranking, while others employ a numerical scoring system to produce an order of

priority. Whatever system is employed, it is important that all the assessments

are carried out in a consistent manner.

Once the likelihood and severity of risks have been considered, the precautions

available should then be examined to determine their effectiveness. If the hazard

continues to present a risk then additional measures should be put in place.

There is an accepted hierarchy of approach that may be summarized as follows:

1. Prevent access to the hazard

2. Organize the work in a way that exposure to the hazard is reduced

3. Use PPE

The risk assessment should be fully documented and filed. During the conduct

of operations the risk from the spilled oil will inevitably change but many of the

physical risk factors in the environment will remain constant. As a matter of

course, the workplace hazards should be periodically reassessed and the

suitability of previously selected hazard controls re-evaluated. The possibility of

reviewing previous risk assessments will assist in getting consistency of

approach. The Site Safety Survey Form (Appendix 1) is a means of

documenting the particular hazards at any particular site or those arising from

particular operations. In the main, hazards can be seen to arise from a number

of specific areas:

● the spilled product itself and response chemicals;

● the working environment;

● risks during response operations;

● risks from machinery used in the clean-up operation; and

● risks from external factors.


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Responses to oil spills inevitably put responders and chemicals together in the

same environment. Potential exposure of personnel should be assessed,

monitored, and controlled if health effects are to be avoided. Each type of

product, when spilled into the environment, will have its own set of chemical

characteristics that will determine the most effective response strategy and,

indeed, which strategies are safe to use. It should be borne in mind that the

chemical characteristics of the spilled product will usually change over a period

of time as a result of what is known as ‘the weathering process’, i.e. the action of

the elements on the product and its reaction with the surroundings.

In order to assess the measures needed to protect responders from the spilled

product, its chemical constituents and characteristics must be known. By

convention, this information is presented in a document called a material safety

data sheet (MSDS). Each MSDS contains all the information required to

complete a risk assessment of the chemical.

Oils, whether in the crude state or as refined products, represent a safety hazard.

The main hazards that can arise are as a result of the following properties:

● flammability;

● explosive vapours;

● toxicity;

● hydrogen sulphide;

● exclusion of oxygen; and

● the slippery nature of oil.

Flammability

Crude oils, condensates and refined products may be ignited if they are exposed

to a source of ignition. The period for which oil remains easily ignitable is

usually short because of evaporation of the more volatile components and the

inclusion of water in the oil if it emulsifies. Whilst the oil is fresh care must be

taken to exclude any potential sources of ignition from an area to minimize the

risk of fire. Responders should exercise care in the selection of equipment that is

used in response operations if it may cause ignition of the spilled product.

Additionally, smoking, sparking tools, vehicles or any other potential source of

ignition should be kept out of the spill area. Access to the spill operations areas

SPILLED PRODUCT AND RESPONSECLEAN-UP: CHEMICAL SAFETY

Some spills present specific safety risks

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S P I L L E D P R O D U C T A N D R E S P O N S E C L E A N - U P : C H E M I C A L S A F E T Y

should be controlled whilst any danger of ignition persists. Light products such

as gasoline or kerosene represent a particular hazard and special care should be

taken when approaching these spills.

Explosive vapours

When a refined product or volatile crude is spilled, there will be a release of

hydrocarbon vapours during the initial stages of the incident. There is potential

for this vapour cloud to drift, under the effects of the prevailing winds, into a

centre of population or to a location where there is a possibility of the vapours

being ignited. Safety exclusion zones and air monitoring stations may need to be

established to determine the vapour levels to monitor whether or not they are

within explosive limits. The release of vapours may present a specific hazard to

internal combustion engines causing them to over-speed uncontrollably if the

vapour is inducted into the engine. Internal combustion engines should not be

operated in areas where a risk of explosion exists. As a precaution, engines that

could be exposed to environments where vapours are present should be protected

by the fitting of an air inlet shut-off device that will operate if the engine speed

exceeds maximum rated limits.

Toxicity

Fears of the toxicity of oil are widespread but the risk is low because, although

oils contain potentially harmful components, it is relatively easy to prevent them

entering the body to cause harm. The spilled product’s toxic properties may

follow a variety of routes of entry into the body other than breathing the gases or

vapours. It may be absorbed through the skin or eyes, ingested (swallowed) or

injected. The potentially most serious exposure exists during the initial stages of

a spill, particularly when volatile crude oils, condensates or light refined products

are involved. These products can have carcinogenic components. For example,

benzene is a confirmed human carcinogen for which the risks and safe exposure

limits have been defined. If the potential exposure exceeds the prescribed limits,

then suitable PPE must be worn, such as chemical-protective clothing and

respirators. Whilst these aromatic products usually only persist for a short period

of time and will rapidly disperse in the air, they do pose a specific safety risk.

Care must be taken to monitor the levels of benzene in the environment and

protect both responders and the public from exposure. The level of aromatics

released will be a function of the specific oil type, the surface area of the spill,

temperature and the wind conditions at the time of the release. The risks must

be assessed by specialists and controls implemented to reduce their impact to an

acceptable level.

Reference to the occupational exposure limits (OELs) of any chemicals should be

made and a proper monitoring regime adopted. OELs may be either short-term

(for chemicals with acute effects) or long-term (for chemicals with chronic effects).


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Hydrogen sulphide

The presence of toxic vapours must also be monitored. ‘Sour crudes’ give off

hydrogen sulphide gas (H2S). Even though it can be smelled at low

concentrations, at lethal concentrations H2S is impossible to detect without

specialist equipment. There can be particular concern for the public if there is a

possibility that a gas cloud from an incident could drift into residential or

populated areas. If the levels are extremely high due to a ‘blow out’ of a sour

crude well or release of a large quantity of sour crude oil, evacuation may have to

be considered as a sensible precaution. Responders should not normally be

operating in an environment where the risk of poisoning from gasses such as H2S

exist, unless they are involved in source control. If the gas is suspected, based on

information usually gained from the producer or the shipper of the oil, a

monitoring system should be established to determine the levels. Once the level

of gas present has reduced to acceptable levels, responders should be provided

with personal monitoring equipment to monitor their personal exposure and

their working time limited so as not to exceed any occupational exposure limits

that are set in respect of the gas.

Exclusion of oxygen

The gases from hydrocarbons can displace the oxygen in an environment,

particularly when they collect in confined spaces or trenches that are not

adequately ventilated. Oxygen content readings should be taken prior to entering

any confined space, trench or area where reduced ventilation may lead to an

accumulation of hydrocarbon vapours. Entry should not be permitted unless

readings in excess of 19.5% O2 are confirmed. Such areas should be monitored

continually; entry by responders controlled using a permit to work system; and

the appropriate tank entry procedures implemented.

Slipperiness

The most common form of accident encountered during spill operations results

from slips, trips or falls. Many of the products encountered are, by their very

nature, slippery. Slips, trips and falls on oiled surfaces are one of the main causes

of injury and awareness of these hazards should be raised. Responders can also

find it difficult to handle equipment when wearing oily gloves, which can

increase the time taken to complete familiar tasks and may make some more

complicated tasks impossible without decontaminating the equipment first.

Air monitoring equipment and record keepingAir and exposure monitoring can be conducted through the use of electronic

monitors, draeger tubes, personal monitors or passive diffusion monitors. The

type, level and frequency of monitoring should be based on the particular

circumstances. An example of an air monitoring record is shown in Appendix 3.

Conducting air monitoring in the vicinity ofthe spill site.

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S P I L L E D P R O D U C T A N D R E S P O N S E C L E A N - U P : C H E M I C A L S A F E T Y

Skin contact with oilOil and some of the chemical compounds used in clean up operations can have a

degreasing effect on skin tissue and can cause problems if ingested. When

responders are working on a clean-up operation suitable PPE should be worn to

prevent oil contact with the skin which may cause dermatitis, an inflammation of

the skin. The type of PPE used must be suited to the climatic conditions at the

site as problems of heat exhaustion may arise if workers are required to wear

impermeable PPE for long periods in very hot conditions. Work periods must be

managed to ensure that adequate rest periods are given.

Protective gloves, suits and boots should be provided to protect the responder,

and moisturizing barrier creams should be provided to protect the skin.

Decontamination facilities should be established which permit responders to

remove oiled clothing in a controlled environment, and which provide them with

access to suitable washing facilities. Another ailment sometimes experienced by

responders is sickness and diahorrea caused by the accidental ingestion of

contaminated food due to inadequate hygiene. Personal hygiene and

decontamination facilities should be provided to permit workers to wash prior to

taking meal breaks, in order to guard against this type of illness.

Spill response chemicals and cleaning agentsA number of chemical materials, such as dispersant materials and solvent cleaners

are used when responding to oil spills and special care must be taken when

handling these materials. Most products are provided with guidance notes on the

risks, use and handling of the material, and this information should be made

available to all those handling the product. When handling dispersant chemicals,

gloves, goggles and protective clothing should be worn and prolonged contact

with the skin avoided, as many of the materials are hydrocarbon based and can

cause oil contact dermatitis. Similar precautions should be taken when handling

solvent cleaner chemicals, as these can contain more aromatic components. Special

care should be taken in the use of respiratory protection with the appropriate filter

cartridges. A full discussion of the safety implications of dispersant use is provided

under ‘Dispersant Response Operations’ in the following section (see pages 18–19).

Protective clothing should be suited to the oiltype and the working environment.


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The working environmentOil spills can occur in practically any type of environment and under all climatic

and meteorological conditions. This poses a number of challenges to responders

and has an overriding influence on the response options available. Some aspects

of the working environment (such as site layout, security, working shifts) may be

controlled by the responders themselves. Others, including the weather and the

terrain, must be given consideration and accommodated when response targets

are set. In every working environment, safety must remain the top priority, and

measures to control any risks put in place.

Weather

Extremes of temperature, humidity and precipitation all place considerable strain

on human performance. Symptoms range from heat stroke, sunburn and

dehydration at one end of the scale to frostbite and hypothermia at the other.

These conditions are, by their nature, hazardous and must be assessed

accordingly. Suitable and sufficient control measures need to be provided and

might include:

● specialized clothing;

● shelter;

● survival training;

● adjustments to work patterns to provide rest/respite for workers; and

● provision of communications equipment and accurate weather forecasting.

The natural environment

The environment in which a spill can occur can range from exposed shorelines to

rugged and remote mountains in the case of pipeline spills. Safe access and egress

must be arranged for vehicles and pedestrians with account being taken of

shoreline type (mud, cliffs, mangroves etc.) and tidal patterns and ranges. Care

must be taken that workers and equipment are not cut off by rising tides when

working on shorelines. In the case of inland spills, each locality will present its

own unique set of challenges that must be overcome, including accessibility,

gradients, watercourse flow rate and depth, and water table characteristics.

THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT ANDSAFETY DURING RESPONSE OPERATIONS

Oil spills invariably bring out the worst inthe weather.

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T H E W O R K I N G E N V I R O N M E N T A N D S A F E T Y D U R I N G R E S P O N S E O P E R A T I O N S

Although indigenous flora and fauna are often an important ecological and

environmental resource, they can present a very real safety issue. Poisonous

plants and dangerous animals need to be identified, and their appearance

publicized to the responders along with information on how to deal with the

threat they present. Of greater concern are those creatures that may actually

attack humans both in the sea and on dry land. Where these possibilities exist,

expert advice must be obtained and adequate protection provided.

Night operations

Night operations present particular risks for workers. Unless adequate lighting

can be guaranteed to ensure that responders can have safe and secure access to

the worksite, and that an acceptable level of operational efficiency can be

guaranteed, night clean-up operations should be avoided. It is difficult to see oil

in low light conditions and the risk of slips, trips or falls increases dramatically.

Worker fatigue will increase through night working and the operational benefits

of this work need to be assessed. Application of dispersants, particularly from

aircraft is not recommended during night time conditions as there are inherent

safety and operational efficiency issues.

Slips, trips and falls

As mentioned previously, the most common hazard to responders is the danger

from slips, trips or falls. Oil spills can occur in locations where the access to the

work site is difficult. The problem is compounded when the surface is coated

with oil, but rocky shorelines can be naturally slippery due to seaweed, wet rocks

or mud. Safe and secure access must be provided for the workforce to prevent

the possibility of injury. When working on the shoreline, it is advisable for

responders to keep clear of cliffs or rocky shorelines until a safe means of access

has been provided, either in the form of access bridges or guide ropes. Clean-up

crews should be warned of the hazards of any particular site access and be given

The natural environment can present asignificant risk.

Providing safe access to the worksite iscritical to reducing the risk of accidents.


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information on the safest access routes. Slips, trips and falls are also an issue

when working on vessels involved in offshore operations. Responders should

beware of falling into the water and must wear lifejackets at all times. Decks can

become extremely slippery when coated in oil. Towing lines and equipment

hoses add to the potential trip hazards. Good seamanship to maintain clean and

tidy decks is an important factor in reducing the hazard.

Manual handling and equipment lifting

Care must be taken by responders when lifting equipment or recovered waste

bags. Where possible lifting equipment should be used. If manual handling is

required, the loads should be restricted to manageable proportions and persons

instructed in the proper lifting techniques. When using lifting equipment,

responders should be provided with safety helmets and only those trained in the

operation of the equipment permitted to use it.

Transport of materials/waste disposal

When oil is recovered it is often stored in temporary pits on the shoreline. These pits

should be cordoned off from the public. Safe and secure access should be provided to

them for vehicles delivering or removing material. The pits should be well marked

with suitable signage to warn any person against accidentally falling into them.

Temporary storage tanks must be clearlymarked and secondary pollution should beavoided.

There are potential risks from the use ofheavy machinery in public places (near right).

Vehicle cleaning stations should be providedat shoreline access points (far right).


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Oil spills require significant logistics support with regard to the transportation

of equipment, and the use of specialist vehicles and personnel transport. To

prevent degradation of local road safety, care must be taken to avoid secondary

contamination beyond the initially oiled areas. Transport cleaning stations will

need to be established to prevent oil being transferred into public areas and

causing potential safety hazards.

Clean-up operations generate large quantities of waste that must be stored,

sorted and disposed of through an approved process or procedure. The transport

of materials will often require specialized vehicles. In most cases, licences will

need to be obtained from the local authorities to allow storage, transportation

and disposal of oily waste.

First aid

The arduous nature of response activities increases the risk of illness and injury

to responders. Often they are undertaking difficult tasks, under pressure and in

unfamiliar surroundings. Preventative measures need to be taken to protect

responders from infectious diseases and from other health effects of the oil-

contaminated environment. Water and food quality must be of a suitable

standard to avoid illness. Responders should be trained in first aid and also have

an awareness of:

● medical facilities available locally and how to access them;

● vaccinations which may be required; and

● medevac arrangements which should be available in the case of serious injury.

Other risks

There are other risks that need to be considered, especially when dispatching

responders internationally. Some parts of the world have their own inherent

dangers and these must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Professional advice

from embassies and government departments, or from specialist security

companies, will need to be sought in order to make an informed judgement on

how to proceed. Support and advice should be sought from the in-country staff

as to the actual risk conditions on the ground at the spill location. Issues to be

considered include:

● travel arrangements (routes, visas, couriers);

● airline safety;

● accommodation;

● language; interpreters, translation of documents;

● risk of hijack or kidnap;

● any country-specific risks such as terrorism, civil war, unexploded ordnance; and

● evacuation.


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The extent and potential threat of these hazards must be taken into account

before committing responders to any particular activity. If there is a risk,

suitable and appropriate countermeasures and plans should be established,

communicated and tested.

Safety during response operationsShoreline response operations

The majority of response activities occur on shorelines. The proximity to water

presents its own set of hazards which give rise to increased risks, particularly

among inexperienced or unfamiliar responders. Notably, tides, currents and

waves contribute to creating a dynamic environment that can catch out the

unwary and needs constant monitoring and reassessment.

The nature of shoreline deployments often poses problems in terms of

communications, access and movement of heavy equipment, together with the

provision of adequate first-aid and evacuation resources. Cliffs, mud and

treacherous terrain increase the difficulties in providing these arrangements.

Unless access to spill sites and contaminated areas is properly controlled, the

local population can be exposed to risks from which they are not protected.

Additionally, vehicles and persons entering the spill area may generate

secondary contamination and possibly cause unnecessary damage to sensitive

environmental resources.

Shoreline response safety tips

● Test for poisonous or explosive gases

● Create safe access—slips and falls on large boulder fields are a significantcause of injuries

● Ensure adequate manpower to achieve the task safely

● Ensure adequate safety briefings (Appendix 2) and supervision

● Be aware of tidal conditions

● Provide shelter, rest periods and nourishment for responders

● Employ a buddy system to avoid lone working

● Never permit entry into excavations, always clearly mark storage pits onshorelines

● Reassess operations if weather deteriorates, especially if a heavy sea isrunning

● Ensure adequate first aid, safety briefings and medevac facilities

● Risks can be minimized by having good communications

Shoreline deployments require extensivemanagement (see box below).

17


It is essential that shoreline responders are trained to recognize the hazards

present in their working environment, and are provided with adequate means to

control the risks.

Offshore response operations

Offshore working can take place either on fixed installations or on vessels. These

environments have their own special practices and procedures that should be

followed in order to remain safe. Inexperienced or uninitiated responders are at

Shoreline clean-up operations need to bemanaged carefully to prevent accidents.

Offshore response safety tips

● Test for poisonous or explosive gases before approaching spill

● Lines and chains used for lashing and towing have the potential to causeserious injuries and must be checked periodically, especially in high seas

● Keep the decks as clean as possible—hazards faced in the offshoreenvironment multiply as a result of poor weather, oiled decks andequipment, and congested work areas

● Ensure that all responders are familiar with the equipment to be used

● Ensure that all responders are familiar with the vessel emergencyprocedures

● Deck operations always carry the hazard of drowning so a lifejacket mustbe worn

● Ensure a full briefing is conducted before commencing operations

● Secure equipment with tag lines when lifting using deck cranes

● Risks can be minimized by having good communications between thebridge and the deck


18

increased risk when operating offshore and, where possible, regular local workers

acting as safety escorts should accompany them. A personal floatation device

must be worn by all responders working offshore and in vessels, because

swimming ability is impaired by clothing such as boots and helmets. Vessels

engaged in offshore response work should be suitably sized and equipped to deal

with the environment. Adequate and suitable safety and communications

equipment should be installed on the vessels. Crews should be trained and

competent in the operation of the vessels and responders should be trained and

fully briefed on their responsibilities.

It cannot be overstressed that the hazards faced in the offshore environment

multiply as a result of poor weather, oiled decks and equipment, and congested

work areas. Lines and chains used for lashing and towing have the potential to

cause serious injuries and must be checked periodically, especially in high seas.

A communications system should be established to permit all vessels working

offshore to be able to report any emergencies and provide operations status

reports. A system of notifying craft of any adverse weather reports should be

established as a precaution and is particularly important when small craft are

engaged in nearshore response operations.

Dispersant response operations

The use of dispersant chemicals to treat spilled oil brings with it a number of

health and safety issues that must be addressed. Specifically, the chemicals can

pose a hazard to health and the methods of application can leave unprotected

responders open to various modes of exposure. These include:

● Breathing aerosol droplets mists. When operations present this risk,

personal issue respirators must be worn by all responders during spraying

operations, whether shoreline spraying, spraying from vessels or operating

aircraft systems. The respirators must be fitted with a particle filter, providing

Appropriate PPE must be used when usingdispersants.

High seas conditions can make vesseloperation hazardous.

19


protection against particles such as dust, oil mist, smoke and chemical aerosol

spray. On vessels, all normal doors and windows should remain closed during

spraying operations, to protect crew members located within the

accommodation, inside the engine room or on the bridge. On larger vessels,

there is the potential of dispersant mist entering the forced air engine room

ventilation. In this case, it is advisable for engine room personnel to use deck

operations PPE during spraying operations. Dispersant mist may also have a

detrimental effect on engines if ingested into air inlets. Special care should be

taken to protect all personnel when spraying is conducted in windy conditions.

● Ingestion. Respirators should be used to prevent swallowing of any

dispersant mist. Personal hygiene practices must be rigorously applied to

prevent the possibility of dispersant ingestion during meal breaks.

● Absorption through the skin. Dispersant is readily absorbed by the skin and

can cause irritation or organ damage. One-piece PVC suits and nitrile-rubber

gloves are required to be worn during loading and transfer operations and for boat

and shoreline spraying. Nitrile-rubber gloves are also required when coupling/

disconnecting dispersant hoses during the operation of fixed wing aircraft systems.

● Splashes to the eyes. Chemical goggles are required where splash risk exists,

e.g. during loading and transfer operations, for boat and shoreline spraying

and for fixed wing aircraft operations. Medical attention should always be

sought if dispersant is splashed into the eyes.

Aviation operations

Response strategies often include the use of aircraft. This may be for reconnaissance,

transport or for dispersant spraying. Aircraft operations, airfields, and indeed aircraft

themselves, present numerous hazards that must be identified and controlled.

Briefings should be provided to passengers by the aircrew on the safety aspects of the

specific aircraft type and the location and use of safety equipment. Care must be taken

by personnel whilst on the airport not to enter areas in which aircraft are operating

without first gaining the necessary permission from the airport staff or aircrew.

Dispersant response operation safety tips

● Assess the routes of possible exposure to dispersant chemical

● Provide PPE to guard against each and every route, ensuring that all PPE iscompatible and fits the wearer

● Keep decks clear and dispersant free by regular washing

● Head spray vessels into wind where possible

● Make sure that the PPE is resistant to the dispersant in use

● Avoid uncontrolled releases of dispersant

● Always refer to the Material Safety Data Sheets


20

Personnel responsibility

Whatever the working environment, safety can be considerably improved if

personnel watch out for each other as well as themselves. The working

environment in a spill situation changes constantly, and responders need to be

able to adjust to the changing conditions to mitigate any potential injury or loss.

Along with physical and chemical factors, other factors also affect the working

environment. Working long hours under hot and dry, or cold, damp and windy

conditions along with extended periods away from home can quickly lead to

fatigue. As fatigue sets in the ability to exercise good judgement and decision

making decreases rapidly. Equipment operation and working on deck becomes

more dangerous as fatigue becomes more pronounced. Personnel injuries,

unexpected environmental discharges, and property damage potentially can all

result from equipment failure. Safe working is dependent upon the experience

and training of the involved personnel and the continued close attention to

safety procedures.

Aircraft can play a significant role inresponse operations.

Aviation safety tips

● Never walk across airfield aprons without an escort.

● When approaching or leaving aircraft, care must be taken to avoid theintakes, exhausts, propellers and rotor blades.

● A rotating helicopter blade may pass near to the ground particularly whenidling: personnel should always crouch when approaching or departing from ahelicopter with turning rotors and in the direction advised by the aircraft crew.

● Approach to an aircraft should only be made when directed by the pilot orcrew, and the route should remain in the pilot’s field of view.

● Briefings must be provided to passengers by the aircrew on the safetyaspects of the aircraft and the location and use of the exits and life savingequipment provided.

● Particular attention should be paid to hearing protection and the wearing ofhigh visibility garments when working on airfields.

● Loose objects pose a threat to aircraft safety and should be controlled. Thisincludes litter, nuts and bolts, packing cases and hats.


21

PPE selectionPersonal protective equipment (PPE) is an essential element in ensuring

responders are able to work in a safe manner. The proper selection and use of

PPE requires skill and experience. The following points should be taken into

consideration when selecting the appropriate PPE:

● the expected working conditions and hazards;

● the activities to be performed;

● the person(s) being exposed; and

● the compatibility of the equipment—each piece of PPE should be capable of

performing effectively without hindering the proper operation of other pieces.

Consideration should also be given to the nature of the task and the demands

placed on the worker, including:

● the physical effort required to do the job;

● the methods of work involved;

● how long the PPE will need to be worn;

● the need for adequate vision and communications whilst wearing the items;

● whether high cost, durable equipment or lower cost disposable items be

selected; and

● whether the task is critical to the overall clean-up.

Consultation with the safety manager and experienced responders is

advantageous in determining the most suitable type of PPE. These personnel are

best placed to provide first hand knowledge of the task, environment and any

other unique factors.

The working environment will often dictate the PPE selection criteria. For example,

cold weather environments require the use of thermally insulating clothing. This

type of clothing can be rendered unusable if it comes into contact with liquid

oils, hence a robust and well-sealed impermeable layer should be worn above the

cold weather clothing. Conversely, in hot climates, impermeable clothing will

exacerbate the problem of heat stroke. Workers should therefore be given

adequate rest breaks and liquids to ensure their welfare, or an acceptable

compromise should be reached in the type of PPE that they wear.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTSELECTION AND SITE FACILITIES

A properly equipped, well motivated team isa major asset


22

PPE should not be issued without information and training in its use and

maintenance. Without this, its effectiveness will be severely reduced. Proper

decontamination and cleaning facilities should be provided so that the equipment

remains in a good condition for as long as possible. Without these facilities PPE

supplies will be wasted, straining supply lines and reducing cost-effectiveness.

Where possible, systems should be established to ensure that workers remain

responsible for the condition of their own PPE. Simple systems which require

workers to hand in used PPE before new stocks are issued will assist in the

control of waste. Separate disposal facilities for used PPE should be established

to segregate the waste.

By taking an activity-based approach to PPE selection, a response organization is

able to set some working parameters. These should include mechanical

protection, the elements/climate, and hazardous substances. It is vital to

emphasise that PPE is not, in itself, the only risk control method but in most

circumstances it is inevitable that personnel will come into close contact with the

oil and PPE will be a necessity.

A guide to PPE selection is included opposite.

Safety and welfare facilities on siteSanitation and personal hygiene facilities

Potable water, non-potable water, toilets and personal hygiene facilities should

be readily available. Details of the location of hygiene facilities should be

contained on the Site Safety Map.

Decontamination procedures

Contaminated personnel, equipment and vehicles or vessels should be

decontaminated in accordance with a decontamination plan which should

include:

The selection of the correct type of personalprotective equipment is critical.

23

P E R S O N A L P R O T E C T I V E E Q U I P M E N T S E L E C T I O N A N D S I T E F A C I L I T I E S

● a description of the location and layout of decontamination stations for the

facility;

● a list of the decontamination equipment needed;

● the appropriate PPE for persons carrying out the decontamination;

● appropriate procedures for specific materials that may be encountered;

● methods and procedures for preventing secondary contamination of clean areas;

● methods and procedures for minimizing worker contact with contaminants

during removal of PPE;

● safe disposal methods for clothing and equipment which are not completely

decontaminated; and

● revisions whenever the site conditions change, or the facility hazards are re-

assessed based on the new information.

1 Chemical cartridge respirator with full facepiece & organic vapour cartridge filter with an assigned protection factor (APF) of 502 Totally encapsulating chemical protective suit

Typical minimum PPE requirements

Dayglo vest

Coveralls

Oil skin suit

Safety boots

Safety wellingtons

Chest waders

Rigger gloves

PVC gloves

Tape seals

Ear defenders

Safety glasses

Goggles

Bump hat

Safety helmet

Personal floatationdevice

Tyvek® suit

Thermal suit

Immersion suit

Air monitor patch

Respirator 1

TECPS 2

Supervisor

Plant driver

Manual cleaner

Chemical spray

Chemical brush

H.P. washing

L.P. washing

Visitor decon.

Visitor hot/warm zone

Cold zone

Lifting

Boat crewW

aterCold

HeatNoise

Gas samplerH2 S

Benzene


24

Decontamination facilities

Decontamination is best performed in a specific sequence to reduce levels of

contamination on personnel, PPE, equipment or transport until no contaminant

remains. Facilities should be established to deal with the waste from cleaning

stations so it can be disposed of in an approved manner in order to prevent

secondary pollution.

Decontamination stations should take personnel and equipment from the ‘hot’

contaminated zone through a ‘warm’ cleaning zone to the ‘cold’ exit point from

the operations area. Movement through these zones should be coordinated to

reduce the possibility of cross contamination.

Contamination zones

clean contaminated

‘cold’or

support zone

‘warm’or

contaminationreduction zone

‘hot’or

exclusion zone

25


Volunteers will frequently offer their services to assist, either as part of the

clean-up team or to assist with wildlife rescue. Volunteers are often

inexperienced and untrained in spill response activity, so this resource can be

both an asset and a liability if their use is not controlled and insufficient care is

given to safety and welfare. For this reason, safe use of volunteers needs careful

thought and planning.

In some areas of the world, volunteers are prohibited from becoming involved in

the response activity unless they can demonstrate that they have undertaken formal

safety training. In other countries it has proved impossible to prevent the public

from becoming involved in the clean-up, and certain countries positively encourage

such assistance. Whichever philosophical approach prevails, the key is to ensure

safety, adequate communication and, where possible, control of the effort.

If volunteers are used in a response activity, it should be in such a way that their

safety is assured. A specific training programme should be provided, identifying

the risk and hazards and how to avoid injury. Volunteers should also be provided

with appropriate PPE and integrated in to the overall command structure to

ensure that they have the benefit of safety information briefings.

Volunteer coordinationManagement of volunteers can be difficult as they can be focused on either their

own local environment or their own specific issues. To get the best out of a

volunteer workforce a volunteer coordinator can be included as part of the

response management team. The volunteer coordinator should be responsible

for managing and overseeing all aspects of volunteer participation, including

recruitment, induction and assignment.

A volunteer coordinator would:

● coordinate with the response organization to determine where volunteers are

needed;

● identify the local skills that are available that can be usefully employed;

● identify any necessary skills and training needs;

● verify minimum training required, as necessary, with safety manager or units

requesting volunteers (if special skill is required);

MANAGEMENT OF VOLUNTEERS


26

● activate, as necessary, standby contractors for supplementary training needs;

● coordinate nearby or on-site training as part of the deployment process;

● identify and secure other equipment, materials and supplies;

● provide induction safety training for volunteers;

● activate pre-registered volunteers if needed;

● assess, train and assign volunteers to specific tasks;

● coordinate with the logistics section for volunteer housing and meal

arrangements; and

● assist volunteers with other special needs.

Volunteer respondersIf volunteers are to be used during the clean-up, they will need to have attained

an acceptable level of competence in clean-up techniques and safety. Training

and supervision will be needed from experienced personnel that can be drawn

from either the response team or from local organizations.

Wildlife volunteers Often, members of the public are distressed by the reports and sights of oiled

wildlife, and volunteer to assist. In order to minimize distress to the animals

concerned, oiled wildlife often needs special handling by trained personnel. In

some parts of the world professional organizations are available to treat and clean

oiled wildlife. In an ideal world, before volunteers are included in the response,

they should receive professional training and should be supervised during animal

collection or subsequent cleaning operations.

Logistics volunteers Some volunteers may offer to become involved in the logistics operation

supporting the spill response. Their training needs will depend upon the role in

which the volunteer is engaged. Some support activities would not expose the

volunteer to the risks associated with clean up and therefore only basic training

in the management structure of the response organization will be required.

These types of activities include:

● logistics (e.g. procurement, purchasing, inventory control);

● transportation (e.g. carpools, trucking);

● food preparation and distribution;

● first-aid squads; and

● personnel services (e.g. lodging, laundry).

Volunteer activities must be coordinated andthe safety aspects managed.


27

The clean up of spilled oil is important, but not as important as ensuring the

safety of those who are involved or may be affected by the spill. The health and

safety of the public and the responders is a critical aspect of a successful

operation. The problem is not a particularly complex one, but one that requires

management, planning and common sense to minimize the risk of accidents.

The risks are well known, and arise for the most part from the natural

environment in which the operations are conducted rather than from the

product itself, particularly as the oil weathers and the lighter fractions evaporate.

Conducting a risk assessment is essential in preparing for safe oil spill clean up

from various operations and working environments. Response managers and

supervisors should be trained in the use of risk assessments and have the

necessary safety training to be able to determine the hazards and put in place

control measures.

Responders should be provided with appropriate training and briefings to ensure

that they are aware of the risks and how to deal with them. Communication of

safety issues is vitally important, as is the provision of appropriate Personal

Protective Equipment to workers.

This report identifies the key issues surrounding responder safety, and is intended

to provide guidance regarding the options available for carrying out safe clean-up

operations. Hopefully it will provoke thoughts to assist in the establishment of a

safety regime to prevent accidents during spill incidents.

CONCLUSIONS


28

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND FURTHER READING

AcknowledgementsWe are very grateful to C. Enright (UK Maritime Coastguard Agency) and

D. Salt (OSRL/EARL Alliance) for preparing the base text for this report. The

IPIECA Oil Spill Working Group’s review team, consisting of D. O’Donovan

(Marine Spill Response Corporation—MSRC), R. Self (OSRL/EARL Alliance),

P. Taylor (OSRL/EARL Alliance), B. Dicks and H. Parker (the International

Tanker Owners Pollution Federation—ITOPF), and S. Seddon-Brown (IPIECA),

provided useful comments and advice. Other valuable feedback was received

from R. Santner (OSRL), D. Blackmore (Australian Marine Oil Spill Response

Centre—AMOSC), D. Sobieski (UNOCAL), Gayle Hunting (ChevronTexaco),

R. Pavia (NOAA) and T. Bracher (ChevronTexaco). Photographs were supplied

by Oil Spill Response Limited and they are gratefully acknowledged.

Further readingUS Department of Labor and the US Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (2001). Training Marine Oil Spill Response Workers Under OSHA’s

Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard.


29

1. SITE:

2. DATE: 3. TIME: 4. INCIDENT:

5. PRODUCT(S): (Attach MSDS)

6. Site Characterization (tick all relevant boxes):

6a. Area: Ocean Bay River Saltmarsh MudflatsShoreline Sandy Rocky Cliffs Docks

6b. Use: Commercial Industrial Farming Public GovernmentRecreational Residential Other

7. Weather: Ice/frost Snow Rain Wind Sun

Temperature

8. Site Hazards:Bird handling Fire, explosion, in-situ burn Slips, trips and fallsBoat safety Heat stress Steam and hot waterChemical hazards Helicopter operations TidesCold stress Lifting Trenches, excavationsDrum handling Motor vehicles UV radiationEquipment operations Noise VisibilityElectrical hazards Overhead/buried utilities WeatherFatigue Pumps and hoses Work near waterOther Other Other

9. Air Monitoring:O2 LEL Benzene H2S Other (specify)

10. Personal Protective Equipment:Foot protection Coveralls Head protectionImpervious suits Eye protection Personal floatationEar protection Respirators Hand protectionOther

11. Site Facilities Required:Sanitation First Aid Decontamination

12. Emergency Plan Requirements:Alarm system Evacuation plan

13. Contact Details Required:Fire Doctor Ambulance Police Hospital Other

14. Date Plan Completed: 15. Plan Completed by:

APPENDIX 1 EXAMPLE SITE SAFETY SURVEY FORM

continued overleaf


30

Site Name:

Location/Map Reference:

Include work zones, first-aid locations, primary and secondary escape routes, assembly points, staging area and command post locations.

EXAMPLE SITE SAFETY SURVEY FORM (continued)


31

Incident: Project Code:

Site Name: Location/Map Ref.:

Date: Time:

Briefing Conducted by:

Topics Covered:

Weather conditions

Injuries and illnesses

Corrective actions/precautions

First aid

Site emergency plan

Site hazards

Oil/chemical hazards

PPE to be worn

Decontamination procedures

Other topics (list below)

Comments:

APPENDIX 2EXAMPLE SITE SAFETY BRIEFING SHEET


32

APPENDIX 3EXAMPLE GAS TESTING RECORD SHEET

Tes

ts c

ompl

eted

by

Init

ial T

est

1st

Follo

w u

p2n

d Fo

llow

up

3rd

Follo

w u

p

Nam

e

Sign

atur

e

O2

= O

xyge

n,

LE

L =

Low

er e

xplo

sive

lim

it,

H2S

= H

ydro

gen

sulp

hide

, S

TE

L =

Sho

rt-t

erm

exp

osur

e lim

it,

TW

A =

Tim

e w

eigh

ted

aver

age

Init

ial T

est

Follo

w-u

p T

ests

Acc

epta

ble

Res

ults

Dat

e/R

esul

tsD

ate/

Res

ults

Dat

e/R

esul

tsD

ate/

Lim

its

time

time

time

time

Gas

Tes

tL

imits

% O

2>1

9.5%

< 22

%

% L

EL

<10%

H2S

Ref

er to

cur

rent

indu

stry

pra

ctic

e

Ben

zene

Ref

er to

cur

rent

indu

stry

pra

ctic

e

#1 #2 #3 #4 #5

The International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association(IPIECA) is comprised of oil and gas companies and associations from around the world.Founded in 1974 following the establishment of the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP), IPIECA provides the oil and gas industry’s principal channel ofcommunication with the United Nations. IPIECA is the single global associationrepresenting the industry on key environmental issues including oil spill preparednessand response, global climate change, operational issues and biodiversity.

Through a Strategic Issues Assessment Forum, IPIECA also helps its membersidentify new global environmental issues and evaluates their potential impact on theoil and gas industry. IPIECA’s programme takes full account of internationaldevelopments in these global issues, serving as a forum for discussion and cooperationinvolving industry and international organizations.

Company Members

Amerada Hess

BHP Billiton

Bitor

BP

BG Group

ChevronTexaco

Conoco

ENI

ExxonMobil

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Maersk Olie og Gas

Marathon Oil

Metasource Pty Ltd (WOODSIDE)

Nexen

Pertamina

Petroleum Development of Oman

Petronas

Saudi Aramco

Shell

Statoil

TotalFinaElf

Unocal

Association Members

American Petroleum Institute (API)

Australian Institute of Petroleum (AIP)

Canadian Association of PetroleumProducers (CAPP)

Canadian Petroleum Products Institute(CPPI)

CONCAWE

European Petroleum Industry Association(EUROPIA)

Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP)

International Association of Oil & GasProducers (OGP)

Oil Companies International Marine Forum(OCIMF)

Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ)

Regional Association of Oil and NaturalGas Companies in Latin America and the Caribbean (ARPEL)

Regional Clean Sea Organisation (RECSO)

South African Petroleum IndustryAssociation (SAPIA)

International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association

2nd Floor, Monmouth House, 87–93 Westbourne Grove, London W2 4UL

Telephone: +44 (0)20 7221 2026 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 7229 4948

E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.ipieca.org

IPIECA

oil spill responder safety guide

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