oils and fats
DESCRIPTION
It contains the manufacture of oil, various refining processes such as degumming, alkalization,etc and hydrogenation of oil. Solvent extraction is also briefly explained.TRANSCRIPT
OILS AND FATS
BYGAUTHAM S
OİLS AND FATS
Major Component (%95-99)
Triglycerides
Minor Components (%1-5)
Triglyceride Derivatives
Glycerol
Free Fatty Acids
Mono- and Diglycerides
Non-Triglyceride Derivatives
PhospholipidsSterolsPigmentsVitaminsAntioxidantsOxidation ProductsTrace MetalsHydrocarbons
REFİNİNG OF CRUDE OİL
Crude oils as received from the extraction plant contain several non-triglyceride components which must be removed.
Refining consists of several processes which accomplish this aim.
REFİNİNG OF CRUDE OİL
• A refining process is carried out following extraction of crude edible oils by means of screw presses and/or solvent extraction.
• In refining, physical and chemical processes are combined to remove undesirable natural as well as environmental-related components from the crude oil.
REFİNİNG OF CRUDE OİL
Depending on the requirements, the following basic processes are implemented:• degumming for removal of phosphatides, • neutralization for removal of free fatty acids, • bleaching for removal of color, • deodorization to distill odors and flavors as well
as free fatty acids and • winterization for separation of waxes.
Refining Methods
Chemical Refining
Degumming Neutralizing Bleaching Deodorization
Physical Refining
Degumming Bleaching Steam
distillation
PHYSICAL REFINING
EXPELLER
CHEMICAL REFINING
CHEMICAL REFINING
Hydrogenation
Definition : To treat oil with H2 and catalyst to decrease double bonds and increase saturated bonds.
Reaction ResultSaturation of double bondsMigration of double bondsTrans-fatty acid formation
Advantages of Hydrogenation
Making fat suitable for manufacture of margarine, shortening, coating fats, cooking oil and salad dressing oil.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF HYDROGENATION
Catalysis
Oil + Catalyst à Oil-Catalyst Complex
Oil-Catalyst Complex + H2 à Hydrogenated Oil + Catalyst
HOcholesterol
Cholesterol•Essential component of cell membranes•Used as raw material for sex hormones and adrenocorticoid hormones•Used to make bile salts•High blood levels also associated with heart disease, atherosclerosis, arterial plaques
Cholesterol transported as Lipoprotein complex (LDL)
Lipoproteins classified by Density•HDL: High-density Lipoprotein•LDL: Low-density Lipoprotein•VLDV: Very low-density Lipoprotein–Triglycerides and cholesterol
•Chylomicron–Mostly triglycerides
USES Cooking oil Margarines Shortenings Salad oils Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)