Oilseed rape pests in Norway

Nina Svae Johansen, Annette Folkedal, Gunda Thöming, Wendy Waalen

Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås Norway

OILSEED RAPE PRODUCTION

– Mainly in South‐East Norway

– 4160 ha 

– 87 % spring rape – 2/3 spring oilseed rape– 1/3 spring turnip rape

– 13 % winter oilseed rape

2

PESTS

3

Regular• Pollen beetles (Brassicogethes/Meligethes 

spp.)

• Flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp)

Occasional• Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) • Brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae)• Turnip seed weevil (Ceutorrhynchus

obstrictus =C. assimilis)• Cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorrhynchus

quadridens = C. pallidactylus)• Turnip sawfly (Athalia rosae) 

PEST CONTROL

• Mainly insecticides• Area treated

− Spring oilseed rape 70 % − Winter oilseed rape 10 % 

• Treatment threshold (pollen beetles) or at appearance

4

Growth stage No. of pollen beetles/plant

Early bud stage 0,5‐1,0 

Medium bud stage 1‐2

Late bud stage 2‐3

MoA‐group Active ingredient Field rate 

(AI/ha)Treatments/ 

year

Polle

n be

etle

Flea

 bee

tles*

, DBM

*, Turnipsawfly

*

Cabb

ageseed

 pod

 wee

vil

Cabb

agestem

 wee

vil, 

Brassica

pod midge

3A Alpha‐Cypermethrin 10.0 ‐ 12.5  2 X X

Deltamethrin 5.0 – 7.5 1 X X X

Esfenvalerate 7.5 ‐ 15 2 X X X

Lambda‐cyhalothrin 5.0 1‐2 X X X

Tau‐fluvalinate 48.0 1‐2 X X X

4A Thiacloprid 72.0 1‐2 X X

22A Indoxacarb 25.5 1 X

5

ACTIVE SUBSTANCES 2017

* Pests also in other crops

Snails

6

Figure from: Bekämpningsrekommendationer. Svampar och insekter 2017. Jordbruksverkets växtskyddscentraler, mars 2017 http://www2.jordbruksverket.se/download/18.44d1a6d715b53cf7b561f74c/1491802974655/be17v19.pdf

winter Pollen beetlesWinter Oilseed Rape

Spring Oilseed Rape

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF MAIN PESTS 

Iron phosphate Indoxacarb

Snails

7

Figure from: Bekämpningsrekommendationer. Svampar och insekter 2017. Jordbruksverkets växtskyddscentraler, mars 2017 http://www2.jordbruksverket.se/download/18.44d1a6d715b53cf7b561f74c/1491802974655/be17v19.pdf

Flea beetles

Pollen beetles

winter Pollen beetlesWinter Oilseed Rape

Spring Oilseed Rape

Diamondback Moth

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF MAIN PESTS 

Indoxacarb

α‐cypermethrinØstfold

Hedmark

Tau‐fluvalinateIndoxacarb

α‐cypermethrin Indoxacarb Thiacloprid Tau‐fluvalinate

RESISTANCE MONITORING: POLLEN BEETLES

• Cyhalothrin/technical grade (2007‐2017)– IRAC Method no. 011– Test vials from Syngenta and Bayer CropScience

• Thiacloprid/Biscaya OD 240 (2010‐2017)– IRAC Method no. 021 – Test vials from Bayer CropScience

• Indoxacarb/Avaunt 150 EC (2012‐2017)– IRAC Method no. 027 – Test vials from DuPont

• Pollen beetles from spring oilseed rape and spring turnip rape

POLLEN BEETLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO λ‐CYHALOTHRIN% m

ortality (±

SE) a

t 100

 % field rate

9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100AKERSHUS COUNTY

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

HEDMARK COUNTY

**

*

*

*

*

*

0102030405060708090

100

VESTFOLD COUNTY

**

* *

* **

0102030405060708090

100

ØSTFOLD COUNTY

*

**

**

*

POLLEN BEETLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO λ‐CYHALOTHRIN% m

ortality (±

SE) a

t 100

 % field rate

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

AK‐N 200

7AK

‐N 200

7AK

‐S 200

7HE

‐M 200

7VF

 200

7VF

 200

7ØF 20

07ØF 20

07HE

‐M 200

8HE

‐M 200

8VF

 200

8AK

‐N 201

0HE

‐S 201

0HE

‐M 201

0HE

‐M 201

0VF

 201

0VF

 201

0ØF 20

10AK

‐N 201

2AK

‐N 201

2AK

‐S 201

2HE

‐S 201

2HE

‐M 201

2HE

‐M 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2ØF 20

12AK

‐S 201

5AK

‐S 201

5ØF 20

15ØF 20

15ØF 20

15AK

‐S 201

6AK

‐S 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6ØF 20

16ØF 20

16AK

‐S 201

7AK

‐S 201

7AK

‐N 201

7HE

‐M 201

7HE

‐M 201

7HE

‐M 201

7VF

 201

7VF

 201

7VF

 201

7ØF 20

17ØF 20

17

% m

ortality (±

SE) a

t 100

 % field rate

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

AK‐N 200

7AK

‐N 200

7AK

‐S 200

7HE

‐M 200

7VF

 200

7VF

 200

7ØF 20

07ØF 20

07HE

‐M 200

8HE

‐M 200

8VF

 200

8AK

‐N 201

0HE

‐S 201

0HE

‐M 201

0HE

‐M 201

0VF

 201

0VF

 201

0ØF 20

10AK

‐N 201

2AK

‐N 201

2AK

‐S 201

2HE

‐S 201

2HE

‐M 201

2HE

‐M 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2ØF 20

12AK

‐S 201

5AK

‐S 201

5ØF 20

15ØF 20

15ØF 20

15AK

‐S 201

6AK

‐S 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6ØF 20

16ØF 20

16AK

‐S 201

7AK

‐S 201

7AK

‐N 201

7HE

‐M 201

7HE

‐M 201

7HE

‐M 201

7VF

 201

7VF

 201

7VF

 201

7ØF 20

17ØF 20

17

POLLEN BEETLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO λ‐CYHALOTHRIN

% m

ortality (±

SE) a

t 100

 % field rate

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

AK‐N 200

7AK

‐N 200

7AK

‐S 200

7HE

‐M 200

7VF

 200

7VF

 200

7ØF 20

07ØF 20

07HE

‐M 200

8HE

‐M 200

8VF

 200

8AK

‐N 201

0HE

‐S 201

0HE

‐M 201

0HE

‐M 201

0VF

 201

0VF

 201

0ØF 20

10AK

‐N 201

2AK

‐N 201

2AK

‐S 201

2HE

‐S 201

2HE

‐M 201

2HE

‐M 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2ØF 20

12AK

‐S 201

5AK

‐S 201

5ØF 20

15ØF 20

15ØF 20

15AK

‐S 201

6AK

‐S 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6ØF 20

16ØF 20

16AK

‐S 201

7AK

‐S 201

7AK

‐N 201

7HE

‐M 201

7HE

‐M 201

7HE

‐M 201

7VF

 201

7VF

 201

7VF

 201

7ØF 20

17ØF 20

17

POLLEN BEETLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO λ‐CYHALOTHRIN

λ‐CYHALOTHRINResistance level (IRAC)Highly resistant (5)Resistant (4)Moderately resistant (3)Susceptible (2)Highly susceptible (1)

20172012

14

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

AKERSHUS

POLLEN BEETLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BISCAYA OD 240% m

ortality (±

SE) a

t 100

 % field rate

0102030405060708090

100

HEDMARK

0102030405060708090

100

VESTFOLD

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

ØSTFOLD

15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

AK‐S 201

2HE

‐S 201

2HE

‐M 201

2HE

‐M 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2VF

 201

2ØF 20

12AK

‐S 201

5AK

‐S 201

5ØF 20

15ØF 20

15ØF 20

15AK

‐S 201

6AK

‐S 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6HE

‐M 201

6ØF 20

16AK

‐S 201

7AK

‐S 201

7HE

‐M 201

7HE

‐M 201

7HE

‐M 201

7VF

 201

7VF

 201

7VF

 201

7ØF 20

17ØF 20

17

POLLEN BEETLE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BISCAYA OD 240% m

ortality (±

SE) a

t 100

 % field rate

Expected mortality

Mortality at discriminating concentrations, 25 and 100 % of recommended field rate(mean of collected strains)

Mean values for 9 field strains, 2012

nLC50

ng AI/ cm295 % FI

LC95ng AI / cm2

95 % FI Slope ± SE

307 ± 5 0,042   0,027 – 0,062 1,090 0,579 – 2,901 1,14 ± 0,07

BISCAYA OD 240 (THIACLOPRID)

Year No. ofsites Counties

Rate (µg AI/cm2)

0.029 0.144 0.720

2012 9 AK, HE, VF  65 ± 15 95 ± 5 99 ± 2

2017 10 AK, HE, VF, ØF 42 ± 18 56 ± 13 70 ± 14

Expected mortality (IRAC Method no. 021) 50 ± 10 93 ± 6 98 ± 3

Susceptibility data 2012

Mortality at 25 and 100 % of recommended field rate (mean of collected strains)

Mean values for 7 field strains, 2012

nLC50

ng AI/ cm295 % FI

LC95ng AI / cm2

95 % FI Slope ± SE

348 ± 30 34.3 ± 3.2 29.0 – 39.3 82.9 ± 6.0 68.5 – 111.4 4.65 ± 0.54

AVAUNT 150 EC (INDOXACARB)

Year No. of sites CountiesRate (ng AI/cm2)

63.75  255

2012 7 HE, VF  83 ± 15 100 ± 0

2017 10 AK, HE, VF, ØF 100 ± 1 100 ± 0

Expected mortality (IRAC Method no. 027) > 90 > 90

Susceptibility data 2012

18

Project: BRAKORN (2015-2019)Aim in WP3: Reduced crop losses from pests and diseases. Pests with focus on:

Pollen beetles Flea beetlesBrassicogethes/Meligethes spp. Phyllotreta spp.

TOWARDS IPM IN SPRING OILSEED CROPS IN NORWAY

FLEA BEETLE SPECIES COMPLEX, SPRING OILSEED RAPE IN NORWAY

19

Akershus county, Ås (first evaluated in 2016)

% Phyllotretanemorum

P. undulata P. striolata

Ås 3 73 24

Foto: argoatlas.ru Foto: argoatlas.ru Foto: argoatlas.ru

Large Striped Flea Beetle Small Striped Flea Beetle Striped Flea Beetle

MELIGETHES SPECIES COMPLEX IN NORWAY

20

Akershus/Østfold counties, 2015:

Foto: colpolon.biol.uni.wroc.pl Foto: colpolon.biol.uni.wroc.pl Foto: colpolon.biol.uni.wroc.plFoto: LechBorowiec Foto: LechBorowiec

% M. aeneus M. coeruleivirens M. subaeneus M.subrugosus M. viridescens

Askim 76 11 4 0 10Ås 60 16 1 0 23Kråkstad 70 15 3 2 10Rakkestad 88 8 0 0 4Sarpsborg 91 5 4 0 1

50

60

70

80

90

100

50 60 70 80 90 100

% m

ortality at field rate ±SE

% Meligethes aeneus

Species complex and resistance level 

Lambda‐cyhalotrinBiscaya OD 240

TRAP CROPS

21

Foto: Klaus H. Hovmand

Foto: S. M. Cook

Trap plants with attractive colour and odour along the field edge lure pests awayfrom the main crop

Trap crop

Main crop

FIELD 2016

22

Flea beetles, Phyllotreta spp.

*

*

*Sam

let a

ntal

l bla

dska

de/p

lant

e ±

SE*S

amle

t ant

all b

lads

kade

/pla

nte

±SE

Mea

n nu

mbe

r lea

f dam

age

/ pla

nt ±

SE

Mea

n nu

mbe

r lea

f dam

age

/ pla

nt ±

SE

Trap crop Rape

Trap crop Rape

Majong WITH trap cropMajong WITHOUT trap cropValo as trap crop

Silver Shadow WITH trap cropSilver Shadow WITHOUT trap cropMajong as trap crop

FIELD 2016

23

Pollen beetles, Brassicogethes/Meligethes spp.

*

*

*Sam

let a

ntal

l bille

r/pla

nte

±SE

*Sam

let a

ntal

l bille

r/pla

nte

±SE

Mea

n nu

mbe

r bee

tles

/ pla

nt ±

SE

Trap crop Rape

Trap crop Rape

Majong WITH trap cropMajong WITHOUT trap cropValo as trap crop

Silver Shadow WITH trap cropSilver Shadow WITHOUT trap cropMajong as trap crop

Mea

n nu

mbe

r bee

tles

/ pla

nt ±

SE

24

SUMMARY• Pyrethroid resistance in pollen beetles stabilized or partly reversed? Reduced

susceptibility towards thiacloprid of concern. Indoxacarb is effective, alsoagainst pollen beetles with reduced sensitivity to pyrethroids and thiacloprid

• Resistance in flea beetles not investigated

• Development of alternative control methods and anti-resistance strategiesimportant to avoid more serious resistance problems

• Trap crops with summer turnip rape promising control method for flea and pollen beetles in spring oilseed rape

• Treatment threshold exceeded less often• Pests on trap crop must be effectively controlled at the right time to avoid

immigration and damage in the main crop

• Occurrence of species complex of flea beetles and pollen beetles in spring oilseed crops: Effect of insecticides, resistance dynamics and IPM-strategies?

Thank you for your attention!