Oklahoma:Oklahoma: Land of ContrastsLand of Contrasts

Chapter 4:Chapter 4:

European Quest for New LandEuropean Quest for New Land

Study PresentationStudy Presentation

©2006 Clairmont Press

Chapter 4:Chapter 4:European Quest for New LandEuropean Quest for New Land

Section 1: Early European ExplorersSection 1: Early European ExplorersSection 2: European-Indian ContactSection 2: European-Indian Contact

Section 1: Early European Section 1: Early European ExplorersExplorers

What words do I need to know? 1. middlemen2. expedition3. cartographer4. Northwest Passage5. isthmus

6. conquistador 7. skirmish 8. missionary 9. colony10. alliance

PREVIEW• Check out the headings and

subheadings• Examine the pictures and read the

captions

Section 1: Early European Section 1: Early European ExplorersExplorers

• Scandinavian Vikings were possibly the first Europeans to visit the Americas

• Leif Ericsson set foot in what became North America in 1001 A.D.

• Established a settlement called Vinland (in eastern Canada)

• Vikings may have been in eastern Oklahoma in 1012 A.D.

Section 1: Early European Section 1: Early European ExplorersExplorers

Section 1: Early European Section 1: Early European ExplorersExplorers

• The Search for New Trade Routes– Christopher Columbus– Other Early Explorers

• Spain in the New World– Francisco Vásquez de Coronado– Juan de Padilla– Hernando de Soto– Juan de Oñate – France in the New World– La Salle– La Harpe– Other French Explorers

• England in the New World

• 1400s: European countries seeking new trade routes to the Orient after centuries

• Treasured Oriental silk, perfumes, drugs, gold, jewels, dyes, teas, & spices (pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves)

• Shorter route to Far East: eventually landed on the South & North American continents

The Search for New Trade RoutesThe Search for New Trade Routes

• Italian sea captain• Believed best route to the Far East lay

to the west• Estimated distance from Portugal to

Japan less than 3,000 miles• August 3, 1492: set sail (headed West)

from Palos on the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria

• October 12, 1492: landed on an island near San Salvador

• Made four voyages to the New World

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

• 1497: John Cabot landed in Newfoundland

• First European given credit for reaching the North American mainland

• Vasco da Gama: discovered sea route to India around Africa

• Magellan: responsible for the 1st expedition to circle the globe

Other Early ExplorersOther Early Explorers

• Ponce de Leon (1513): landed in what is now Florida

• Balboa: crossed the Isthmus of Panama to reach the Pacific Ocean

• Cortés (1519): landed in present-day Mexico & (1521) conquered Aztecs

• Nárvaez (1527): unsuccessful expedition to the Cape of Florida – led to his death

Spain in the New WorldSpain in the New World

• “Seven Cities of Cibola”: false reports of houses of gold & turquoise enticed Mendoza

• Coronado (appointed by Mendoza): led expedition (1000 men, 1500 horses & mules, and numbers of cattle & sheep)

• Financial disaster – yet territory claimed for Spanish empire

• Coronado & troops: followed a route through Oklahoma Panhandle

Francisco VFrancisco Vásquez de Coronadoásquez de Coronado

• An ordained priest with Coronado expedition

• Did missionary efforts among the Indians

• He and his group warmly received at Quivira

• Padilla eventually ambushed – killed by Kaw Indians

• Padilla’s helpers vowed to carry a wooden cross across Oklahoma to the Gulf Coast (do Campo route)

Juan de PadillaJuan de Padilla

• Led 1539 expedition: 700 men, over 200 horses, dogs, and equipment

• Explored Florida & other areas in the Southeast

• 1542: wintered on the Arkansas River (died same year)

• Added to Spain’s land claims north of Mexico

• Brought diseases to Indians

Hernando de SotoHernando de Soto

• 1595: charged with settling New Mexico – mainly to spread Catholicism

• 1598: established San Juan de lost Cabelleros (first Spanish settlement in Nuevo Mexico)

• 1601: more legends of gold brought Oñate to Oklahoma

• Helped open the door to the multitude of changes to come

Juan de OñateJuan de Oñate

• French: looking for furs & trade• Bartered for food, furs, and more• Founded Quebec• Did not try to conquer Indians• Treated Indians with more respect• Did seek fabled route through the

continent• 1673: Jolliet & Marquette –

expedition down Mississippi River

France in the New WorldFrance in the New World

• Desired to set up trading posts down the Mississippi River

• Claimed land drained by Mississippi River for King Louis XIV of France

• Murdered by frightened & frustrated colonists

• His claim led to the first French colony – eventual exploration of Oklahoma

La SalleLa Salle

• Jean Baptiste Bernard de la Harpe – established a trading post along the Red River

• Explored much of eastern Oklahoma• Was impressed with the Indian

nations and their lifestyle• Also impressed with the land• Established trading partners with the

Indians & beginning of French trade

La HarpeLa Harpe

• French: placed importance on Oklahoma

• Mid-1700s: French explorers – Pierre-Antoine & Paul Mallet and Andre Fabre de la Bruyere

• Early French influence evident in names of rivers, geographical features, and communities in eastern Oklahoma & surnames found in Oklahoma families

Other French ExplorersOther French Explorers

• John Cabot (1497): provided England’s claim to North America

• 1588: Spanish Armada’s defeat by England further ensured English dominance of New World

• Unsuccessful attempts to find fabled Northwest Passage

• By end of 1600s twelve English colonies along Atlantic Coast

• Indian life affected by Europeans

England in the New WorldEngland in the New World

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Section 2: European-Indian Section 2: European-Indian ContactContact

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

– What were the effects on Indians of contact with Europeans?

Section 2: European-Indian Section 2: European-Indian ContactContact

What words do I need to know? 1. economy2. calumet3. immunity

PREVIEW• Check out the headings and

subheadings• Examine the pictures and read

the captions

Section 2: Section 2: European-Indian ContactEuropean-Indian Contact

Horse SenseHorse Sense

• Horses: an immediate & significant impact on Indian life

• Called “magic dogs” & “wonder dogs”

• Updated the Indians & allowed more permanent villages

• Extended the range of Indian life and adventure

PlantsPlants

• Included maize (corn), beans, potatoes, squash, pumpkins, cacao, tomatoes, bell peppers, peanuts, passion fruit, sunflowers, & almost 50 varieties of berries

• Indians, for thousands of years, grew, chewed, and smoked tobacco – it became a major export to Europe

DiseaseDisease

• Europeans: brought diseases to Indians

• In Mexico: as many as 9 million out of 10 million may have died from diseases and/or battle

• Smallpox: deadliest to all Indians

• Immunity too late to rebuild Indian population prior to being conquered

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