olfaction 1 odor as a stimulus olfactory receptors: structure and function antennal lobe: coding...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Olfaction 1
Odor as a stimulus
Olfactory receptors: Structure and function
Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil
![Page 2: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Natural odors are composed of many molecular componentsWhich all have their own characteristic smell.The mixture of all the componentsusually smell very different fromthat of any compenent.
The smell of any component ormixture can depend very much on the concentration.
Roman Kaiser, Vom Duft der Orchideen, 1993
Gaschromatigraph of odor natural mixtures
![Page 3: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Roman Kaiser, Vom Duft der Orchideen, 1993
Natürliche Düfte sind Gemische, deren Zusammensetzung sich ändern kann
Duft der Orchidee Angraecum sesquipedale in der ersten und der zweiten Nacht des Blühens
![Page 4: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mori and Yoshihara, 1995
Substanzen, die den Jasminduft prägen
![Page 5: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Roman Kaiser, 1993
aber:stark von der Konzentration abhängig.
z.B.Ionon (in Parfums enthalten:niedrige Konzentration: Veilchendufthohe Konzentration: Holzduft
Duftcharaktere
![Page 6: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
- Odor character- Odor concentration- Temporal structure-Dependence on wind direction- Mixture effects- Hedonic
![Page 7: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
There are two olfactory systems in all animals
Belluscio et al. 1999
-The pheromone system-The general odor system
However.these two systems are often not fullyseparated in function
For example in mammals:Pheromone system: vomero-nasal organ (VNO)Axons of the olfactory neruons projectsto the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB)
For general odors: main olfactory epitheliumAxons of the olfactory neurons project to theOlfactory bulb
![Page 8: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rezeptoraxone
Riechepithelmit ORZ
Duft
Mukus
Zilien derORZ
OlfaktorischerBulbus
Axone der Mitralzellen
Das Riechepithel von Säugetieren
OlfaktorischeRezeptorzelle(ORZ)
Soma derORZ
Zilie der ORZ
Mukus
Wahrnehmung von allgemeinen Düften
Cilien
Duftmoleküle
![Page 9: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Duftrezeptoren in der Säugetiernase
7 Membran schleifen
Odor receptor molecules are G-protein coupled receptors
bei Säugern gibt es mehr als 1000 Genefür Duftrezeptorenbei Drosophilaca 50
![Page 10: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hill, Wyse, Anderson Animal Physiology, Sinauer, 2004
Two second messenger pathways are involved in the transduction processes
![Page 11: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Olfactory sensillae in insects
![Page 13: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
v. Frisch 1965, p. 509
Antenna of the beeScapus
Pedicellus
Flagellum
Pore platesSensillum placodium
Lacher, 1964
![Page 14: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Two different Placode sensilla (A,B)
Akers and Getz, Chem. Senses 1992
Extracellular recordings from placode sensilla
![Page 16: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
E. Vareschi, Z. vergly. Physiol. 75, 143-173, 1971
Response spectra of differentclasses of olfactory receptorcells on the bee antenna
![Page 17: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Nose of a fly
de Bruyne 2001
![Page 18: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
de Bruyne 1999
Olfactory sensillae in flies
![Page 19: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ORNs can be grouped in classes
de Bruyne 1999
![Page 20: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
There are many different ORN classes
de Bruyne 2001
22 ORN classes in 9 types of sensilla
Distribution of sensillum types on antenna
![Page 21: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Or 22a
The expression pattern of olfactoryReceptor genes in Drosophila shows:-different receptor molecules are expressed in different receptor neurons-axones of recept neurons project to the same glomerulus
Vosshall et al. 1999
Verschiedene Rezeptoren auf der Antenne
AntennalLobus
![Page 22: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Coding general odors in the honey bee
Antennal lobe
Antennal nerve: axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomeruli
![Page 23: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Nelken Duft
![Page 24: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Oktanol
![Page 25: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Odors are coded at the level of the antennal lobe (and the olfactory bulb) in a combinatorial patternof overlapping glomerular activities.
![Page 27: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Aliphatic alcohols of different carbon chain length
![Page 28: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1-Octanolrepetativestimulation
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Odor stimulation leads to bothexcitatory and inhibitory activityIn different glomeruli
Antennal lobe of the beeOdor induced Ca signals
Antagonistic components shape odor coding
![Page 29: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What do these effects implicate for the AL-network?
Ringer
PTX
?
GABA
His
(GABA-IR)
homomericLI
Silke Sachse, Giovanni Galicia
![Page 30: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
-0.10
-0.12
0.70
0.53
0.31
0.93
Odor specific patterns correlate less inPN measurements
![Page 31: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Glomeruli
von anderen
zu anderenGlomeruli
inhibitorischeNeurone
Projektionsneurone
Rezeptoraxone
aus Squire et al. Abb. 24.19
Die inhibitorische Verschaltung imolfakt. Bulbus/Antennallobus gleichtder in der Retina: es gibt zwei Ebenen derinhibitorischen lateralen Verschaltung
Retina
Olfaktor. Bulbus
![Page 32: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
lip: olfactory
collar:visual
basalring:mixed
The calyces of the mb are organized according to sensory modalities
Kirschner et al. 06 Wulfila Gronenburg
olfactory inputvisual input
gustatory input
Schroeter and Menzel 03
![Page 33: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ca2+ Imaging PNs and Kenyon cells
PN glomeruli
PN boutons
KC dendrites
KC somata
PN
KC
Antennallobe
Mushroom body
sites of dye injection(Fura 2 dextran)
selective staining ofPNs and KCs
min F/F max
raw fluorescnece images odor induced KC signal
![Page 34: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Odors evoke patterns of activity increase and decreaseat the input to the mushroom body
Nobu Yamagada, unpubl. 07
![Page 35: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Odor specific combinatorial codes at three levels
1-hexanol limonen linalool 2-octanolmax
min
F/F
averages of 3 stimulations
lio
lioKenyon cells
PN boutons
PN dendrites
Paul Szyszka et al. 2005
![Page 36: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
odor
3 s
PN boutons
P. Szyska et al. 2005 .F/F
+
1-hexanol
Kenyon cells respond only transiently to odors(sparse time code)
mean KC and PN responses
clawed Kenyon cell
projectionneuron
![Page 37: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Sparsening of the combinatorial population codes at three levels of olfactory integration
max
min
1-hexanol
lio
lioKenyon cells
PN boutons
PN dendrites
neuropil
neuropilsomata
P. Szyska et al. 2005
A small proportion of the clawedKenyon cells respond (1%).
Boutons of projection neuronsshow excitatory and inhibitoryresponses.
The postsynaptic sides of glomeruli(projection neurons) show excitatory and inhibitory responses. A large proportion respond: 25%
F/F
+
-
![Page 38: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
inhN
PN
KN
KN
KN
DG
microglomerulus
PN
Organizationof the micro-glomerulus
Dirk Müller
Olga Ganeshinamodulatory input,VUMmx1
Jürgen Rybak
![Page 39: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
PN
delayedinhibition
release frominhibition
odor
Model of odor processing in the MB lip
• transformation of the complex temporal PN response into a binary Kenyon cell response
integrationwhithin 200 ms
localinhibition
KCPN exc.PN inh.
KC
-- ---
- -+
++ + +
+
+Antennallobe
Mushroom body
Paul Szyska et al. 2005
microcircuit of the lip
Ganeshina, MenzelJ. comp. Neurol. 2001
-
![Page 40: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Registration of 2 projection neurons und 1 local interneurons in the standard atlas of the bee brain
Morphological networks: Olfactory interneurons
![Page 42: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Projection neurons
recordingsite
FUA: few unit activity 110 “units”, 18% single units, 82% 2-3 units
![Page 43: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Rate response changes in the course of conditioning
About equal numbers of FUAs increased and decreased rate responses (+/- stanfard deviation)More for CS+ than for CS- and Ctr.
Out of 110 FUAs: 13 switched responses (mostly for CS+); 3 were recruited t o CS+, 2 did not respond to CS+ any more after conditioning.
![Page 44: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
PCA of rate responses and hierarchical cluster analysis(ensemble activity) starting from a 110 dimensional space
First 3 PCs: 83% variance.
CS+
CS-
Ctr
No difference if only the behavioral learners are analyzed
![Page 45: Olfaction 1 Odor as a stimulus Olfactory receptors: Structure and function Antennal lobe: coding odors at the level of the primary olfactory neuropil](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102814/55204d6849795902118be740/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
LFP changes in the course of conditioning(average of the 3 trials per animal, normalized to unit area)
error bars+/- 95%(boot-strapProcedure)