on a new species of the genus rhabdias stiles and hassall...

Philippine Journal of Science133 (1): 55-69, June 2004ISSN 0031 - 7683

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On a New Species of the Genus Rhabdias Stilesand Hassall, 1905 (Nematoda: Rhabditida) fromBufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799 from Belur

and Habra,West Bengal, India, With a Host-Parasite List

Mukul (Dutta) Sarkar and Buddhadeb Manna

Parasitology Research UnitDepartment of Zoology, University of Calcutta

35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta-700 019, India

Keywords: Rhabdias, lung , bulbiform caudal end, Bufo melanostictus, West Bengal, India.

During the course of a study on nematodes from frogs and toads at Belur and Habra, West Bengal, India, specimens were recovered from the lungs of Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799. These specimens are identified as a species under the genus Rhabdias Stiles and Hassall, 1905. On subsequent thorough investigation they appeared to be new to science and is described

Materials and MethodsBufo melanostictus, the common Indian toad, were

collected from its natural habitat, the damp, moist paddy fields and gardens at Belur, Howrah District and Habra, North 24-Parganas District, West Bengal, India during 1996 to 2000. The nematodes after recovery from the lungs of freshly sacrificed toads were straight in 70% hot (about 60°C) alcohol, and then preserved in fresh 70% alcohol with a few drops of glycerine and kept with proper labelling. The CIH keys to the nematode

The lungs of Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799 collected from West Bengal, India, were found to be infected with Rhabdias bulbicauda sp. nov., wisth the female specimen having a bulbiform caudal end.The description of the species is given. A host-parasite list of Rhabdias spp. and a comparative chart of close valid species of the genus Rhabdias is added.

parasites of vertebrates, Key No. 9 (Anderson and Odile Bain, 1982) and Baylis (1936) were followed for identification of the nematodes.

Whenever the specimens were examined they were cleared in creosote (Beech Wood) oil. Before restoring them into the 70% glycerine alcohol, the specimens were washed for about 4-5 minutes for two to three times in 70% acid alcohol to prevent darkening. All the measurements are in millimeter (mm) unless otherwise mentioned. Figures were drawn with the help of a Camera lucida. The measurements mentioned in the text are the average of 10 specimens studied.

Materials examined

1. Holotype 1 female (Fig.1a, b, c. d ), paratype 4 female – 24.7.98, 5 female − 13.5.2000; Host Bufo melanostictus; location lung; locality Habra, North 24-Parganas District, West Bengal, India; Coll. Mukul (Dutta) Sarkar.

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2. Paratype 2 female − 11.11.96; Host Bufo melanostictus; location lung; locality Belur, Howrah District, West Bengal, India; Coll. Mukul (Dutta) Sarkar.

Holotype and all the paratypes were deposited at the collection of Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, the University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India

Etymology

This species is named as R. bulbicauda sp. nov. due to the bulbiform structure at the caudal end of the body of the female

Observation

During the study period (1996 – 2000) a total 275 hosts were examined of which 70 were infected by this nematode. Of the infected hosts 7 were infected with the present species of the genus Rhabdias and the rest 63 were infected with R. bufonis (Table 1). During collection two species of nematodes, the present species along with Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788)

Stiles & Hassall, 1905, were found to be present in the same lung in four toads in the ratio of 1:3, 1: 7, 2:2 and 4:1. The rest of the hosts were infected with R. bufonis (Table 2). The percentage of infection of R. bufonis was calculated in the present study as 22.90 and intensity of infection as 4.55 and percentage of the present species R. bulbicauda sp. nov. as 2.54 and intensity of infection as 3.14 (Table 2) only. The measurements of R. bufonis recovered in the present observation differ from previous descriptions and are presented in Table 1.

Male:Unknown

Female : Body 12.24-12.8 long, 0.48 wide; nerve ring 0.16-0.17 from the anterior end; excretory pore 0.192-0.208 from the head; oesophagus 0.64-0.88 long; cervical gland 0.4 long; vulva 1.84-1.92 from the head end; tail bulbular, (1.12-1.92) x (0.96-1.76) in diameter (Fig. 1, 2a, b and 5); eggs (0.080-0.096) x (0.032-0.048) in diameter, embryonated (Table-1).

The female nematodes remain embedded in the lung alveoli (Figures. 2, 3). The caudal end has a button-like deep brown bulb which remains on the

Table 1. Morphometric variations of closely related species of Rhabdias spp. Stiles and Hassall, 1905 and the present species (measurements in mm).

Fotedar’s (1965) Rhabdias bufonis

(Schrank, 1788) Stiles and Hassall, 1905

Gupta’s (1960) Rbabdias ranae

Walton, 1929Rbabdias escheri

Baer, 1930

Rbabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles

and Hassall,1905 in the present observation

Rbabdias ranae Walton, 1929 in the present observation

Rbabdias bulbicauda sp. nov. in the present

observation

Distribution Kashmir, India Bangladesh, Asia South India West Bengal, India West Bengal, India West Bengal, India

Host Bufo viridisLaurenti1870

Rana tigrinaDaudin, 1803

Uraeotyphlus Peters, 1879; Uraeotyphlus

oxyurus(Dumeril and Bibron)

Bufo melanostictusSchneider, 1799

Rana tigrinaDaudin, 1803 and Rana hexadactyla

Lesson,1834

Bufo melanostictusSchneider,1799

Location Lungs Lungs Body cavity Lungs Lungs Lungs

Characters / Body parts Female Female Female Female Female Female

1 Length of body 4.5-12.5 5.54-7.6 5-6 12.41-16.73 1.88-9.95 12.24-12.8

2 Breadth of body 0.2-0.4 0.3-0.38 0.25-0.26 0.32-0.64 0.11-0.41 0.40-0.48

3 Length of oesophagus 0.5 0.34-0.37 0.5 x 0.05-0.07(Diameter) 0.64-0.89 0.14-0.48 0.64-0.88

4 Distance of nerve ring from anterior end - 0.17-0.19 - 0.05-0.32 0.03-0.176 0.16-0.17

5 Length of buccal cavity 0.024-0.027 - 0.015 Minute 0.03 0.016-0.024

6 Distance of excretory pore from anterior end - - - Non traceable 0.12-0.28 0.192-0.208

7 a) Position of vulva from anterior end - - 0.15 7.84-12.08 1.15-5.6 1.84-1.92

b) Position of vulva from posterior end - 2.6-3.2 - - - -

8 Diameter of egg 0.115 x 0.06 0.1 x 0.55-0.65 No eggs observed (0.064-0.128) x (0.048-0.064)

(0.03-0.04) x (0.04-0.14)

(0.080-0.096) x (0.032-0.048)

9 Length of tail - 0.21-0.39 0.12 0.19-0.4 0.09-0.54 Bulbiform

10. Diameter of bulbular tail x x x x x (1.12-1.92) x (0.96-1.76)

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Table 2. Percentage and intensity of infection of Rhabdias spp. (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and Hassall, 1905 infecting Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799 in different seasons of the year

SeasonsNo. of host Bufo melanostic-tus

Schneider, 1799 examined

No. of host infected by Rhabdias bufonis

No of Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and

Hassall, 1905 collected

Percentageof infection

Intensityof infection

No. of host infected by Rhabdias

bulbicauda sp. nov.

No of Rhabdias

bulbicauda sp. nov. collected

Percentageof infection

Intensityof infection

Winter (Dec-Jan-Feb; S1)

34 15 59

22.90% 4.55

1 2

2.54% 3.14

Summer (March-April-May; S2)

63 15 55 4 9

Rainy (June-July-Aug.; S3)

95 14 62 1 9

Autumn (Sept-Oct-Nov; S4)

83 19 111 1 2

Total 275 63 287 7 22

Figure 2. Photomicrograph of a dissected Bufo melanostictus infected with R. bulbicauda in its right lung, black globular head on the lung surface (arrow marking); (natural size).

Figure 1. Rhabdias bulbicauda n. sp. Camera lucida drawing (Holotype); a - anterior portion of female worm, b - vulval region, c - caudal bulb, and d - egg

d

c

a

b

0.3

mm

0.4

mm

Rhabdias Infection on Lungs Bufo melanostictus

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Figure 4. R. bulbicauda n. sp.; Photomicrograph posterior caudal end of the femal x40.

Figure 3. Photomicrograph with R. bulbicauda (deep brown pin heads); on the right side are two separate whole parasites (natural size).

surface of the lung while the rest of the body remains coiled inside the lung alveoli surrounding the capillaries (Fig.3, 4). Surrounding the parasites the lung alveoli remain blackish red .This bulging bulb structure in the juvenile or subadult stage of the specimen is large and gradually decreases in size as the worm grows to maturity (Figures 1,2,3,4). Some haemorrhagic spots are seen around the nematodes on the surface of the lungs. Both the lungs and sometimes one lung remain infected. Most of the parasites come out automatically when kept in normal saline while a few still remain coiled within the lungs. The gut of this nematode always remain filled up with blood and thus they are blood feeder.

These parasites are recovered during summer (March-April-May, S2), rainy season (June-July-August, S3) and Autumn (September-October-November, S4) and only in one toad in the winter season (December-January- February, S1).

Order : Rhabditida Superfamily : Rhabditoidea Travassos, 1920Family : Rhabdiasidae Railliet, 1916Genus : Rhabdias Stiles & Hassall , 1905 Rhabdias bulbicauda sp. nov.

Discussion

Generic Diagnosis

The body is smooth and unstriated, mouth terminal and surrounded by 6 small and insignificant lips. Each of the lateral lips bears a lateral papilla. Rhabdias with a cup-shaped buccal cavity. The oesophagus short, cylindrical club-shaped ending in a bulb. The oesophageal part of the body is thinner than the rest of the body. Two large cervical gland present with nuclei near the posterior end. Anus terminal; Rectal gland not visible. The vulva is in the anterior half of the body. Uteri opposed, didelphic, ovaries reflexed, ovoviviparous. The eggs in the uteri near the vagina are in the morula stage. Adult females (parasitic form) in the lungs of amphibians and reptiles.

Remarks

Stiles and Hassall (1905) established the genus Rhabdias and included the type species Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) from American Bufo sp. Its biology constantly attracted the attention of researchers because of the peculiarities of its development. The parasitic females of different species of this genus on the basis of which descriptions were mainly compiled are similar to each other. Linstow (1906), Goodey

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(1924a), Travassos (1926) and Semenow (1929) added some new species under this genus. Travassos (1930) in his review of the genus assigned 15 species to it. Liu (1934) listed 21 species for the genus Rhabdias. This genus contain two generations; one free living microscopic form with a fairly stout body where the sexes are separate, and another parasitic generation, much larger than the free living generation consisting of only “female” slender forms (Baylis, 1936).

In this present study, the present species of Rhabdias is recorded from Bufo melanostictus in summer, rainy and autumn and rarely in winter seasons from Habra, North 24-Parganas District and Belur in Howrah District of West Bengal, India. In winter the toad Bufo melanostictus undergoes hibernation and very rarely comes out so the incidence of infection is also rare.

The present species is more closer in its measurements to R. bufonis, R. escheri and R. ranae.The most common and well studied species is R. bufonis (Schrank, 1788). This species is very common in the lungs,and in rare cases in the body cavity, where it is reported to harbour in competition (antagonism) with the trematode Haplometra cylindracea although the two species rarely occur together (Smyth and Smyth, 1980). In the present observation, both Rhabdias bufonis and the present species are recorded in the lung of the same host although very few in number (Table 2). The number of R. bufonis is always higher than the present species. Another species R. ranae Walton, 1929 is also well studied and well distributed all over the world in frogs, toad and reptiles (Tables - 3, 4 & 5). R. bufonis, R. escheri and R. ranae, in the present observation differ in measurements from previous records (Table - 1)

Table 3. Host-parasite list of Bufo spp. with Rhabdias spp. Stiles and Hassall, 1905.

Sl.No Host Parasite Locality Reference1 Bufo viridis Rhabdias bufonis

R. globocephala (Syn. of R. bufonis)

Kashmir, India “

Fotedar, 1965 “

” Lublin area, Poland Kolendo, 1959 ” Tashkent, Uzbekistan,USSR Vashetko and Siddikov, 1999.

” Bursa and Büjükdöllük marsh, Edirne, Turkey

Yildirimhan, 1993.

Soviet Union & W.EuropeSchneider, 1886

R. rubrovenosa

R. rotundata Corfu (Europe) Linstow, 1906 R. microoris Russia Semenow, 1929.

2 Bufo marinus R. fuelleborni Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean Goldberg and Bursey, 1995.R. sphaerocephala Australia Speare, 1990.” South America Kloss, 1972” MexicoR. hermaphrodita South America Goodey,1924R. sphaerocephala (Syn. R. fuelleborni) Kloss, 1972R. elegans Syn. R. fuelleborni) Kloss, 1974.R. sphaerocephala Bermuda Islands Williams, 1960.R. fuelleborni ” Linzey et al., 1998.R. elegans Brenes and Bravo Hollis, 1959.R. hermaphrodita Goodey, 1998R. sphaerocephala

R. fuelleborni R. sphaerocephala

Costa Rica, Central America

”Veracruz, Mexico

Rhabdias cf. Hylae North Queensland, Australia Barton, 1998.continue on next page. . .


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R. fuelleborni Pacific-coast of Jalisco, Mexico Galicia-Guerrero et al., 2000.R. fuelleborni Brazil, Salvador Travassos, 1926,. Goodey, 1924.

Bufo regularis R. bufonis South Western Nigeria Aisien et al., 20013 Bufo bufo Larva of R. bufonis Europe Goater and Ward, 1992,

Syn. B. asiaticus R. sensustricto Central Europe Goater, 1994 B. cinereus R. dossei Soviet Union Hartwick, 1972 B. terrestris R. microoris Florida, USA Semenow, 1929 B. vulgaris R. ranae Walton, 1929

R. bufonis Hanover, Germany Schmidt and Enigk, 1972. ” Bursa, Turkey Yildirimhan et al., 1997.R. sphaerocephala Kiev region, Ukraine; Kuz’min, 1997.

Great Britain to South Western Russia

Bufo bufo (Juvenile) R. bufonis Switzerland Goater and Ward, 1992.Bufo bufo asiaticus R. bicornis China Liu, 1934.

R. microoris Russia Semenow, 1929.4 Bufo debilis R. americanus New Mexico Goldberg et al., 1995.5 Bufo cognatus R. americanus ” Goldberg et al., 1995.6 Bufo alvarius R. americanus Southern Arizona, USA Goldberg and Bursey, 1991.7 Bufo typhonius R. androgyna Belem (Para), Brazil Kloss, 1971.8 Bufo crucifer R.hermaphrodita Brazil Kloss, 1971.9 Bufo horribilis R.sphaerocephala Veracruz, Mexico Caballero, 1974.

” Guatemala Travassos, 1926. ” Chiapas Goodey, 1924.R. fiilleborni Guatemala Travassos, 1926.

10 Bufo americanus R. americanus Canada Baker, M.R. 1979a and b,11 Bufo marmoreus R. fuelleborni Pacific coast of Jalisco, Mexico Galicia-Guerrero et al., 2000.12 Bufo arenarum R. elegans Salta Province, Argentina Ramirez et al., 1979. and

Seuldo and Ramirez, 1976. ” La plata, Argentina Gutierrez, 1945.

13 Bufo boreas Rhabdias sp. Southern California., USA Koller and Gaudin, 1976.Hyla regilla

14 Bufo vulgaris japonica R. bufonis Japan Miura, 1954.R. rubrovenosa Soviet Union Schneider,1886R. incerta Japan Wilkie, 1930.R. shpaerocephala Europe Goodey, 1924.

15 Bufo melanostictus R. bufonis Garhwal Himalaya, India Chopra et al., 1991, 1992.R. brachylaimus Siam (Thailand) Linstow, 1903.

16 Bufo retiformis R. americanus Arizona, USA Goldberg et al., 1996a.17 Bufo woodhousi R. americanus South Western and central Arizona Goldberg et al., 1996b.18 Bufo microscaphus ” ” ”19 Bufo hemiophrys R. americanus Alberta, Canada Bursey and Goldberg, 1998.20 Bufo terrestris R. ranae Canada Leidy, 1851

R. entomelas U.S.A. Walton,1929Canada Travassos, 1930.

Table 3 continuation . . .

continue on next page. . .

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21 Bufo fowleri ” Canada ”22 Bufo cinereus R. rubrovenosa Europe Schneider, 1866.23 Bufo houstonensis R. ranae Houston Thomas et al., 1984.24 Bufo spp. R. bufonis Cairo Egypt Moravec et al., 1987.

R. elegans Cuba Barus, 1973.R. fuelleborni Brazil Kloss, 1971.R. elegans

R.sphaerocephala

Rhabdias bufonis Sensu lato Central Europe Hartwick, 1972.


Table 4. Host-parasite list of Rana spp. with Rhabdias spp. Stiles and Hassall, 1905.

Sl.No Host Parasite Locality Reference1 Rana tigrina Rhabdias ranae Bangladesh Gupta, 1960.2 Rana temporaria R. bufonis ? Lees, 1962.

Southern Sweden Cedhagen, 1988.R. montana Ornativentris, Japan Yamaguti, 1954.R. bufonis Lithuania Gaizhauskene and Getsevichyute,

1970. Shores of lake Drukshyai, USSR Getsevichyute and Mitskevichene,

1982. R. montana Mount Ontake Japan Yamaguti, 1954.R.bufonis Leningrad, USSR Markov, 1955.

Smyth and Smyth 1980. ” ?R. microoris Russia Semenow, 1929.

3 Rana esculenta R. bufonis ? Smyth and Smyth 1980.4 Rana pipiens R. ranae USA Walton, 1929

Smyth and Smyth 1980.Goldberg et al., 2001,

5 Froglets of Rana pipiens R. ranae From Foggy Bottom Marsh in Southern Michigan, U.S.A.

Gillilland and Muzzall, 1999.

6 Rana sylvatica R. ranae Southern Michigan Muzzall and Peebles 1991.R. ranae Guelph,Ontario,Canada Baker, 1979a,b. Leidy, 1851R. entomelas Canada, U.S.A. Travassos, 1930.

7 Pseudacris c. crucifer R. ranae Southern Michigan Muzzall and Peebles, 1991.

8 Rana ridibunda R. bufonis Warszowa, Poland Kuc and Sulgostowska,1988. R. bufonis Kazakhstan Soboleva, 1975.

Rana esculenta japonica R. bufonis Bursa and Edirne regions of Turkey, Asia Yildirimhan et al., 1996 and 1997.Japan and China Wilkie, 1930

R. incerta

9 Rana arvalis ” Irtysh river basin, Siberia, Russia Vakker, 1990. ” Southern Sweden Cedhagen, 1988.

10 Rana aurora R. joaquinensis Vancouver Island, Canada Moravec, 1984.R. joaquinensis California Ingles, 1936.

11 Rana daemeli R. australiensis Australia Moravec and Sey, 1990.12 Rana cancrivora R. multiproles Malaya Yuen, 1965.



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R. nipponica

R. brachylaimus

13 Rana bufonis R.bufonis Portugal Oliveira et al., 1972.14 Rana mascarenienses R. madagascariensis Madagascar Chabaud et al, 1961.15 Rana adenopleura R. nipponica Meihua Mountain Nature, Reserve &

surrounding area, ChinaWang Puqin et al.,1992.

R. bicornis

R. bufonis

16 Rana chiricahunsis R. ranae Arizona Goldberg et al., 1998.17 Rana clamitans R. ranae Ohio, U.S.A. Bursey and De Wolf, 1998.18 Rana tatahumarae R. ranae Canada, U.S.A. Leidy, 1851 Travassos, 1930

Bursey and Goldberg, 2001Mexico

19 Rana blairi ” USA Goldberg et al., 200020 Rana plancyi R. incerta China, Japan Wilkie, 193021 Rana perezi R. bufonis In Sierrade, gudar, Part of the sistema

Iberico in North-east SpainGaleano et al., 1996.

22 Rana rugosa R. nipponica Japan, China Yamaguti, 1935.23 Rana grylio ” ” Walton, 1929.24 Rana nigromaculata ” China Yamaguti, 1935.

R . incerta China and Japan Wilkie, 1930.25 Rana guntheri R. nipponica ” Yamaguti,193526 Rana limnocharis ” ” ”27 Rana Palustris R. ranae

R . entomelasU.S.A. Leidy, 1851, Travassos,1930.

Canada ”28 Rana catesbiana R. nipponica China, Japan Walton,1929

R.entomelas Canada Travassos, 1930.29 Rana halecina ” ” Travassos, 1930.30 ” R. entomelas U.S.A. Leidy, 1851,

Dujardin,1845.31 Rana spherocephala ” Canada Leidy, 1851,

Travassos, 1930.32 Rana rugolosa R. nipponica Hanoi, Vietnam Moravec and Sey, 1985,199033 Rana sp. R. microoris Russia Skarbilovich, 1950.

R. füelleborni Guatemala Travassos, 1926.R. incerta China Liu, 1934.R. rubrovenosa Europe Schneider, 1866

34 Frog tadpoles R.ranae Canada Baker, 1979.Amphibians R. americanus

R. fuscovenosa R. ranae

Southern Ontario, Canada Baker, 1978.

R. horriguchii

R. incerta Japan Matsuo et al.,2001 ” ”

35 Spring peepers R. ranae Wisconsin (USA) Yoder and Coggnis, 1996


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Table 5. A list of the reptilian hosts with nematode parasite Rhabdias spp.

Sl.No Host Parasite Locality Reference1 Naja nivea R. fuscovenosa South Africa Goodey, 19242 Naja sp. Rhabdias annulosa China Hsu, 19333 Drymobius bifossatus R. ophidia London Zoo Goodey, 19244 Chamaeleonis sp. R. chamaeleonis Tropical Africa Skrjabin, 1916

R. gamellipara ? Chabaud et.al.,19615 Anguis fragilis R. dujardini ? Maupas and Seurat, 1916

R. entomelas ? Dujardin, 18456 Zaocys dhumnades R. annulosa China Hsu,19337 Holarchus spp. R. annulosa China Hsu,19338 Lampropeltis getulus R. eustreptos (MacCallum, 1921) Florida (U.S.A.) Chitwood, 19349 Tropidonotus natrix R. fuscovenosa Europe Railliet,1899

R. fuscovenosaSyn. of R. fuscovenosa var. catanensis

Sicily (Europe) Rizzo, 1902

10 Natrix sipedon R. fuscovenosa(Syn. of R. fuscovenosa var. catanensis)

China Chitwood, 1933

11 N. tigrina *R. horigutii Japan Yamaguti,1943 12 N. tigrina laerates Rhabdias sp.

China (Nanking) Lee, 1934

R. ophidia China Goodey, 192413 Natrix tringa Rhabdias sp. ? Liu, 193414 Natrix tessellata R. fuscovenosus Kazakhastan Soboleva, 197515 N. natrix ” ” Soboleva, 1975

R. bufonis Cairo, Egypt (Africa) Moravec et al., 1987R. americanus Southern Ontario, Canada Baker, 1978R. ranae

R. fuscovenosus

R. eustriptos

16 N. fasciatus picti-ventris R. fuscovenosa var. catanensis North America (Florida) Rizzo, 190217 Agkistrodon halys

brevicaudatusR. fuscovenosa var. brecaudataSyn. R. fuscovenosa

China (Asia) Chu, 1936 Hsu and Hoeppli,1931

18 A. bilineatus R. vellardii Guatamala (South America) Pereira, 192819 Ancistrodon halys R. fuscovenosa ? Railliet, 189920 Sepedon haemachata R. vellardii South Africa Goodey, 192421 Agkistrodon halys

brevicaudatusR. fuscovenosa China Goodey, 1924

22 Ancistrodon halys R. fuscovenosa ? Railliet, 189923 Sepedon haemachata R. vellardii South Africa Goodey, 192424 Bitis arietans R. fuscovenosa South Africa Goodey, 192425 Coluber viridiflavus R. fuscovenosa

(Syn. of R. fuscovenosa var catanensis)Catania, Sicily (Europe) Rizzo, 1902

26 Coluber sp. R. fuscovenosa(Syn. of R. fuscovenosa var catanensis)

U. S. A. Chitwood, 1933

27 Coluber leopardinus R. ophidia London Zoo Goodey, 192428 Thamnophis sirtalis R. fuscovenosa China Chitwood, 1933

(Syn. of R. fuscovenosa var catanensis) North America (Florida) Rizzo, 1902



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29 Thamnophis sp. R. fuscovenosa(Syn. of R. fuscovenosa var catanensis)

U.S.A. Chitwood, 1933

30 Storeria sp. R. fuscovenosa(Syn. of R. fuscovenosa var catanensis)


31 Lampropeltis sp. R. fuscovenosa(Syn. of R. fuscovenosa var catanensis)


32 Elaphe sp. R. fuscovenosa(Syn. of R. fuscovenosa var catanensis)


33 Liopeltis sp. R. fuscovenosa(Syn. of R. fuscovenosa var catanensis)


34 Green snake R. fuscovenosa var. brevicauda China Chu, 1936; Hsu et; Hoeppli, 1931 35 Rhadinaea merremi R. labiata Brazil Pereira, 192736 Heterodon platyrhinus R. serpenticola (Linstow, 1904) North America; Germany Yamaguti, 196137 Philodryas schotti R. vellardii Brazil Pereira, 192838 Oxyrrhopus trigeminus R. vellardii Brazil Pereira, 192839 Heterodon sp. R. vellardii Texas Pereira, 192840 Storeria sp. R. vellardii Texas Pereira, 192841 Potomophis sp. R. vellardii Texas Pereira, 192842 Thamnophis sp. R. vellardii Texas Pereira, 192843 Ophibolus getulus R. eustreptos ? MacCallum, 192144 ” R. incerta Osaka Municipal Tennoji Zoo (Japan) Matsuo et al., 200145 Reptiles Rhabdis horiguchii ” ”

*Yamaguti (1943) proposed its name as Ophiorhabdias sp.


and these differences are considered as intra specific variations. R. bufonis has been reported from Europe, Asia and North America (Skrjabin, 1984), Portugal (Oliveira et al., 1972), West Europe (Hartwick, 1972), Yugoslavia (Hristovski and Lees, 1973), Saudi Arabia (Nasher, 1979), Egypt (Moravec, et al., 1987) China (Wang Puqin et al.,1992), Garhwal, India (Chopra et al.,1992) and Bangladesh (Gupta, 1960).

The R. ranae was originally described by Walton (1929) for 65 adults from the lungs of Rana pipiens and Rana palustris and 21 larval forms from the intestine and coelomic mesenteries of R. pipiens, R. palustris and Acris gryllus from North American states and subsequently, Morrison (1967a, b) recorded it in Oklahoma, Ashton and Rabalais (1978) in Ohio, Baker (1978) in Ontario, Williams and Taft (1980) in Wisconsin.In the present study Rhabdias ranae is also recorded from Rana tigrina and R. hexadactyla (Table 4).

The species under discussion differs from all the valid species in its caudal bulbular structure in the female specimen and in all other morphmetric measurements and so far no record of such nematode is available. The described species in the present study, does not agree with any of the known and well described species of this genus in having a bulbular caudal end. The present species also differs in various body measurements. R.

bufonis is 12.41−16.73 long and R. ranae is 1.88-9.95, while the present species is 12.24 − 12.80. Similarly other various body measurements also differ from that in the present species and is given in Table 1.

From the present observation, this species under discussion is recognised as new to science and hence the authors suggest its name as Rhabdias bulbicauda sp. nov. considering its bulbular caudal end in the female parasitic form in the lungs of B. melanostictus.

The present species appears to be pathogenic as blood clots and some damage tissue in the lung alveoli are observed around the parasite. Similar observation is also available from Chopra et al. (1991, 1992) in R. bufonis infection in the lungs of B. melanostictus which causes severe damage in the lung capillary network during its active movement in this parasite species is recorded for the first time in the lungs of Bufo melanostictus, West Bengal, India, although in a very low percentage.

AcknowledgmentsThe author is grateful to the Head, Department of

Zoology, Calcutta University for providing necessary laboratory facilities and also to Sri S. R. Dey Sarkar,

Sarkar & Manna

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Helminthology Department, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta for his constant inspiration and cooperation in the identification of the nematode parasite. The author also wishes to thank and express indebtedness to her parents Sri Padma Lochan Dutta and Smt. Basana Rani Dutta, and to sisters Smt. Purnima Dutta, Smt. Priti Dutta and husband Dr. Sovan Sarkar for their assistance in collecting the hosts in the field and also for financial assistance and encouragement.

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