on optimization of 3g cellular systems deployment

ON OPTIMIZATION OF 3G CELLULAR SYSTEMS DEPLOYMENT

Prof.dr Milica PejanovicUniversity of Montenegro, Podgorica, Yugoslavia

E-mail: [email protected]

ITU IMT-2000 SeminarWarsaw, October 2001

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 2

EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS

'80s '90s '2000s

Initial stage Growing stage Expansion stage Matured stage

AMPS, NMT, NTT...(1st generation)

GSM, PDC, IS-95(2nd generation)

DIGITAL

(3rd generation)IMT-2000 4th-

generation

MobileData <300bps 9.6k-64 kbps

(packet)64k-384 kbps

2Mbps (indoor)

2 Mbps20 Mbps (best effort

indoort)

PSTNData 28.8bps 64 kbps Up to 1 Mbps

(Flat rate) Up to 20 Mbps ??

On optimization of 3G cellular systems deployment ITU IMT-2000 Seminar, Warsaw, October 2001


WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF CELLULAR STANDARDS

Europe

RMTS RC2000 C450 NMT900E

TACS

GSM

NMT450

NMT450i

TACS

AMPS

DAMPSIS-54

CDMAIS-95

PDC

GPRS

HSCSD

EDGE

DCSI800 USDC

PCS1900

PCSUWC-136

PHS

NAMTS

UMTS

IMT-2000

Under standardization

?

3G

3+G

2+G

2G

DigitalAnalog (1G)

US Japan



DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN WIRELESS STANDARDS

N-ISDN B-ISDN Optical fiber networks Gigabit-net

2000 2010 2020Mobility

Vehicle

Pedestrian

Office

10k 2M 50M 155Mb/s 600Mb/s

ITSHAPS

Milli-waveLAN

WirelessAccess

IMT-2000GSMPDCPHS

2ndGeneration

3rdGeneration

4thGeneration

5thGeneration



TARGETED FEATURES OF 3G NETWORKS

3G networks should provide access, by means of one or more radio links, to a widerange of telecommunications services supported by the fixed telecommunication

networks (e.g. PSTN/ISDN/IP), and to other services which are specific to mobileusers.

Key features of such wireless cellular systems should be:• high degree of commonality of design world-wide;• compatibility of services within 3G standards and with the fixed networks;• high quality;• small terminal for world-wide use;• world-wide roaming capability;• capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of services and terminals;• support of a limited number of different radio interface technologies within

the 3G family.



COMPARISON OF 2G AND 3G CELLULAR SYSTEMS

System Aspects Existing 2 G Mobile Systems

New 3 G IMT-2000 Systems

Use of digital technology Already used for modulation, speech and channel coding as well as implementation and control of data channels

Increased use of digital technologies

Commonality between different operating environments

Each systems is primarily optimised for its specific operating environment

Optimisation of radio interfaces for multiple operating environments such as vehicular, pedestrian, intro-office, fixed wireless access and satellite, via a single flexible or scalable radio interface.

Frequency bands Operate in frequency bands ranging from 800 MHz to 1.9 GHz, depending on the country

Use a common global frequency band

Data services Limited to data rates below 115 kb/s (WAP-GRPS-SMS)

Transmission speeds up to 2 Mb/s

Roaming Generally limited to specific regions, Handsets not compatible between different systems

Global frequency coordination and ITU standards will provide true global roaming and equipment compatibility

Technology Spectrum efficiency, cost and flexibility limited by technology in use at time of system design

Spectrum efficiency, flexibility and overall costs all significantly improved.

Radio interfaces TDMA, CDMA W-CDMA Data speed 9.6 kb/s with evolution up to 171.2 kb/s

(2.5 G) 144 kb/s – 2 Mb/s



LAYERED ARCHITECTURE OF 3G NETWORKS

Service and applications

ServiceApplications

Applications

Supportservers

Supportservers

HLR

AAAH

MSCserver GW/MSC

server

PSTN/ISDN

Internet/IntranetWireless

access

MGW/PDSN

MGWRouter

Control

Connectivity

User data

Control



OVERVIEW OF 3G STANDARDIZATION BODIES

ITUIMT-2000

ITU-RRadio aspects

ITU-TNetwork aspects

OngoingCollaboration

3 GPPWCDMA + GSM

Others:UWC - 136

DECTTD-CDMA

3 GPP2cdma2000 + ANSI-41

Operators HarmonizationGroup



OPERATORS HARMONIZATION AGREEMENT

On optimization of 3Gcellular systems deployment ITU IMT-2000 Seminar, Warsaw, October 2001

Radio access- family of 3GCDMAmodes

Core network- family of 3Gsystems

Core network- 3G inter-familyroaming

FDD mode 1direct sequence

FDD mode 2multicarrier TDD mode

WCDMA cdma2000 Unpaired spectrum

EvolvedGSM/MAP

EvolvedANSI-41

Network-to-networkinterface

Flexible connection between RTTmodes and core networks based on

operators' needs


3G RADIO INTERFACE STANDARDIZATION

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Europe

Japan

US

W-TDMATD-CDMAW-CDMA

FDD:W-CDMATDD:TD-CDMA

W-CDMA

UMTS/W-CDMA

CDMA

TDMA

Wideband Cdma 2000

UWC - 136



IMT-2000 TERRESTRIAL RADIO INTERFACES

IMT - 2000

IMT-DS IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-SC IMT-FT

CDMA TDMA FDMA

IMT-DS (Direct Spread)=W-CDMA (FDD)IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)=cdma 2000IMT-TC (Time-Code)=UMTS TDD, TD-SCDMAIMT-SC (Single Carrier)=UWC-136IMT-FT (Frequency Time)=DECT



MIGRATION SCENARIOS TOWARDS 3G NETWORKS

TDMA

2G

GSM

CDMA one

IS-136B/HSGPRS

EDGE

GPRS

HSCSDUMTS

CDMA 2000

2.5G

IS-95B

UWC-136

EGPRS

3GPPECSD

OHGTD-CDMA

3GPP2IMT2000

1 EXTREME

HDRIS-95

3G



EVOLUTION OF THE IS-95 AIR STANDARD

• IS-95-A– Standardized by Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in July 1993.

Networks utilizing IS-95 CDMA air interface and ANSI-41 network protocol are branded as cdmaOne networks. IS-95 networks use one or more 1.25MHz carriers, operate on 800 and 1900MHz bands. Data rates of up to 14.4kb/s and soft handoffs are supported.

• IS-95-B– Improvements for hard-handoff algorithms in multicarrier environments and in

parameters that affect the control of soft handoffs. Higher data rates of up to 115kb/s can be supported by bundling up to eight 14.4 or 9.6 kb/s data channels.

• Cdma2000– Developed to support 3G services. This standard is divided into two phases:

• Cdma2000 1X – 1X stands for standard carrier (1.25MHz) at air interface. It delivers twice the voice capacity of cdmaOne with average data rates of 144kb/s.

• Cdma2000 3X – 3X stands to signify 3x1.25MHz with data rates of up to 2Mb/s



TIMELINE FOR EVOLVING CDMA TO 3G CAPABILITIES


Layeredarchitecture

High-speed dataInternational roaming

Advanced voice/dataservicesmobile IP/secure data

Efficient data deliveryAdvanced user featuresHigh reliability

Capacity and coverageexpansionLow cost

4Q99 2Q00 1H01 2H02 2H03

IOS BSS

Jambala WAPand HLR IWF

MSC

cdma 2000 1xRBS 3G BSC

PCN

cdma2000 3X/DS-41 RBS

Media gatewaysMSC servers

ATM switchesIP routers

ATM and IPbackbone


EVOLUTION OF THE TDMA AIR STANDARD

• TDMA (TIA/EIA-136)– This standard includes EIA-553 and IS-54 systems

• IS-136HS– For satisfying requirements for IMT-2000, the Universal Wireless Communication

Consortium (UWCC) proposed the 136 High-Speed (136HS) radio interface.

• EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)– In January 1998, UWCC adopted EDGE as outdoor component of 136HS. EDGE

was thus included in UWC-136 IMT-2000 proposal. It provides 384 kb/s data services and comprises two phases:

• Phase I emphasizes enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) and enhanced circuit-switched data (ECSD)

• Phase II is defined to include improvements for multimedia and real-time support



Model for an EGPRS/136 network integrated into a TIA/EIA-136 circuit-switched network through an SGSN gateway MSC/VLR


Other PLMN

PDN

TE MT BSS SGSN GGSN

SGSNEIR

TE

GPRSHLR

SMS-GMSCSMS-IWMSC SM-SC

SMEANSI-41MC/OTAF

ANSI-41Gateway

MSC/VLR

ANSI-41Serving

MSC/VLR

ANSI-41HLR/AC

GGSN

Signaling interface

Signaling anddata-transfer

interface

Gn

Gp

GfGn Gi

GbUmR

GsGr

Gc

Gd

C

M

N

Q

C-D

E

C-D


EVOLUTION OF THE GSM AIR STANDARD

• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)• GSM + standard

– Enables packet mode extensions to GSM using the same air interface but with a new physical channel. It could be done through the following three possibilities:

• HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data Service) • GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) (and EGPRS)• EDGE

• UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)– European version of IMT-2000 which is composed of a core network (CN)

connected with interface (Iu) to the radio access network called the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). This standard supports W-CDMA in two versions:FDD (frequency-division duplex) and TDD (time-division duplex).



GPRS ARCHITECTURE

BTS

BSC

MSC

BTS

BTS

BSC

SGSN GGSN

Other PLMN PDN

GR

MS

MS

MS

Radio Subsystem

Base Station SubsystemBSS

Radio Interface Abis - Interface

Gb - Interface

Switching Subsystem

Gs - Interface

Gr - Interface

Gn - Interface

Gp - Interface

Gj - Interface


SSGR – Serving GPRS Support Node

GGSN- Gateway GPRS Support Node


COMPARISON OF GSM + STANDARDS

++ Top speed-- Extensive HW-upgrade

Urban,mostly stationary

ExtensivePS+CS384EDGE

++ Being online permanently++ Charging based on volume

Mostly urban, mobile and stationary

YesPS115GPRS

+ Available now- Expensive for subscriber

Rural and urban, mobile and stationary

NoCS57.6HSCSD

Pro’s and Con’sTypical

Application Environment

HW-Upgrade Required?

Circuit-switched packet-switched

Max. Bandwidth

(kbit/s)Name



UMTS (3GPP) ARCHITECTURE RELEASE ’99 (R3)This release supports WCDMA access and ATM-based transport


Core net

STM

IP

E-SGSN E-GGSN

HLR

E-VMSC E-GMSC

Packet domain

Circuit domain

GSMRSS

UTRAN

MS

TransportControl

Um

Radio

Uu

Gb

lu-cs

lu-ps

A

GiIP

PSTN ISDN


UTRAN ARCHITECTURE


UTRAN – UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

RNS – Radio Network Subsystems

RNC- Radio Network Controller

SRNC

CRNC

Node B Node B Node B

RNS

Iub Iub

UE

DRNC

CRNC

Node B Node B Node B

RNS

CN

Iu Iu

Iur

Iub Iub

Uu

Uu


UMTS R3 is composed of the UTRAN attached to two separate core network domains:

• Circuit switched domain based on enhanced GSM MSCs consists of the following network elements:

– 2G/3G mobile-services switching center including the VLR functionality– HLR with AC (Authentication Center) functionality

• Packet switched domain built on enhanced GPRS support nodes consists of:– 2G/3G serving GPRS support node with subscriber location register

(SGR) functionality– Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)– Border gateway



UMTS (3GPP) ARCHITECTURE RELEASE 00 It is split into R4 (00) and R5(00+) defining two RAN technologies: GPRS/EDGE radio access network (GERAN) and W-CDMA as in R3


TE MT GERANR Um

TE MT UTRANR Uu

SGSN

MGW

MSC server

lu 2

lu1

lulu-ps

GGSN

MGW

GMSCserver

Nc

Nb

Gn

Mc

T-SGW

PSTN/ Legacy/Externat

PDN/ Internet

Gi

Other PLMN

Alternative AccessNetwork

Applications &Services*)

Legacy mobilesignalling Network

Multimedia IPNetworks

GGSN

SGSN

SCP

HSS*)CSCF

MRFMGCF T-SGW*)

Mg

Mm

Gi

Mr

Gr Gi

GpGn

CAPCx

R-SGW*)

Ms

lu1=lucs(RTP,AAL2)lu2=lu(RANAP)

Signalling interface

Signalling and Data Transfer interface

*) those elements are duplicated for figure layout purpose only,they belong to the same logical element in the reference model


EVOLUTION PATHS FOR MIGRATION TO UMTS R5


E-MPSN

CSCF

MRF

MGCF

MGW

MGW

E-GGSNE-SGSN

MGW

VMSC server GMSC server

UTRAN

lu-ps

lu-ps

lu-cs

Gi

Gi

IP

VoIP/VoATM

IP

IP

PSTN/ISDN

R5 introduces All-IP environment including:•Transport: utilization of the IP transport and connectivity with QoS throughout the network•End-user services: with Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) possibilities to offer wide range of totally new services


GSM MIGRATION PHASES

2G 2.5G 3G R99(R3) 3G R00 (R4) 3GR00+ (R5)

GSM

MAP

GPRS

MAP

UTRANW-CDMA

COREPS Domain - DataCS Domain - Voice

IP RANMSC split un Server

and GatewayCAMEL Ph3

SS7 over IPIP Multimedia servicesNew entities in the Core

SIP Call ModelCAMEL Ph4

Phase 1 - GSM CS Voice and DataPhase 2 - GPRS Overlay NetworkPhase 3 - UMTS R99Phase 4 - All IP UMTS R00Phase 5 - IP Multi-media (IM)



MIGRATION OF GSM TO UMTS


GSM Phase 2 GSM Phase 2+ UMTS

Multiple access FDMA/TDMA FDMA/TDMA TDMA/CDMA

Max. bit arte 9.6 kbit/s 64 kb/s; 115kb/s 384 kb/s; 2 Mb/s

Speech quality

Full rate (FR) Enhanced full rate (EFR), transcoder free operation (TFO)

Adaptive multirate (AMR)

Capacity 900 MHz Tri-band (900, 1800, 1900 MHz) 2000MHz, spectrum efficiency

Roaming International roaming Global roaming Seamless global roaming in multiradio environments and

applications areas

SecurityAuthentication, encryption Fraud information gathering, SS7

security, lawful interception (LI)Enhanced authentication and user identity confidentiality,

network domain security

Bearers Circuit-switched bearers 64 kbit/s circuit bearer, packet bearers by General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

Circuit- and packet-switched bearers, real-time packet bearer

ServicesSpeech and low-speed circuit-switched data, supplementary

services, short message service

Service customization, service portability, value-added services, mobile

Internet access, and Web-like information service

Full Internet capability, speech, data, multimedia, virtual home

environment (VHE)


DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES FOR 3G SYSTEMS

When choosing an adequate approach in 3G systems deployment, thefollowing elements have to be considered:

– network type (private-public),– coverage (local-global),– mobility (low-high),– data traffic (low-high),– types of services (basic-multimedia).

Thus, two approaches may be identified:Scenario 1 – innovative, applied through implementation of the

completely new 3G networkScenario 2 – evolutionary, applied through migration (upgrade) of

already existing 2G or 2G+ network



DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO No.1

In this type of scenario the following versions may appear:

! SCENARIO No.1(a): All-round 3G network is implemented where no 2G network exists both in terms of deployment area and the transmission rate

! SCENARIO No.1(b): Complement3G network is implemented in the region with already existing 2G network(s)in a way that it could be:

• Area-complement – 3G covers the whole range of the transmission rate and is located in the position not covered by 2G networks in the terms of the deployment area

• Rate-complement – 3G covers the whole range of the deployment area and is located in the position not covered by 2G networks in terms of the transmission rate.



COMPARISON OF SCENARIOS No.1(a) AND No.1(b)

All-round-type scenario

Complement-type scenarios

Transmission bit rate From lower to higher rates

Higher rate

Mobility From static to cellular mobility

Cellular mobility

Deployment Area From pico to macro cells

Micro and macro cells

Network interface If necessary Indispensable

System roaming If necessary Indispensable

Radio interface Single Multiple

Mobile terminal mode Single Multiple

Security Whole system Core network

Billing/charging Unified system Multiple systems

Core network Customized Transparent

Service provider Single Multiple

2G, 3G and other mobile systems

Overlap Complement



DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO No.2

There are two possible ways for mobile operators to migrate from 2G (2G+) to 3G:

! Scenario No.2(a): Existing 2G or 2G+ core network could be upgraded for 3G use. In this case 2G and 3G networks sharethe same core infrastructure.

! Scenario No.2(b): Independent 3G core network could be implemented completely independent from the existing 2G core infrastructure.



SCENARIO No.2 (a) – COMMON CORE NETWORK FOR 2G AND 3G


BTS

UMTSBS

UMTSBS

UMTSRNCUMTS TE

BTS

GSMBTS

GSMBTS

GSMBSCGSM/GPRS

TE

BTS

GSMBTS

GSMBTS

GSMBSCGSM TE

Iub

Abis

Abis

MSC/VLR

SGSN

GGSN

Camel

HLR

ISDN

Internet

Internet

RAN Subsystem CN Subsystem

GnA

Gb

AIu

Iu

ISUP

GiMap

Map

IN Platform


SCENARIO No.2 (b) – INDEPENDENT 2G AND 3G CORE NETWORKS


BTS

UMTSBS

UMTSBS

UMTSRNCUMTS TE

BTS

GSMBTS

GSMBTS

GSMBSCGSM/GPRS

TE

BTS

GSMBTS

GSMBTS

GSMBSCGSM TE

Iub

Abis

Abis2G MSC/VLR

2G SGSNGGSN

Camel

HLR

ISDN

Internet

Internet

RAN Subsystem CN Subsystem

GnA

Gb

A

Iu

IuISUP

GiMap

3G MSC/VLR

3G SGSN

ISUP

Gn


IMPACTS OF SCENARIOS No.2 ON EXISTING 2G NETWORKS

• SCENARIO No.2(a):– Re-dimension of the existing core network to be able to support 3G broadband

services– Optimize transmission network for a suitable traffic mix– Network management system

• SCENARIO No.2(b):– 2G and 3G networks have minimum impact on each other



OPTIMAL SCENARIO No.2 IMPLEMENTATION


Deploy fully switchedVirtual Transit Networkwith SS7 interworking

Deploy GPRSNetwork

Deploy IP Core

Migrate InternalIT infrastructureDeploy 3G

Access & CoreCommon IP Core

Network for voice&dataservices

Common Core Based onMPLS

Voice (Existing GSM Network) Data


Abbreviations• 3GPP - Third generation partnership project• AAA - Authentication, authorization and accounting• AC - Authentication center• AMPS - Advanced mobile phone service• ANSI - American National Standards Institute• ATM - Asynchronous transfer mode• BSC - Base station controller• BSS - Base station subsystem• BTS - Base transceiver station• CDMA - Code division multiple access• CN - Core network• CSCF - Call state control function• CRNC - Controlling part of RNC• DECT - Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone system• DRNC - Drift RNC• EGPRS- Enhanced GPRS• EIR - Equipment identification register• E-SGSN- Enhanced SGSN• E-GGSN-Enhanced GGSN• E-VMSC-Enhanced visited MSC• E-MPSN- Enhanced mobile packet service node



Abbreviations

• FDD - Frequency division duplex• GERAN- GPRS radio access network• GGSN - Gateway GPRS support node• GMSC - Gateway MSC• GPRS - General packet radio service• GSM - Global system for mobile communication• HLR - Home location register• HSCSD- High-speed circuit switched data service• IP - Internet protocol• IWF - Interworking function• IWMSC- Interworking MSC• MAP - Mobile application part• MGW - Media gateway• MGCF - Media gateway control function• MPLS - Multi protocol label switching• MS - Mobile subscriber• MT - Mobile terminal• PDC - Personal digital cellular system• PDSN - Packet data service node• PHS - Personal handyphone system



Abbreviations

• RAN - Radio access network• RNC - Radio network controller• RNS - Radio network subsystem• SCP - Service control point• SGSN - Serving GPRS support node• SIP - Session initiation protocol• SMS - Short message service• SRNC - Serving RNC• STM - Synchronous transfer mode• TDD - Time division duplex• TDMA - Time division multiple access• TE - Terminal equipment• UE - User equipment• UMTS - Universal mobile telecommunication system• UTRAN-UMTS terrestrial radio access• UWC - Universal wireless communication system• VLR - Visitor location register• WAP - Wireless application protocol• WCDMA-Wideband CDMA


on optimization of 3g cellular systems deployment

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