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I. TYPES OF ADVERBS (CAÙC LOAÏI ADVERBS):
1. Adverbs of manner
Adverbs chæ theå caùch (laøm
nhö theá naøo)
carefully, honestly, slowly, rapidly, easily, difficultly, lovely, lively,
hard, fast…
2. Adverbs of place
Adverbs chæ nôi choán there, here, abroad, nearby, away, upstairs,
downstairs…
everywhere, somewhere, nowhere, anywhere3. Adverbs of time first, then, before, after, later, when, while, until =
till 4. Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs chæ söï naêng xaûy ra always, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom,
hardly, scarcely, never5. Adverbs of degree
Adverbs chæ möùc ñoä extremely, highly, very, really,
nearly, almost, quite, fairly, rather (kha khaù),
a little bit, a bit (moät chuùt), slightly (hôi hôi)
IV. USE and POSITION (Caùch söû duïng vaø vò trí cuûa ADVERBS)
ADVERBS OF MANNER EXAMPLES
1. Sau verb maø noù muoán boå
nghóa (khoâng coù object)
The children sat. The children sat quietly.
He behaved. He behaved badly.
The prince and princess live. The prince and princess live
happily.
She danced at the party. She danced beautifully at
the party.
You know that I can’t drive. You know that I can’t drive
well.
2. Sau verb maø noù muoán boå
nghóa coù object ngaén
(short object)
short obj
He speaks English. He speaks English well.
He played football. He played football badly.
They decided to leave the town They decided to leave the
town secretly.
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3. Tröôùc verb maø noù muoán boå
nghóa coù object daøi hay laø
cuïm töø (long object/
phrase)
The man was arranging all the flowers he’d just cut the
garden.
phrase
The man was cheerfully arranging all the flowers he’d just
cut the garden.
She picked up all the bits of broken glass.
phrase
She carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass
4. Tröôùc adjective maø noù boå
nghóa.
adj
The price was cheap. The price was reasonably cheap.
The exam was easy. The exam was extremely easy.
5. Tröôùc adverb khaùc maø noù boå
nghóa
adv adv adv
They played well. They played fairly well.
They worked hard. They worked incredibly hard.
ADVERBS OF PLACE EXAMPLES
1. Sau verb He lived abroad.
I don’t like sitting around.
The children walk to school. It is nearby.
The students were walking downstairs.
2. Sau object I looked for my keys everywhere. Put your legs across.
obj obj
I’d like to visit the Paradiso Club. My husband sang old-time
songs there.
ADVERBS OF TIME EXAMPLES
Ñöùng cuoái caâu We’ll see you later. See you soon. BUT: We’ll soon be
there.
He arrived home and found noboddy. They’d left home 10
minutes before.
She left home with a broken heart. Her life was
heartbreaking then.
He started his business and earned a fortune. He married her
afterward.
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ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
EXAMPLES
Sau verb to be He’s always early. I am rarely ill. Children are usually playful.
Sau modals He will never make such a mistake. I’ll always tell.
Tröôùc ñoäng töø thöôøng He never comes late. Michael usually hurts anyone he is not
fond of.
Tröôùc used to vaø have
to
I never used to get up late. You always have to come early.
Moät soá advers (often,
usually, occasionally,
once, twice;
sometimes) coù theâÛ
ñaàu caâu hay cuoái
caâu.
He often walked home. Often he walked home. He walked
home often.
Usually people think of themselves before thinking of others.
Once he disguised as a police officer.
I ate at the new Italian restaurant twice.
100% 0% always usually often sometimes occasionally seldom rarely never
THÖÙ TÖÏ TRONG CUØNG MOÄT CAÂU CUÛA ADVERBS OF MANNER, PLACE, AND TIME
Thöù töï thoâng thöôøng:
Adverb of manner + Adverb of place +
Adverb of time
Thôøi gian coù theå ñöùng ôû ñaàu caâu khi
nhaán maïnh
He lived happily in Paris for a year.
manner place time
Every day he stood silently at the bus stop.
time manner place
Sentence Adverbs (Adverbs boå nghóa cho caû caâu)
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Nhöõng Adverbs sau ñaây coù caùc vò trí khaùc nhau khi boå nghóa cho
caû caâu (a whole sentence)
actually; really; in fact (thaät söï ra, thaät vaäy)
undoubtedly; definitely; certainly; surely (chaéc chaén)
evidently; obviously; clearly; apparently (roõ raøng, hieån nhieân)
presumably; probably; perhaps; possibly (coù theå)
(un)fortunately, (un)luckily (xui/ heân / may maén)
frankly, honestly (thaønh thaät/ thaúng thaéng…)
generally, specifically.... (nhìn chung, moät caùch cuï theå…)
He foolishly answered the questions.
He answered the questions foolishly.
He is obviously intelligent.
Obviously he’s intelligent.
He actually lives next door.
Actually, he lives next door.
He lives next door actually.
Surely you could pay £1?
You could pay £1, surely?
Surely you could pay £1?
You could pay £1, surely?
a/ an goïi laø indefinite articles (maïo töø khoâng xaùc ñònh) ñi vôùi danh töø ñeám ñöôïc, ôû soá ít.
a / an +
singular noun
countable noun
a book, a chair, a man, a country
an ice-cream, an umbrella, an ostrich
The goïi laø definite articles (maïo töø xaùc ñònh) ñi vôùi danh töø ñeám ñöôïc hoaëc khoâng ñeám ñöôïc, ôû soá ít hay soá nhieàu.
the + singular noun
plural noun
countable noun
uncountable noun
the book, the chair, the country, the umbrella
the books, the chairs, the countries the bread, the news, the advice, the oil
a/ an ñöôïc söû duïng khi danh töø ñöôïc ñeà caäp laàn ñaàu tieân, sau ñoù thì söû duïng the.
When we were on holiday, we stayed at a hotel. In the evenings,
sometimes we had dinner at the hotel, sometimes in a restaurant.
I saw a film last night. The film was about a soldier and a beautiful
girl. The soldier was in love with the girl but the girl loved a teacher.
So the soldier shot the teacher and went to prison.
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a/ an ñöôïc söû duïng khi danh töø ñöôïc ñeà caäp chöa xaùc ñònh, duøng the neáu ñaõ xaùc ñònh
(There are two doors and both are open.)
“Close a door please.” “Close the doors please.” “Close the door next to you please.”
“Is there a post office near here?”
“Where is the post office near here?”
“I need to sign this and I have no pens. Can I borrow a pen please?”
(You see a nice pen on a desk. You want to see it) “May I see the pen please?”
(There is one blackboard in the classroom) “Now everybody! Look at the blackboard!”
Sau ñaây laø moät soá quy luaät veà danh töø coù hay khoâng coù söû duïng articles
Khoâng duøng article vôùi danh töø noùi chung hay khoâng xaùc ñònh cuï theå (general reference).
Salt is necessary for life.
I love music.
Books are expensive.
Rats can carry diseases.
Men are lazy at home.
Roses are my favorite flowers.
Giraffes are tall animals.
** Danh töø ñeám ñöôïc phaûi ôû soá nhieàu
Duøng the vôùi danh töø coù moät giôùi haïn naøo ñoù hay xaùc ñònh roõ giöõa ngöôøi nghe vaø ngöôøi noùi trong moät tình huoáng cuï theå (specific reference)
Can you pass the salt please?
Please turn down the music.
Put the book on the desk.
The rats may carry diseases. Don’t keep them.
The men you are talking about are lazy at home.
The roses in this vase are quite nice.
The giraffes in this painting are lively.
Khi ñeà caäp moät loaøi caây, ñoäng vaät, sinh vaät... noùi chung tuy khoâng xaùc ñònh, coù theå duøng the + danh töø soá ít
The rose is my favorite flowers. (Hoa hoàng laø loaøi hoa yeâu thích cuûa toâi)
The giraffe is tall animals. (Höôu laø loaøi ñoäng vaät cao)
Trong moät soá caùch noùi (expressions), vieäc danh töø coù the hay khoâng coù the coù theå taïo söï khaùc bieät veà yù nghóa
ngöôøi noùi dieãn ñaït. Sau ñaây laø moät soá ví duï:
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WITHOUT ARTICLE WITH ‘the’
watch television xem truyeàn hình
on television treân (chöông trình) truyeàn hình
look at/ repair the television nhìn/ söûa caùi TV
(the cat is) on the television (con meøo) treân caùi TV
go to school ñi hoïc; tôùi tröôøng (ñeå hoïc)
go to hospital ñi (chöõa beänh ôû) beänh vieän
go to church ñi leã nhaø thôø
go to prison ñi tuø (vì coù toäi)
go to sea (thuyû thuû) ñi bieån
go home veà nhaø
go on holiday ñi nghæ maùt
go to the school ñi tôùi tröôøng
go to the hospital ñi tôùi beänh vieän
go to the church ñi tôùi nhaø thôø
go to the prison ñi tôùi nhaø tuø
go to the seaside/ the beach ñi bieån chôi
live by the sea soáng gaàn bieån
go to the countryside ñi veà mieàn queâ
go to the doctor’s ñi baùc só khaùm beänh
go to the dentist’s ñi nha só chöõa raêng
giôùi töø + danh töø chæ phöông tieän vaän chuyeån:
by air by plane
by sea by ship, by boat
by railway by train
by road by car
by land on foot / on horseback
the + danh töø chæ phöông tieän truyeàn thoâng, giaûi trí
go to the cinema ñi xem phim
go to the theatre ñi xem haùt
go to the concert ñi xem hoaø nhaïc
listen to the radio nghe phaùt thanh
look onto the Internet xem treân maïng
at + danh töø haøm yù moät hoaït ñoäng (activity)
at sea ñang ôû ngoaøi bieån
at school (hoïc) ôû tröôøng
at work ñang laøm vieäc
at home ñang ôû nhaø
at + the + danh töø chæ nôi choán
at the office ñang ôû vaên phoøng
at the cinema ñang ôû raïp chieáu phim
at the market ñang ôû chôï
play + danh töø chæ chôi caùc moân theå thao
play football, tennis, badminton, chess etc.
play + the + danh töø chæ moät nhaïc cuï
play the piano / the drums / the violin etc.
Danh töø chæ ngoân ngöõ hay quoác gia / quoác tòch
speak English, Vietnamese, Spanish
the + teân quoác gia ôû soá nhieàu hoaëc laø Kingdom
the United States, the Philippines, the Netherlands,
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live in Vietnam, Singapore, China, Spain
They’re British. He’s French. I’m Vietnamese.
the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Thailand
giôùi töø at/ by + danh töø chæ caùc buoåài thôøi gian
at night, at midnight, at noon, at dawn
by day, by night
giôùi töø in + the + danh töø chæ caùc buoåi thôøi gian
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening,
in the night
CAÙC TRÖÔØNG HÔÏP KHAÙC
Articles khoâng söû duïng vôùi danh töø chæ
teân moân hoïc study mathematics, chemistry, physics etc.
teân caùc böõa aên* nhöng duøng a khi coù tính töø ñöùng tröùôc:
have breakfast, have lunch, have dinner, have supper
have a nice dinner, have an enormous breakfast
teân hoà Lake Superior, Lake Xuan Huong
teân thaønh phoá (city),
ñöôøng phoá (street, road, avenue. . .),
quaän (district),
tænh (province),
tieåu bang (state), county
Hochiminh City, London, New York
Tran Hung Dao Street, Main Road
Guangdong Province, Long An Province
District 5, Binh Thanh District
California, Texas, Cornwall
teân ngoïn nuùi (mount) Mount Everest, Mont Blanc, Mount Fuji
teân hoøn ñaûo Phu Quoc Island / Manhattan Island
Article the söû duïng vôùi danh töø chæ
teân cuûa bieån, ñaïi döông the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the North Sea
teân sa maïc, soâng, keânh ñaøo
the Sahara, the Thames, the Nile River, the Panama Canal
teân cuûa raëng nuùi the Himalaya, the Alps, the Truong Son
teân quaàn ñaûo (group of islands)
the Philippines, the West Indies
teân . . . + of + teân . . . the Gulf of Mexico, the Cape of Good Hope (Muõi Good Hope)
the Bay of Ha Long (Ha Long Bay),
the University of Oxford, the Isles of Wight
teân söï vaät ñöôïc cho laø duy nhaát
the earth, the sun, the moon, the sky, the world,
the equator (xích ñaïo), the universe (vuõ truï), etc.
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teân baùo chí the Times, the Washington Post
naêm thaäp nieân, theá kyû the 1970s, the 1990s, the 20th century
danh töø chæ quoác tòch taän cuøng laø –sh, -ch, -ese ñeå chæ ngöôøi ôû soá nhieàu
the British = British people the French = French people the Vietnamese = Vietnamese people
tính töø taïo danh töø soá nhieàu
the rich = rich people
the deaf = deaf people
Treân ñaây laø caùch söû duïng cô baûn vaø thoâng thöôøng cuûa articles. Ngoaøi ra articles ñöôïc söû duïng trong nhieàu tröôøng hôïp khaùc nöõa, maø khoâng theå lieät keâ heát ôû ñaây. Khi gaëp danh töø vôùi article hay khoâng coù article, ta neân töï hoûi taïi sao, quy luaät naøo vaø ghi nhôù.
I/. SHORT ADJECTIVES:
Adjectives with one syllable or two syllables ending with –y
(tính töø coù moät vaàn, hoaëc tính töø coù hai vaàn vôùi vaàn thöù hai taän cuøng laø ‘y’)
Comparative
Examples
Adjective + -er cheap
warm
cheaper
warmer
Country life is cheaper than city life.
Santiago is warmer than Chicago in February.
Gaáp ñoâi phuï aâm neáu tröôùc noù laø nguyeân aâm
hot
big
hotter
bigger
Saigon is hotter than Hanoi.
Egypt is bigger than Kenya.
Theâm r, neáu taän cuøng laø -e
large
nice
larger
nicer
Canada is larger than Vietnam.
Spring is nicer than summer.
Ñoåi –y thaønh -i
dirty
noisy
dirtier
noisier
His shoes are dirtier than mine.
Big cities are noisier than small towns.
Irregular Adjective Tính töø baát quy taéc
good
bad
far
better
worse
farther
further
Warm weather is better than cold weather.
Cold weather is worse than warm weather.
Her house is farther/ further than mine.
I’d like to get further information.
CHUÙ YÙ:
(1) “than” SAI: Michael is tall. Peter is taller than.
ÑUÙNG: Michael is tall. Peter is taller.
OR Peter is taller than Michael.
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(2) “than” coù theå ñi vôùi
objective pronoun: He is taller than me.
clause: He is taller than I (am).
She is uglier than she was two years ago.
word or phrase: Today is warmer than yesterday.
My mind in the morning is sharper than in the evening.
II/. LONG ADJECTIVES: Adjectives with more than one syllable (tính töø coù hôn moät vaàn)
more nhieàu hôn
less ít hôn
The city is more expensive than the country.
The country is less expensive than the city.
The city is more exciting than the country.
The country is less exciting than the city.
The country is more peaceful than the city.
The city is less peaceful than the country.
These two-syllable adjectives have two forms: -er / more
(Nhöõng tính töø sau nay coù hai daïng –er hay more)
angry, clever (thoâng minh), common (thoâng
thöôøng), cruel (aùc), friendly, gentle (hieàn),
handsome, narrow (heïp), pleasant (deã chòu),
polite (lòch söï), quiet, simple, sour (chua).
This disease is more common in men than in women.
This disease is commoner in men than in women.
He was more clever than we thought.
He was cleverer than we thought.
I like Alex. He is more friendly than the others.
He is friendlier than the others
I/. SHORT ADJECTIVES: Adjectives with one syllable or two syllables ending with –y
Positive
Superlative
Examples
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Add -est deep
long
deepest
longest
The Pacific is the deepest ocean in the world.
Giraffes have the longest necks of all animals.
Gaáp ñoâi phuï aâm neáu tröôùc noù laø nguyeân aâm
wet
thin
wettest
thinnest
July is usually the wettest of all months.
Amanda is the thinnest of all of us.
Theâm r, neáu taän cuøng laø -e
wise
large
wisest
largest
My birthday party was one of the nicest times in my life.
The blue whale is the largest living animal in the world.
Ñoåi –y thaønh -i
easy
lazy
easiest
laziest
This was the easiest questions of the test I’ve taken.
He is the laziest student in the class.
Irregular AdjectivesTính töø baát quy taéc
good
bad
far
best
worst
farthest
furthest
My trip to Hawaii was one of the best experiences I’ve ever had.
My score was one of the worst scores in the whole school.
Pluto is the farthest planet from the sun in our solar system.
II/. LONG ADJECTIVES: Adjectives with more than one syllable (tính töø coù hôn moät vaàn)
most (… nhaát)
least (ít… nhaát)
The Tal Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings I’ve ever known
Sometimes I feel like I am the least intelligent person in the class.
These two-syllable adjectives have two forms: -est or most
angry, clever, common,
cruel, friendly, gentle,
handsome, narrow, pleasant,
polite, quiet, simple, sour.
Fred is the most friendly guy of them.
the friendliest
I think Tom Cruise is one of the most handsome actors in Hollywood.
the handsomest
Adverbs boå nghóa cho Verbs cuõng theo nguyeân taéc so saùnh gioáng vôùi Adjectives
Positive
Comparison
Examples
Theâm –er hoaëc –est
hard harder
hardest
Alex works hard. I work harder. Sin works the hardest of us.
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cho adverbs coù moät vaàn
fast faster
fastest
A dog runs fast.
A mouse runs faster than a dog.
A cat runs the fastest of the three.
Irregular AdverbsBaát quy taéc
well better
best
Siu sings well. Black sings better than Siu (does).
White sings the best of all.
badly worse
worst
I play the guitar badly. He plays worse than I do.
She plays the worst of all.
far farther,
further
farthest, furthest
Theo lives far away from school. Deo lives farther than Theo.
Leo lives the farthest of all.
Theâm more
the most
& less
the least
cho adverbs taän cuøng baèng -ly
She speaks quietly. Her mother speaks more quietly than she does / she / her.
Her father speaks the most quietly of all.
He has done the job more effectively than I have / I / me.
He has done the job the most effectively of all of us.
Kim sews beautifully. Chi sews less beautifully than Kim did / Kim / her.
Vai sews the least beautifully of all.
Adverbs chæ möùc ñoä
a lot / much
so saùnh:
more
the most
a litte
so saùnh:
less/ the least
She tried a lot. Tina, her friend tried more than she did. Luke tries the most of all.
You spent much in Las Vegas. An spent more than you did. I spent the most of all.
I love my mother, you and myself. I love you less than (I love) my mother.
I love myself the least of the three.
At the party last night, I didn’t eat much. I ate less than I drank. I drank less than I talked.
Of all the things I did, I ate the least.
Xuan and Ha read books a little. Thu reads less than them. Dong reads the least of all.
Ted is as old as Sam is/ Sam.
Sam is not as young as Mark is/ Mark.
She wasn’t as rich as I am now.
Francoise is as beautiful as a picture.
Ngu is as stuppid as an ox.
He didn’t play as well as we expected.
I ran as far as he did (he / him).
She’s writing as carefully as I am ( I / me).
Try to study as much as you can.
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I felt as high as a kite after the exam.
Call me back as soon as possible.
Spend money as little as I can.
Repeating a ComparativeSo saùnh ‘ngaøy caøng…’
When I get nervous, my heart beats faster and faster.
(Khi toâi hoài hoäp, tim toâi ñaäp ngaøy caøng nhanh)
Buses leave and arrive later and later.
When you blow up a balloon, it gets bigger and bigger.
My English is getting better and better.
He got more and more furious.
You are growing more and more beautiful.
They live more and more happily.
I earn less and less money.
I love you more and more .
Double ComparativesSo saùnh ‘caøng… thì caøng…’
short word + short word
The fruit is fresh. It tastes good.
If the knife is sharp, it is easy to cut things.
The fresher the fruit is, the better it tastes.
(Traùi caây caøng töôi, noù coù vò caøng ngon)
The sharper the knife is, the easier it is to cut things.
(Con dao caøng beùn, caét ñoà caøng deã)
short word + long word
Bill talked very fast.
I became confused.
The faster Bill talked, the more confused I became.
long word + long word
The country is affluent.
People are delighted.
The more affluent the country is, the more delighted people are.
Mixed She grows up a lot.
She becomes beautiful.
You shout loudly.
She hates you a lot.
She loves him a little.
He loves her a lot.
He has a few problems.
He is happy.
They have many children.
They live miserably.
I study a lot. I find
The more she grows up. The more beautiful she becomes.
The more loudly you shout, the more she hates you.
The less she loves him, the more he loves her.
The fewer problems he has, the happier he is.
The more children they have, the more miserably they live.
The more I study, the more stupid I find myself.12
myself
stupid a lot.
So saùnh ñaëc bieät
The bigger , the better. (Caøng böï caøng toát)
The more , the merrier. (Caøng ñoâng caøng vui)
The sooner , the better. (Caøng sôùm caøng toát)
Gerunds can be used as subjects (Gerunds coù theå laøm chuû ngöõ)
Spending time with friends is very important to me. Learning a new language takes time.
S V S V
Gerunds can be used as objects
I like going to the cinema. She is considering buying a new house.
V O V O
VERBS THOÂNG THÖÔØNG THEO SAU LAØ GERUND
avoid traùnh She avoided answering my questions.
admit thuù nhaän He admitted stealing the money.
allow = permit cho pheùp She doesn't allow smoking in her house.
consider = think about
xem xeùt; caân nhaéc
I'm considering going to Hawaii.
delay = postpone trì hoaõn; hoaõn laïi
Why have they delayed opening the school ?
discuss = talk about
thaûo luaän; noùi veà
They discussed buying a new car.
deny phuû nhaän, choái He denied knowing anything about it.
detest / dislike khoâng thích; gheùt I detested writing letters.
We dislike flying.
enjoy thích thuù; höôûng I enjoy working in my garden.
finish xong; keát thuùc… Bob finished studying at midnight.
imagine töôûng töôïng; nghó I can’t imagine doing anything else.
involve ñoøi hoûi; caàn The job involves traveling
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keep = go on tieáp tuïc Keep working , don't stop.
mind phieàn Do you mind working long hours?
miss boû lôõ I missed meeting her yesterday.
practise / practice
thöïc taäp; thöïc haønh
We practise speaking English.
quit = give up; stop
David quit smoking.
recollect hoài töôûng She can recollect meeting the King.
risk ruûi ro; coù nguy cô If you don’t study hard now, you risk failing your final exams.
suggest / recommend
ñeà nghò I suggest going there by car.
GERUNDS WITH SOME EXPRESSIONS (Gerund ñöôïc söû duïng trong moät soá thaønh ngöõ)
can't help
can't stand
get/ be used to
get/ be accustomed to
look forward to
It… no good
It… no use
It… a waste of time
(be) worth
(be) busy
khoâng theå khoâng/ nhòn
khoâng theå chòu ñöïng
quen vôùi
mong ñôïi
chaúng coù ích gì
phí thôøi giôø
ñaùng
baän roän
I can't help laughing.
She can't stand doing chores.
You get used to working with famous people.
I’m accustomed to wearing light clothes.
I look forward to seeing you next week.
It was no good talking to him about it.
It is no use learning what you don’t need.
It’s a waste of time explaining it to him.
That book is worth reading.
My father is busy doing a scientific research
GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES?
Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with no real change in meaning:
(Moät soá Verbs theo sau Infinitive hay Gerund khoâng thay ñoåi yù nghóa.)
begin He began to shout / shouting at them.
start Suddenly the rain started to fall / falling.
14
continue We continued to rehearse / rehearsing the chorus after the break.
prefer I prefer to ride / riding. I prefer riding to walking.
like She likes to hike / hiking
hate The old man hated to use / using email.
NOTES:
* would like / would prefer theo sau bôûi infinitive: I’d like to visit Paris. I’d prefer to have beef.
Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with a difference in meaning.
(Moät soá Verbs theo sau Infinitive hay Gerund vôùi coù thay ñoåi yù nghóa.)
STOP
stop + verb-ing = ngöøng moät haønh ñoäng ñang laøm
stop + to-verb = ngöøng moät haønh ñoäng ñang laøm naøo ñoù ñeå laøm moät haønh ñoäng khaùc
He was driving. He stopped. He got some petrol.
He stopped driving. He stopped to get some petrol.
She was playing the guitar. She stopped. She changed a string.
She stopped playing the guitar. She stopped to change a string. TRY
try + verb-ing thöû laøm gì (xem coù ñöôïc khoâng)
try + to-verb coá gaéng laøm gì
When you have hiccups, try taking 7 sips of water.
I tried everything but the baby still wouldn’t stop crying. I tried holding him. I tried
feeding him. I
tried burping him. I tried changing his diapers. Nothing worked.
The window was jammed. He tried to open it.
We always try to study hard.
REMEMBER
remember + verb-ing = recall hoài töôûng laïi haønh ñoäng trong quaù khöù
15
remember + to-verb nhôù laøm moät nhieäm vuï, moät boå phaän, moät ñieàu caàn thieát.
I always remember meeting him for the first time. He was wearing shabby clothes and long hair down to the shoulders.
We remember living in the peaceful countryside long time ago. At that time we were really happy.
I remember putting enough salt into the soup but I don’t understand why it is tasteless.
When I leave my motorcycle on the street, I always remember to lock it.
I always remember to turn off the computer after using it.
Remember to put salt in the soup before you take it out of the cooker.
FORGET I never forget kissing my wife at church on my wedding day. (I kissed her)
He forgot having dates with me for a long time after he fell in love with a new girl.
My wife was upset because I forgot to kiss her before leaving for work this morning. (I didn’t kiss her)
He forgot to ask her telephone number so he couldn’t contact her.
REGRET
regret + verb-ing hoái haän veà vieäc ñaõ laøm hay khoâng laøm
regret + to-verb laáy laøm tieác phaûi laøm gì
He didn’t go to school when he was younger. He regrets not going to school when he was younger.
She didn’t like school. Going to school was boring. She regrets going to school.
I regret to inform that you can’t take the job.
He doesn’t want to leave his home country. He regrets to leave.
The girl regretted to say goodbye to them.
Her mother regrets to sell their loving house.
Go on
go on + verb-ing tieáp tuïc (vieäc ñaõ laøm tröôùc ñoù)
go on + to-verb tieáp theo (laøm vieäc gì khaùc)
I’m working too hard. I can’t go on working like this.
She’s studying in the library. She will go on studying until the library closes.
I’ve made two big cakes. I will go on to make ice-cream.
(Toâi laøm 2 caùi baùnh roài. Tieáp theo toâi seõ laøm kem)
After introducing her proposal, she went on to explain the benefits for the company
(Sau khi ñöa ra ñeà xuaát, tieáp theo coâ aáy giaûi thích lôïi ích maø cty coù ñöôïc töø ñeà xuaát ñoù)
Mean
16
mean + verb-ing coù nghóa laø (giaûi thích ñieàu tröôùc ñoù)
mean + to-verb coù yù ñònh (laøm gì)
We could take the ferry to France, but that will mean spending a night in
a hotel.
Money is important. It doesn’t mean trying to earn a lot of money by
any means despite bad results.
I didn’t mean to hurt you.
Have you meant to let him stay here in our house?
EXERCISE: Gerund or infinitive?
1. I always remember (turn) ………………… off the lights before I leave my house.
2. I can remember (be) ………………… very proud and happy when I graduated from university
3. Please remember (give) ………… Jake my message. It is very important.
4. I remember (play) ………… dolls when I was a child.
5. What do you remember (do)….…. when you were a child?
6. I can’t never forget (watch) ………………… our team score the winning goal in the last seconds of the game to capture the national championship.
7. Don’t forget (do) ………… your homework tonight!
8. When a student asks a question, the teacher always tries (explain) …… the problem as clearly as possible.
9. The room was hot. I tried (open) …………………the window, but that didn’t help. So I tried (turn)………… on the fan, but I was still hot. Finally, I turned on the air conditioner.
10.Sally reminded me to ask you to tell Bob to remember (bring) ………………… his soccer ball to the picnic.
11.Could you please stop (whistle) …………………? I’m trying (concentrate) ………………… on my work.
12.What am I going to do? I forgot (bring) ………………… my calculus text, and I need it for the review today.
13.I don’t remember (tell) ………………… of the decision to change the company policy on vacations. When was it decided? (use passive voice)
14.I haven’t been able to get in touch with Shannon. I tried (call) …………………. Then I tried (write) ………………… her a letter. I tried (leave) ………………… message with her brother when I talked to him. Nothing worked.
15.I always try (pay) ………………… my bills on time, but I’m a little late.
16.My roommate says I have a terrible voice, so I stopped (sing) ..………… in the shower.
17.The cashier always remembers (count)………… the money in her cash register each day before she leaves work.
18.Don’t forget (call) ………………home as soon as you arrive as your destination.
19.I told the mail carrier that we would be away for two weeks on vacation. I asked her to stop (deliver) ……………… our mail until the 21st.
20.Would you please remember (put) ………………… away all the tapes when you’re finished listening?
17
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Infinitives (Ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu coù to) ñöôïc söû duïng trong nhöõng caáu truùc caâu sau ñaây:
1. Subject + Verb + (not) + to Infinitive
Subject
Verb (not) + to Infinitive
HeTheyI They
promised decided refusedagreed
to come.not to go.
to sell my shares.
to help me.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY TO-INFINITIVE (Nhöõng ñoäng töø theo sau bôûi TO-INFINITIVE)
afford coù ñuû (tieàn, khaû naêng)
I can’t afford to take a taxi.
They afforded to pay for the large bill.
agree ñoàng yù The leaders have agreed to meet in London in July.
aim plan – döï kieán They are aiming to reduce unemployment.
appear coù veû nhö They appeared not to know what was happening.
arrange plan - saép xeáp They have arranged to provide a new flat for you.
bother maát coâng/ maát thôøi gian
Don’t bother to meet me at the airport. I’ll take a taxi.
claim tuyeân boá; khaúng ñònh
I don’t claim to be an expert.
She claimed to be related to the Queen.
decide quyeát ñònh Tadworth Council have decided to build a new by-pass.
demand yeâu caàu, ñoøi hoûi She demanded to go there on her own.
determine
decide – nhaát quyeát
The young man determined to succeed in life.
endeavor
try – coá gaéng They endeavored to arrive on time.
expect mong ñôïi Ben Doe expects to win the Olympic gold medal.
fail khoâng …. ñöôïc She failed to keep her words. (Coâ ta khoâng giöõ lôøi höùa)
I failed to see the signs. (Toâi khoâng thaáy baûng hieäu)
guarantee
baûo ñaûm; höùa chaéc
The company guaranteed to pay its debt.
happen tình côø You happened to know his name, didn’t you?
hasten haáp taáp, voäi vaøng
She saw his frown and hastened to explain.
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hesitate do döï; löôõng löï Don’t hesitate to ask us.
hope hy voïng They were hoping to speak to Mrs Florence Hamilton.
intend coù yù ñònh The Duke of Mercia has intended to marry Lady Diana.
learn hoïc He is learning (how) to dance.
long troâng; mong I’m longing to see you again.
manage coù theå The pilot managed/ was able to escape in the fighter crash.
mean coù yù I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to hurt him.
need caàn I need to do my housework before my mother comes back.
offer ñeà nghò The salesman offered to wrap the gift for me.
plan döï kieán The Council are planning to build four 20-storey blocks of flats.
pretend giaû vôø She pretended not to listen to me when I spoke to her.
proceed tieáp theo (laø)
He took out some papers and then proceeded to read aloud.
promise höùa Jack promised not to be late for the wedding.
propose plan – ñeà xuaát
What do you propose to do now?
prove to be
hoùa ra; thaønh ra
The promotion proved to be a turning point in his career.
(Vieäc thaêng chöùc hoùa ra laïi trôû thaønh böôùc ngoaët trong söï nghieäp cuûa anh ta)
refuse töø choái The factory workers, who are sitting in, have refused to move.
resolve determine He resolved not to tell the enemy the truth.
seek, sought
try – coá gaéng
The host sought to make the guests comfortable.
seem coù veû, döôøng nhö
You seem to be in good mood today.
strive, strove, striven
try - ra söùc; coá
Newspaper editors strive to be first with a story.
Caùc toaø baùo ra söùc laø tôø baùo ñaàu tieân ñöa moät tin naøo ñoù)
tend coù khuynh höôùng
Women tend to live longer than men.
threaten ñe doïa Miners’ leaders have threatened to strike on.
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trouble baän taâm; coá coâng
He rushed into the room without troubling to knock
(Noù chaïy aøo vaøo phoøng khoâng theøm goõ cöûa).
He didn’t trouble to check the figures
(Anh ta khoâng coá coâng kieåm tra laïi soá lieäu)
undertake
ñaûm nhaän He undertook to finish the job by Friday.
would likewant
muoán I’d like / want to visit the Great Wall in China.
2. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + (not) + to-Infinitive
Subject
Verb Direct Object
(not) + to-Infinitive
He
I
She
They
wants
asked
told
warned
me
them
the servant
the children
to come.
not to do it.
to open the window.
not to make noise.
Nhöõng ñoäng töø coù caáu truùc treân:
advise khuyeân The doctor advised the patient to have a lot of exercise
allow = permit
cho pheùp We don’t allow anyone to smoke in the office.
ask yeâu caàu Don’t ask children to cheat.
cause sai; khieán The poor harvest caused prices to increase.
challenge thaùch thöùc The boy challenged his brother to climb the tree.
command ra leänh He commanded his men to retreat.
drive khieán Poverty drove her to steal. (Caùi ngheøo khieán coâ ta sinh troäm caép.)
enable laøm... coù theå The software enables you to access the Internet in seconds.
(Phaàn meàm naøy khieán anh coù theå truy caäp Internet trong vaøi giaây)
encourage khuyeán khích My parents encouraged my sister to study further.
embarrass gaây ngöôïng nguøng
It embarrassed him to take her hands.
expect mong muoán Her husband expected her to serve him dinner.
forbid; ban caám I forbid my children to ride motorcycle to school.
force eùp buoäc My parents forced us to go to the college.
get nhôø; khieán I got my brother to do chores.
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induce thuyeát phuïc Nothing induces him to take that job.
inspire truyeàn caûm; gaây caûm xuùc (cho ai)
The singer inspired the audience to clap their hands while he was singing.
instruct chæ; daïy My father instructed me to drive.
invite môøi He invited his friends to come around his house.
lead; led; led
khieán What led you to believe it true?
order ra leänh The robber ordered everybody to lie on the floor.
persuade thuyeát phuïc He didn’t like it, but we persuaded him to take it after all.
prompt khieán; nhaéc nhôû
The accident prompts her to renew her insurance.
remind nhaéc nhôû Please remind me to post the letter this afternoon.
stimulate kích thích; thuùc ñaåy
Reading books stimulates children to imagine better.
teach daïy Nobody teaches birds to fly.
tell keå, baûo (ai) Please tell her not to use the office phone for personal call.
tempt caùm doã; duï doã
Nothing would tempt me to live there.
warn caûnh baùo They warned drivers not to enter into that way.
would likewant
Would you like me to do it?
Do you want James to come with us?
would prefer
thích. . . hôn I’d prefer you to go out.
I’d prefer you not to tell the truth.
3. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + (to be) + Complement * Thaønh phaàn “to be” coù theå boû ñi
* Complement – danh töø hay tính tö,ø boå nghóa cho Direct Object (khoâng phaûi cho verb)
* Nhöõng Verbs coù caáu truùc naøy: believe (tin raèng); consider (coi nhö/ xem nhö… laø…); prove (chöùng minh…)
Subject Verb Direct Object
(to be) Complement
They
I
He
We
believed
consider
considered
proved
him
her
it
them
(to be)
(to be)
(to be)
(to be)
innocent
the best student in the class.
a shame.
wrong
4. NOUNS / PRONOUNS / ADVERBS + TO-INFINITIVE
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Noun to-infinitive
I’ve got three shirts to pack.
There’s another pair of shoes to get in.
Where’s the airline label to put on the suitcase?
Pronoun/ adverb to-infinitive
There’s nothing to worry about.
Is there anywhere to put your toilet bag?
I don’t know where to put them.
He can’t decide what to buy.
PRONOUNS: nothing, something, someone, somebody, what. . .ADVERB: where, anywhere, somewhere, when. . .
5. Subject + Verb + Adjective + to-Infinitive Nhöõng tính töø chæ taâm traïng: glad (vui); happy; upset (buoàn); angry; delighted (vui); sad; sorry… thöôøng duøng caáu truùc naøy
Subject
Verb
Adjective
to-infinitive
WeThey I
arewerefelt
gladupsetangry
to see you again.to know about your accident.to find out the truth.
6. It + Verb + Adjective/ Noun + to-Infinitive
It Verb Adjective/ Noun
to-infinitive
It
It
It
It
is
isn’t
is
was
dangerous
easy
fun
a shame
to ride with a drunk driver.
to climb to the top of a mountain.
to ride a horse.
to tease the disabled man.
* Nhöõng caâu trong caáu truùc treân coù theå vieát laïi vôùi To-infinitive laøm Subject
Subject Verb Adjective/ Noun
To ride
To climb
To ride
To
with a drunk driver
to the top of a mountain
a horse
the disabled man
is
isn’t
is
was
dangerous
easy
fun
a shame
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tease
7. It + (take) + time + to-Infinitive
It (take) (somebody)
time to-infinitive
It
It
It
It
takes
took
has taken
will take
us
them
me
all of us
time
5 hours
5 minutes
5 years
to learn a new language.
to get there.
to find out the answer for that question.
to finish the project.
It takes us time to learn a new language ñöôïc dòch laø: Hoïc moät thöù tieáng môùi chuùng ta phaûi maát thôøi gian
Thaønh phaàn (somebody) coù theå khoâng ñöôïc ñeà caäp.
ENOUGH adjective + enough + to-infinitive
Jimmy isn’t old enough to go to school.
Are you rich enough to take a taxi?
Is he good enough to be a champion?
enough + noun + to-infinitive
I don’t have enough money to buy that bike.
Did you have enough time to finish the test?
We didn’t have enough people to do that work.
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(much) too + adjective + (for …) + to-infinitive
A piano is much too heavy to lift.
She is much too young to get married.
My grandfather’s much too old to work.
This hat is much too expensive to buy.
That ceiling is much too high for me to touch.
She is much too young for him to get married.
The coffee is much too hot for Kim to drink.
These shoes are much too big for Jim to put on.
These cakes are much too hard for them to chew.
‘much’ duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh theâm cho Adjective. YÙ nghóa cuûa nhöõng caâu treân laø phuû ñònh. A piano is much too heavy to lift (Moät caây ñaøn piano quaù naëng khoâng nhaác noåi.) That ceiling is much too high for me to touch (Traàn nhaø cao
quaù toâi vôùi khoâng tôùi.) thaønh phaàn ‘for…’ coù theå khoâng ñöôïc ñeà caäp
1. Subject + Verb + Bare Infinitive * Bare Infinitive – ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu khoâng coù “to” * Thöôøng caùc modals ñöôïc theo sau bôûi Bare Infinitive tröø ra ought (neân) ñi vôùi to-infinitive (He ought to do it)
Subject
Verb Bare Infinitive
I
They
She
should
would rather
will
do it.
go.
do the work.
2. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Bare Infinitive
Subject
Verb Direct Object
Bare Infinitive
ITheySheWeI
madelet will have sawheard
himmesomeonehimthem
do it.go.do the work.come in.sing.
Nhöõng Verb söû duïng caáu truùc treân:
let ñeå; cho (ai laøm gì)make khieán; baéthave nhôø; khieán (ai
hear * nghenotice * ñeå yù thaáysmell * ngöûilisten to * laéng
24
laøm gì)see * thaáywatch * quan saùt; xem
nghe feel * caûm thaáy
Bare infinitives or present participle? Nhöõng verbs (coù daáu *) chæ veà giaùc quan hay coù lieân heä tôùi giaùc quan (verbs of perception) coù hai caáu truùc caâu tuøy theo ngöõ caûnh :
I saw a man cross the road.
She heard us sing beautiful songs in the theatre.
I feel my heart beat fast whenever I see her.
haønh ñoâng cuûa bare infinitive laø troïn veïn (complete action)
When I looked up, I saw a man crossing the road.
When she entered the room, she heard us singing cheerfully.
Hearing her voice, he felt his heart beating fast.
haønh ñoâng cuûa present participle laø ñang dieãn tieán (in progress)
3. It + (be) + adjective + (that) + subject + bare infinitive Moät soá Adjectives sau ñaây söû duïng trong caáu truùc naøy that coù theå boû ñi
It + (be)
adjective (that)
subject bare infinitive
It is
It is
It is
It was
It is
It is
important
necessary
essential
vital
imperative
critical
that
that
that
that
that
that
he
everyone
pollution
no one else
she
the P.M.
be careful in his writing.
not arrive here late.
be controlled.
know about the secret.
return home immediately.
address those sensitive issues.
4. Subject + verb + (that) + subject + bare infinitive
Subject
Verb (that) subject bare infinitive
I
Mr. Lee
They
suggested
insists
requested
that
that
that
he
she
students
see a doctor.
lock the door.
not wear jeans.
Nhöõng Verb söû duïng caáu truùc treân:
25
demand yeâu caàu; ñoøi hoûi
insist khaúng ñònh; khaêng khaêngask yeâu caàu
suggest ñeà nghòrecommend
ñeà nghò
advise khuyeân
propose ñeà xuaát
but vaø except (for) neáu laø töø noái (conjunctions) coù nghóa laø ‘ngoaïi tröø’, ‘tröø ra’, thöôøng ñi sau caùc baát ñònh töø
all, none, every, everything, everybody, everyone, nothing, nobody, not… any, anything, anybody, anywhere
Nobody came but Mary. (Khoâng ai ñaõ ñeán tröø Mary)
She took all the money but a twenty-dollar bill. (Coâ ta laáy heát tieàn tröø tôø 20 ñoâ la))
I couldn’t see anything except for trees. (Toâi khoâng thaáy gì heát ngoaøi nhöõng caùi caây ra)
Hình thöùc ñoäng töø (Verb forms) theo sau but vaø except (for) seõ laáy daïng verb–ing hay to-infinitive hay bare
infinitive tuøy theo caáu truùc caâu cuûa ñoäng töø trong meänh ñeà ñi tröôùc.
She isn’t interested in doing anything but skiing
(She isn’t interested in doing anything but interested in skiing)
I look forward to doing nothing except going on holiday.
I look forward to doing nothing except forward to going on holiday.
He could do nothing but stand and watch her leave.
The girls did nothing but talk during their spare time.
He did everything except work.
Yesterday we did everything but change the lamp in the bathroom.
She has no choice but to sign the contract
(She has no choice to make but the choice to sign the contract)
He had no alternative but to go to see her.
(He had no alternative to do but alternative to see her)
Participle Adjectives laø Adjectives ñöôïc hình thaønh töø Verbs theâm –ing hoaëc –ed. Nhöõng Verbs loaïi naøy thöôøng
dieãn taû xuùc caûm, traïng thaùi tinh thaàn (emotions, spirits)
adjectives past participle present participle
26
adjectives adjectives
excite (gaây) phaán khích; phaán khôûi; thích thuù
excited (about/ by) exciting
amuse (laøm) vui, khuaây khoûa, giaûi trí
amused amusing
interest (gaây) thích thuù; hay; thuù vò
interested (in) interesting
fascinate
thu huùt; haáp daãn fascinated fascinating
bore (gaây) chaùn, buoàn bored (with) boring
disappoint
laøm thaát voïng; laøm naûn loøng
disappointed disappointing
frustrate
laøm böïc boäi; gaây böùc xuùc
frustrated frustrating
worry gaây lo laéng worried (about) worrying
shock gaây choaùng shocked (at/ by) shocking
frighten laøm ai sôï haõi frightened (of) frightening
terrify gaây kinh haõi terrified (of) terrifying
amaze gaây kinh ngaïc amazed (at/ by) amazing
surprise laøm ngaïc nhieân surprised (at/ by) surprising
encourage
khuyeán khích; khích leä encouraged encouraging
embarrass
gaây xaáu hoå; ngöôïng nguøng
embarrassed embarrassing
Past Participle Adjectives taän cuøng –ed mang nghóa bò ñoäng (passive)
Present Participle Adjectives taän cuøng –ing mang nghóa chuû ñoäng (active)
VERBS Past Participle Adjectives Present Participle Adjectives
Ghost stories frighten her.
She is frightened of ghost stories.
Ghost stories are frightening.
Football interests most people.
Most people are interested in football.
Football is interesting
Non-fiction films bore them.
They are bored with non-fiction films.
Non-fiction films are boring.
The party surprised him.
He was surprised by / at the party.
It is a surprising party.
Participle Adjectives cuõng coù theå moâ taû haønh ñoäng cho danh töø chöù khoâng dieãn taû veà xuùc caûm.
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I saw a sleeping child (ñöùa treû ñang nguû) on the bench in the park.
The overloaded truck (xe taûi chôû haøng quaù möùc) was stopped down the halfway road.
The policeman chased the guys in the stolen car (chieác xe bò aên caép) across the bridge.
Modifying Phrases laø nhoùm töø baét ñaàu baèng present participle (verb-ing) boå nghóa cho töø hay cho caâu:
1. Modifying Phrases boå nghóa (modify) cho moät danh töø ñöùng tröôùc
Simon is the boy sitting in the corner. The girl wearing the black dress is Sarah.
2. Modifying Phrases dieãn taû haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn tieán ñoàng thôøi vôùi haønh ñoäng cuõng ñang dieãn tieán khaùc.
She was carrying a heavy shopping bag walking along the road,
They were going down the hill talking and laughing cheerfully.
Ann was sleeping on the sofa snoring softly.
3. Modifying Phrases dieãn taû haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn tieán khi haønh ñoäng khaùc xaûy ra
Hiking through the woods yesterday , we saw a lot of animals.
When we were hiking through the woods yesterday, we saw a lot of animals.
Driving along the road , he swerved his car to avoid a dog.
When he was driving along the road, he swerved his car to avoid a dog.
Sitting in class , Ann fell asleep.
While she was sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
4. Modifying Phrases dieãn taû haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn tieán thì bò giaùn ñoaïn bôûi haønh ñoäng khaùc.
I had an accident driving to work . (Toâi bò tai naïn khi ñang laùi xe ñi laøm)
I had an accident while I was driving to work.
He fell off his bike going round the corner, . (Anh ta teù xe khi ñang queïo goùc ñöôøng)
She cut herself peeling an orange with a sharp knife . (Coâ aáy bò ñöùt tay khi ñang goït cam vôùi con dao beùn)
5. Modifying Phrases dieãn taû haønh ñoäng laø nguyeân nhaân gaây ra haønh ñoäng thöù hai.
Touching a bare electric wire, he was shocked. (Chaïm daây ñieän traàn, anh ta bò ñieän giöït)
Because he touched a bare electric wire…
Kicking the ball too hard, Tom sprained his ankle. (Ñaù traùi banh quaù maïnh, Tom bò traëc chaân)
Because he kicked the ball too hard…
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6. Modifying Phrases dieãn taû haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy vaø chaám döùt tröôùc khi moät haønh ñoäng khaùc xaûy ra.
Finishing his homework, he went to bed. After he had finished his homework…
Completing her shopping, she took a taxi. After she had completed her shopping,…
Picking up the apples in the garden, we had dinner. After we had picked up the appales….
* Trong tröôøng hôïp naøy Modifying Phrases coù theå ôû hình thöùc perfect: having + past participle
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
Having completed her shopping, she took a taxi.
Having picked up the apples in the garden, we had dinner.
someone / somebody
duøng trong caâu khaúng ñònh
anyone / anybody
duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh vaø caâu hoûi
duøng trong caâu khaúng ñònh coù nghóa laø ‘baát kyø’
Someone is standing at the door.
I can’t see anyone. Does anyone see him?
Anyone who wants to come is welcome.
Give it to anybody there.
something
duøng trong caâu khaúng ñònh
duøng trong caâu yeâu caàu hoaëc caâu môøi
anything
duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh vaø
caâu hoûi
duøng trong caâu khaúng ñònh
coù nghóa laø ‘baát kyø’
There’s something in my eye.
Would you like something to drink? (Caâu môøi)
May I ask you something? (Caâu yeâu caàu)
He doesn’t have anything in his pocket.
Do you know anything about computers?
Use anything that can help.
somewhere
duøng trong caâu khaúng ñònh
anywhere
duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh vaø caâu hoûi
He lives somewhere in London.
I don’t want to go anywhere.
Is there anywhere to have lunch?
everyone / everybody / everything / everywhere
Everyone is here. Everything is OK.
I’m looking for it everywhere.
no one = nobody
not ... anyone No one wants to live in poverty.
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not ... anybody He works for nobody .
He doesn’t work for anybody.
nothing not ... anything She liked to do nothing
She didn’t like to do anything.
nowhere not ... anywhere He had nowhere to go.
He didn’t have anywhere to go.
none - khoâng coù ai, khoâng coù gì
none of
Verb ôû soá ít hay soá nhieàu, tuøy danh töø sau of laø soá ít
hay soá nhieàu
Did anyone receive the bonus? None (Nobody)
What did you take? None (Nothing)
None of us received the bonus.
None of the employees are sacked
None of the money is mine.
None of the chairs are theirs.
Reflexive pronouns
–self chuû ngöõ soá ít
–selves chuû ngöõ soá nhieàu
I myself
You yourself
It itself
He looked at himself in the mirror.
She herself
You yourselves
We ourselves
They themsleves
Reflexive pronouns (Ñaïi töø phaûn thaân) laø nhöõng ñaïi töø thay theá cho ngöôøi hay vaät nhaän söï taùc ñoäng cuûa
I don’t love anyone else. I love myself.
Nobody taught the student. He taught himself.
You don’t need to turn on/ off the electric fan. It turns on/ off itself.
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haønh ñoäng do chính ngöôøi hay vaät ñoù laøm.
Help yourself.
Juliet killed herself. Romeo killed himself. They killed themselves.
by + reflexive pronouns
coù nghóa laø alone (moät mình)
My mother can prepare a 30-person party by herself.
The evidence proved that the criminal couldn’t have done it by himself.
Maria and I travelled to Paris by ourselves.
Some students are living by themselves in this big city.
Reflexive pronouns
duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh,
ñi ngay theo sau ngöôøi
hay vaät maø noù nhaán
maïnh hoaëc ôû cuoái caâu
neáu khoâng gaây roái
nghóa.
The actor made the stunts in the movie.
The actor himself made the stunts in the movie.
The actor made the stunts in the movie himself.
His parents offered him a sport car on his birthday. He sold the car itself.
(Anh ta ñem baùn chính chieác xe ñoù)
Sometimes the parents spoil their children.
Sometimes the parents themselves spoil their children.
WRONG : Marry loves myself. Marry loves me.
WRONG : Because nobody could help herself, the girl cried. Because nobody could help her, the girl cried.
Reciprocal pronouns (Ñaïi töø töông taùc) laø nhöõng ñaïi töø thay theá cho ngöôøi hay vaät nhaän söï töông taùc qua laïi/ laãn nhau
each other one another
Juliet loved Romeo. Romeo loved Juliet. They loved each other.
I kissed my daughter. She kissed me. We kissed each other.
The man taught the woman. They woman taught the man. They taught
each other.
This is your opportunity of saving us. This is our opportunity of saving you.
This is our opportunity of saving one another.
(Ñaây laø cô hoäi ñeå chuùng ta cöùu laãn nhau)
Possessive reciprocal pronouns
chæ söï trao ñoåi sôû höõu
each other’s
one another’s
The fugitive (keû ñaøo taåu) put on the guard’s uniform (ñoàng phuïc cuûa baûo
veä) and then put the prisoner’s clothes on the guard.
They wore each other’s clothes. (Hoï maëc quaàn aùo cuûa nhau)
006 spy (ñieäp vieân) sold the secret documents he found to Z5 spy. So did
Z5. They sold each other’s secret documents. (Hoï baùn taøi lieäu maät cuûa laãn nhau)
I spend my money but sometimes I spend theirs. So do they. We spend
one another’s money. (Chuùng toâi xaøi tieàn cuûa laãn nhau)
I owe them my life. They owe me their lives. We owe one 31
another’s lives.
(Toâi mang ôn cöùu maïng cuûa hoï. Hoï mang ôn toâi. Chuùng toâi mang ôn laãn nhau)
WRONG: They worked each other. They worked for each other.
We walked to school each other. We walked to school together.
Pit and Linda met together two years ago. Pit and Linda met each other two years ago.
Töø chæ soá löôïng (an expression of quantity / quantifier) ñöùng tröôùc noun. Moät soá quantifiers chæ ñi vôùi countable nouns, moät soá khaùc chæ ñi vôùi uncountable nouns, moät soá khaùc nöõa thì ñi ñöôïc vôùi caû hai.
NHÖÕNG TÖØ CHÆ SOÁ LÖÔÏNG
ÑI VÔÙI COUNT NOUNS
ÑI VÔÙI UNCOUNT NOUNS
oneeach every
one appleeach appleevery apple
two botha couple of threea fewseveralmanynumber of
two applesboth applesa couple of
applesthree
applesa few
apples several
applesmany
applesnumber of apples
a littlemucha great deal of
a little ricemuch ricea great deal of rice
not any/ nosomea lot of lots ofplenty ofmostall
not any/ no applessome
applesa lot of
appleslots of
applesplenty of applesmost applesall apples
not any/ no ricesome ricea lot of ricelots of riceplenty of ricemost riceall rice
Moät soá töø chæ soá löôïng bò giôùi haïn trong caùch söû duïng ôû caùc theå khaúng ñònh, phuû ñònh vaø nghi vaán
‘many’ coù theå ñi vôùi taát caû caùc theå loaïi caâu, nhöng a lot of/ lots of khoâng duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh, ‘much’ chæ duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh vaø nghi vaán.
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a little / a few coù theå ñi vôùi caâu khaúng ñònh, khoâng duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh, vaø nghi vaán.
Affirmative Negative Question
Count Nouns
There are some apples.
Ø Ø
Ø There aren’t any apples.
Are there any apples?
There are many apples.
There aren’t many apples.
Are there many apples?
There are a lot of apples.
Ø Are there a lot of apples?
There are a few apples.
Ø Ø
Uncount Nouns
Ø There isn’t much rice. Is there much rice?
There is a little rice. Ø Ø
A few & few and a little & little
Count Nouns Uncount Nouns
a few
few students
a few moät ít (ñuû ñeå laøm gì ñoù)
few quaù ít (khoâng ñuû)
- I have a few books at home.
- He has few books to do his research. He
has to
borrow more from the library.
- A few graduate students find jobs easily.
- There were few students so the class was
cancelled.
a little
little work
a little : moät ít (ñuû ñeå laøm gì ñoù)
little : quaù ít (khoâng ñuû)
- We have a little flour. That’s enough to
make a cake.
- We have little flour. We can’t make any
cakes
- A little rain made the garden fresh and
cool.
- There was little rain. Most plants became
dry.
Using ‘of’ in expressions of quantity
Moät soá töø chæ soá löôïng theo sau coù ‘of’: plenty of, a number of, a great deal of, a lot of
Moät soá töø khaùc coù hoaëc khoâng coù ‘of’, Tuy nhieân khi ñi vôùi pronouns (it, you, us…) thì taát caû phaûi coù ‘of’
Non-specific Nouns (Danh töø khoâng xaùc ñònh
trong caùch noùi chung khoâng
Specific Nouns (Danh töø xaùc ñònh söû duïng trong tröôøng hôïp
rieâng bieät naøo ñoù. Danh töø theo sau thöôøng ñi
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tröôøng hôïp rieâng bieät naøo) vôùi töø chæ ñònh the, these, those, my..)
Most books are interesting.
Most women love having
children.
Most men like drinking beer or
wine.
Most food is nutritious.
Most of these books are mine.
Most of my books are in English.
Most of the book I’m reading is good.
Most of them are kind.
All children need education.
All students must have identity
cards.
He wants all money in the
world.
All the children in this poor family are
illiterate.
All of the children in this poor family are
illiterate.
All of us wish for happiness.
I need all your money.
I need all of your money.
NHÖÕNG TRÖÔØNG HÔÏP KHAÙC
Both (Caû hai) khoâng duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh
Either (moät trong hai)
Both boys needed punishment.
Both the boys needed punishment.
Both of the boys needed punishment.
Both of them needed punishment.
You can stay at either hotel. Both of them are good.
(Baïn coù theå ôû moät trong hai khaùch saïn. Caû hai ñeàu toát)
You can stay at either of the hotels.
You can stay at either of them.
Neither (Caû hai ñeàu khoâng) Both
Neither = not . . . either
I like neither player. I don’t like either player.
(Toâi khoâng thích caû hai ngöôøi chôi)
I like neither of the players. I don’t like either of
the players.
I don’t like either of
them.
Half (moät nöûa) half a kilo (of apples) / half an hour/ half a dozen/
half a mile
Half my work is finished.
Half of my work is finished.
They spent half of the time looking for parking
space.
They spent half the time looking for parking
space.
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You are a student. So am I. He doesn’t like going shopping. Neither does she.
(Baïn laø sinh vieân. Toâi cuõng vaäy) (Anh aáy khoâng thích shopping. Coâ aáy cuõng vaäy)
So/ neither vaø too/ either thöôøng söû duïng trong tình huoáng khoâng trònh troïng cho nhöõng caâu ñaùp ñoàng yù
(agreeing) ruùt goïn.
I. SO & TOO Khi toû söï gioáng nhau vôùi moät caâu noùi khaúng ñònh (toâi cuõng vaäy…), söû duïng maãu ruùt goïn vôùi:
So + Verb + Subject = Subject + Verb … too
Verb
‘to
Be’
Linda is from England. So am I
So is Tom
So are you
So are we.
I am, too.
Tom is, too.
You are,
We are, too.
Linda was here yesterday. So was I
So was he
So were you.
I was, too.
He was, too.
You were, too.
Mod
al V
erb
s
Linda can speak French. So can I
Linda could swim when she was 5. So could you
Linda would like to come. So would he
Linda will go on a diet. So will she
Linda must wear a uniform. So must we.
I can, too.
You could, too.
He would, too.
She will, too.
We must, too.
Pre
sen
t Perf
ect
Linda has been to Paris. So have I
So have you
So hasshe
So have my parents
I have, too.
You have, too.
She has, too.
My parents have, too.
Sim
ple
pre
sent Linda knows Peter. So
do I
So do you
So do my parents
So does he
I do, too.
You do, too.
My parents do, too.
He does, too.
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Sim
ple
past
Linda went out yesterday. So did I
So didyou
So did my parents
So did he
I did, too.
You did, too.
My parents did, too.
He did, too.
II. NEITHER & NOT … EITHER . Khi toû söï gioáng nhau vôùi moät caâu noùi phuû ñònh (toâi cuõng khoâng…), söû duïng maãu ruùt goïn vôùi :
Neither + Verb + Subject = Subject + Verb not + …. either
Verb
to B
e
Bill isn’t from Paris. Neither am I.
Neither is he.
Neither are you.
He isn’t, either.
She isn’t, either.
You aren’t, either.
Bill wasn’t sick yesterday. Neither was I. Neither was
she.
Neither were you.
I wasn’t, either.
She wasn’t, either.
You weren’t, either.
Mod
al V
erb
s
Billcan’t speak Chinese. Neither can I.
Billwouldn’t like to come. Neither would she.
Billwon’t go on a diet. Neither will he.
Billmustn’t chew gum. Neither must we.
I can’t. either.
She wouldn’t, either.
He won’t, either.
We mustn’t, either.
Pre
sen
t Perf
ect
Bill hasn’t been to Miami. Neither have I.
Neither have you.
Neither has he.
Neither have my parents.
I haven’t, either.
You haven’t, either.
He hasn’t, either.
My parents haven’t, either.
Sim
ple
p
rese
nt
Bill doesn’t like Mary. Neither do I.
Neither do you.
Neither does he.
Neither do my parents.
I don’t, either.
You don’t, either.
He doesn’t, either.
My parents don’t, either.
Sim
ple
past Bill didn’t go to university. Neither did
I.
Neither did you.
Neither did my parents.
I didn’t, either.
You didn’t, either.
My parents didn’t, either.
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