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One Size Does Not Fit All: Different pathways to social mobility among the children of immigrants
Wen-Hao Chen and Feng Hou Statistics Canada
2016-08-30 Statistics Canada • Statistique Canada 2
The context • Canadian-‐born children of immigrants ‒ the second generation ‒ constitute a large component of the Canadian population
• They outperform the 3rd+ generation in educational attainment and have similar labour market outcomes
• Conditioning on education and job characteristics, the 2nd generation visible minorities earn less than 3rd+ generation whites
• Rapidly rising diversity among the 2nd generation
2016-08-30 Statistics Canada • Statistique Canada 3
The 2nd generation increasingly consists of visible minority groups
Growth over 2001-‐2011: Age 25-‐44 Southeast Asian 400% South Asian 180% Latin American 170% West Asian/Arab 120% Black 100% Age 15-‐24 Latin American 130% West Asian/Arab 110% Southeast Asian 90%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2001 2011 2001 2011
% of visible minorities among the second generation
Others
Latin American
West Asian/Arab
Southeast Asian
South Asian
East Asian
Black
%
Youth 15-‐24 Age 25-‐44
2016-08-30 Statistics Canada • Statistique Canada 4
Continuing success in educational attainment
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2001 2011
% with a university degree, age 25-‐44
2nd generation
3rd+ generation whites
%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2001 2011
High-‐school dropout rate, age 25-‐44
2nd generation
3rd+ generation whites
%
5
Reduced advantage in labour market outcomes
65
70
75
80
85
90
2001 2011 2001 2011
Men Women
Employment rates, age 25-‐442nd generation 3rd+ generation whites
%
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
2001 2011 2001 2011
Men Women
Median earnings, workers aged 25-‐442nd generation 3rd+ generation whites
$
2016-08-30 Statistics Canada • Statistique Canada 6
Pathway 1: High educational level, high occupational attainment, high earnings --- 2nd generation whites
AllUniversity graduates
Observed Adjusted
British 45 28 -‐3 7 -‐2French 63 42 0 -‐10 -‐6Other European 30 20 -‐2 7 -‐2
Difference b/w 2nd generation groups and 3rd+ generation whites, age 25-‐44, 2011
University completion
rate
Share in high-‐skill occupations
Annual earnings, men
Percent
7
Pathway 2: Very high educational level, concentration in professional occupations, average earnings --- 2nd generation Chinese, South Asian, Japanese
AllUniversity graduates
Observed Adjusted
Chinese 144 66 -‐9 -‐7 -‐7South Asian 112 39 -‐6 -‐13 -‐10Japanese 99 47 -‐14 2 -‐2
difference b/w 2nd generation groups and 3rd+ generation whites, age 25-‐44, 2011
Share in high-‐skill occupations
Annual earnings, menUniversity
completion rate
Percent
2016-08-30 Statistics Canada • Statistique Canada 8
Pathway 3: High educational level, low-skill occupations, low earnings --- 2nd generation Filipino and Southeast Asian
AllUniversity graduates
Observed Adjusted
Filipino 60 -‐24 -‐49 -‐19 -‐15Southeast Asian 79 33 -‐13 -‐21 -‐5
difference b/w 2nd generation groups and 3rd+ generation whites, age 25-‐44, 2011
Share in high-‐skill occupations
Annual earnings, menUniversity
completion rate
Percent
2016-08-30 Statistics Canada • Statistique Canada 9
Pathway 4: Average educational level, low-quality jobs, very low earnings --- 2nd generation Black and Latin American
AllUniversity graduates
Observed Adjusted
Black 14 5 -‐17 -‐38 -‐15Latin American 27 -‐7 -‐22 -‐35 -‐16
difference b/w 2nd generation groups and 3rd+ generation whites, age 25-‐44
University completion
rate
Share in high-‐skill occupations
Annual earnings, men
Percent
2016-08-30 Statistics Canada • Statistique Canada 10
Pathway 5: Very high educational level, very low employment rate, low earnings --- 2nd generation West Asian/Arab and Korean
Observed Adjusted
West Asian /Arab 110 -‐30 0 -‐34 -‐18
Korean 130 -‐20 -‐20 -‐24 -‐14
University graduates in high skill
occupations
University completion
rate
Male employment
rate
difference b/w 2nd generation groups and 3rd+ generation whites, age 25-‐44, 2011
Annual earnings, men
Percent
11
Different pathways from parents’ education, education, employment, occupation, to earnings among 2nd generation groups
Parents' education
Educational attainment
Employment rate
Occupational attainment
Average earnings
Whites similar similar similar similar similar
Chinese, South Asian, Japanese
above far above similar above similar
Filipino far above above similar far below below
Black, Latin American
above similar below below far below
West Asian/Arab Korean
above far above far below similar below
Position of 2nd generation groups relative to 3rd + generation whites
2016-08-30 Statistics Canada • Statistique Canada 12
Discussion • Education is the basis of Canada’s success in
integrating the children of immigrants • Returns to education remain an issue for most
2nd generation visible minority groups, and the reasons may differ by group
• The need for more group-specific studies • Less rosy outcomes in the coming decades if
the observed different pathways persist