ontology and ontology libraries: a critical study
TRANSCRIPT
Outline
• Introduction and Overview
• Languages for expressing Ontologies
• Tools for building Ontologies
• Ontology Libraries
• Evaluation criteria
• Transitions to the future
What is Ontology?
• The term "ontology" can be defined as
an explicit specification of conceptualization.
1. Ontology is a term in philosophy and its meaning is ``theory
of existence''.
2. Ontology is an explicit specification of conceptualization.
3. Ontology is a body of knowledge describing some domain.
Ontology-Definition
Ontologies to capture human knowledge based on common sense.
- Lenat y Guha (1990)
Source: http://www.emiliosanfilippo.it/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Ontology-3.jpg
How are Ontologies currently being used to Librarians?
• Standardize vocabulary.
• Provide better routes.
• Provide better search.
Source: http://gonereading.com/newshop/wpcontent/uploads/2012/01/Librarian-Gift-446x446.png
Tools for Building ontology
• The are many Ontology tools are available in the
present times such as Protégé, OntoEdit, Ontolingua,
OilEd, pOWL etc.
Source: http://www.colourbox.com/preview/2456889-245207-three-3d-people-with-the-tools-in-the-hands-of.jpg
Protégé
• Free, open source
• Web client and format
• Strong community
Source: http://www.racer-systems.com/img//logo/protege.gif
Ontology built using Protégé
Source: http://protege-ontology-editor-knowledge-acquisition-system.136.n4.nabble.com/attachment/4658809/2/jbddhbbc.png
What is Ontology Libraries (OL)?
Ontology libraries are the systems that collect ontologies from
different sources and facilitate the tasks of finding, exploring, and
using these ontologies.
Source: http://semanticweb.com/files/2013/09/9685321345_afc5296f95.jpg
Need for ontology libraries
• Enables and facilitates interoperability
• Well-established and well-tested ontologies
• Integrates the data much more easily
(Contd.)
Need for ontology libraries
• Find and determine the domain
• Evaluate the quality
• Ontology in specific format
• Publish their ontology
Library content
What is in it?
-Ontology and how they are collected
-Gatekeeping
-Mappings and other inter-ontology relations
-Metadata
Main function for users
What does it let you do?
-Finding, Search and evaluating ontologies
-Browsing
-Programmatic access
What OL offers!!
Ontology library systems offer functions for
managing, adapting and standardizing groups of
ontologies, for indexing content with ontologies, and
for utilizing ontologies in applications.
Source: http://assets.fiercemarkets.com/public/newsletter/fiercehealthit/telehealth4.jpg
Requirements for an Ontology Library Service
• Designing the ontologies
• Populating the ontologies
• Publishing the ontologies
(Contd.)
Requirements for an Ontology Library Service
• Ontology based semantic application
• Ontology based semantic content creation
• Ontology based end user application
Structure of Ontology Library Systems
Source: http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0169023X02000411-gr4.jpg
Lists of Ontology libraries
Domain General Mixed
• BioPortal
• OBO Foundry
• OLS
• oeGov
• Cupboard
• ODP
• OntoSelect
• OntoSearch2
• Schema-Cache
• TONES
• SHOE
• ONKI
• COLOR
• Ontohub
• WebOnto
• DAML
• IEEE Standard
Upper Ontology
(SUO)
• MMI
• SHOE
Ontology Libraries-Domain
• Biomedical
- BioPortal
- OBO (Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies )
Foundry
- OLS (Ontology Lookup Service).
• e-Government
- oeGov (Ontologies for e-Government)
Ontology Libraries-General
- Cupboard
- ODP(Ontology Design Pattern)
- OntoSelect
- OntoSearch2
- TONES(Thinking ONtologiES)
- Schema-Cache
Ontology Libraries-Mixed
• ONKI Ontology Server
• COLOR (Common Logic Ontology Repository)
• Ontohub
• WebOnto
• DAML Ontology library system
• IEEE-SUO (Standard Upper Ontology)• MMI-ORR (Marine Metadata Interoperability-Ontology Registry and Repository )• SHOE (Simple HTML Ontology Extensions)
BioPortal- Biomedical
• Browse, search and visualize ontologies.
• Multiple formats support
• Add notes
• Add review
• Add mapping
• NCBO annotator
• NCBO Resource Index
Source: http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OOR/OOR-Logo/OOR-Logo-candidates/BioPortal-1.jpg
oeGov- e-Government
• Distributed creation and maintenance of information
• RDF/OWL formats
• Semantics and controlled vocabularies
• Schemas and several datasets
• Blog system and review
Source: http://oegov.org/images/oegov_logo.jpg
TONES-General
• Browsing ontology
• Empirical studies
• RDF/XML format
• Collection of OWL ontologies
Source: http://webont.org/owled/2007/TonesLogo.png
SHOE-Mixed
• Management
- Storage
- Versioning
• Adaptation
- Searching
• Standardization
- Language
- Upper-level ontology
Source: http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/SHOEtitle.gif
Evaluation Criteria
1. Domain
2. Number of ontologies
3. Dynamics
4. Search metadata
5. Search within ontology
6. Browsing ontologies
7. Architecture
8. Components
9. Collection
10. Gatekeeping
11. Search across ontologies
12. Metrics
13. Comments and reviews
14.Ranking
15. Navigation criteria
16. SPARQL endpoint
17. Content available
18. Read or write
19. Intended use
20. Storage
21. Web service access
22. Accepted formats
OL
Features
BioPortal Cupboard OBOFoundry
oeGov OLS ODP Schema-Cache
Domain Biomedical General Biomedical e-Govt. Biomedical General General
No. of ontologies
270 150 86 31 79 125 157
Dynamics Growing Growing Stable Growing Stable Growing Stable
Search metadata
Yes Yes Yes Blog-based No Wiki-based No
Search within ontology
Yes, with autocomple
te
Advanced search
No No Yes, terms and terms
IDs
No Keyword-based
Browsing ontologies
Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes
Components
Protégé, LexGrid
Watson Sourceforge Wordpress OBO API MediaWiki Talisplatform
Architecture
Single server
REST-based communicat
ion
CVS-based Single server
Single server
Single server
Cloud-based
Transitions to the future
Challenges and opportunities for an ontology
developer
-Role of an ontology libraries in massive adoption
and reuse.
-Community service as provided by ontology libraies
through appropriate endorsements.
(contd.)
Transitions to the future
Challenges and opportunities for an ontology
user
- Important for ontologies to be validated by a given
community
- An Ontologies be considered to one particular
domain, one particular format
References
1. Mathieu, d’Aquin, F. Noy, Natalya (2012). Where to publish and find
ontologies? A survey of ontology libraries. Web Semantics: Science,
Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 11, 96–111
2. http://obitko.com/tutorials/ontologies-semantic-web/ontologies.html
3. Curras, E (2010), Ontologies, Taxonomies and Thesauri in system science
and systematics. Great Abinton, CB: Woodhead Publishing.
4. King, Brandy . E , Reinold, Kathy (2008). Finding the concept, not just
the word: a librarian’s guide to ontologies and semantics. Witney, OX:
Chandos Publishing.
5. Bechhofer, S. Goble, C and Horrocks, I (2002). Requirements of
Ontology Languages. IST Project IST-2000-29243 OntoWeb.
6. http://www.dur.ac.uk/p.h.shaw/teaching/ais/lectures/patricia/ais13-rdfs.pdf
References (Contd.)
7. Heflin, J , an introduction to the owl web ontology language
8. http://protege.stanford.edu/
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_Libraries_(computer_science)
10.http://protege.stanford.edu/publications/ontology_development/ontology101-noy-mcguinness.html
11. Y. Ding, D. Fensel, Ontology library systems. The key to successful
ontology reuse, in: First Semantic Web Working Symposium, Stanford
University, 2001, pp. 93–112.
12. http://rpc295.cs.man.ac.uk:8080/repository/
13. http://semanticweb.com/oegov-open-government-through-semantic-web-technologies_b13990
14. http://oegov.org/