1.30-Nov-2011, Enschede, The NetherlandsOntology Spectrum for Geological Data InteroperabilityPhD candidate:Xiaogang MaPromotors:Prof. dr. F.D. van der Meer Prof. C. Wu Dr. E.J.M. CarranzaAsst. Promotor: (Background image courtesy of OneGeology and CGMW)

2. Geology is everywhere (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 3. Geology is everywhere (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 4. (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 5. (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 6. (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 7. (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 8. (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 9. (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 10. (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 11. (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 12. (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 13. (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 14. (Images courtesy of OneGeology, CGMW, BGS, John Powell, Paul Witney, Serdar Yagci, Sourav Chowdhury, Corbis, Sarah Hannis) 15. But 16. Is the geological knowledge harmonized?(Background image courtesy of British Geological Survey) 17. Are the geological data interoperable?(Background image courtesy of British Geological Survey) 18. and that lack of interoperability may pose problems for the real world(Background image courtesy of British Geological Survey) 19. Ontology in philosophy Definition:That branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature or essence of being or existence Aristotle (384 322 BCE)What is above form is called Tao; what is within form is called tool.I Ching (Book of Changes) (c. 450 250 BCE) 20. Ontology in computer science Definition:A shared conceptualization of domain knowledge [Gruber, 1995; Guarino, 1997]An ontology spectrumItalic words show a typical relationship between concepts in that type of ontology[Ma et al., 2010; adapted from Welty, 2002; McGuinness, 2003; Obrst, 2003; Uschold and Gruninger, 2004; Borgo et al., 2005] 21. Data interoperabilityScience v. 331 (6018), 2011 Feb. 11, 2011Nature Geoscience v. 4 (9), 2011 Sept. 2011 22. Data interoperabilityNature Geoscience v. 4 (12), 2011 Dec. 2011Interoperable: discoverable, accessible, decodable, understandable, and usable 23. Applying ontologies in geosciences Provide novel functions in geological data services 24. Motivation Challenges in applying an ontology spectrum to promote geological data interoperability Modeling vs. encodingMultilingualityFlexibility & usefulnessMediation & evolutionObjective Address these challenges, and provide a route map for applying an ontology spectrum to promote geological data interoperability 25. Approach Empirical studies following an ontology spectrumTaxonomyThesaurusSchemaPragmaticsRDF / OWL 26. Taxonomy 27. A taxonomical controlled vocabulary Taxonomy Theme: mineral exploration Controlled vocabulary for mineral exploration geodatabases for mining applications Prospecting and exploration of mineral resources Mining geology and miningGeomorphologyHydrogeologyExploratory engineeringGeotectonicsMineral and rock identificationOre depositsStructural geology Chemical analysisEngineering geologyGeoeconomyGeophysicsPetrologyGeochemistryCrystallography and mineralogy Historical geology and stratigraphyEnvironmental geologyMathematical geologyCoal geology Remote sensing geology Geophysical exploration Geochemistry exploration PalaeontologyPaleogeography[Ma et al., 2010a, C&G]Beneficiation and metallurgyMapping 28. Use the vocabulary in mining projects TaxonomyZijin Gold Mine Controlled vocabularyConceptual modellingConceptual schemaBorehole_Layered_Geological_Description Rock name [YSEB] Rock Texture [YSC]Borehole number [GCJCBN] Layer number [MDLOA] Rock name [YSEB]Symptomatic mineral [KWBGAX] Fossil [GSAB]Rock texture [YSC] Symptomatic mineral [KWBGAX] Fossil [GSAB] 29. Use the vocabulary in mining projects TaxonomyZijin Gold Mine Controlled vocabularyDatabase AConceptual modellingBorehole_Record ZK_ID ZK_type X Y Z ZK_azimuth_angle ZK_inclination_angle Layer_start Rock name [YSEB] Layer_end Rock Rock Texture [YSC] Grain_size Symptomatic mineral [KWBGAX] Color Mineral Fossil [GSAB] Au_grade Cu_grade Database BConceptual schemaDatabase CBorehole_Brief_Information Exploration area number [MDBTAD] Borehole number [GCJCBN] X coordinate at hole top [TKCAF] Y coordinate at hole top [TKCAG] Borehole_Layered_Geological_Description Borehole_Layered_Geological_Desc Borehole number [GCJCBN] ription Layer number [MDLOA] Rock name [YSEB] Exploration area number [MDBTAD] Borehole number [GCJCBN] Rock texture [YSC] Layer number [MDLOA] Symptomatic mineral [KWBGAX] Rock name [YSEB] Fossil [GSAB] Rock color [YSHB] Integrated Database 30. Use the vocabulary in mining projects TaxonomyZijin Gold Mine Controlled vocabulary(a) List of rock names (b) List of igneous rock textures Conceptual schema Database AConceptual modelling Database B Level Database C Code English name Level Code English name Subclass Term Term Term Borehole_RecordYSEB YSEB10001 YSEB14801 YSEB20101 Rock name Dunite Granite Breccia Subclass Subclass Term Term Term YSC YSCA YSCA1001 YSCA1011 YSCA1012 Rock texture Texture of igneous rocks Holocrystalline Intermediate granular Fine granular (c) List of sedimentary rock textures Level Subclass Subclass Subclass Term Term Code YSCB YSCBA YSCBAA YSCBAA2001 YSCBAA2011 Mandate Mandate Borehole_Brief_Information (g) Standardized records Borehole_Layered_Geological_Description Exploration area number [MDBTAD] Borehole number [GCJCBN] Borehole Layer Symptomatic number number Rock name Rock texture Rock color mineral Fossil X coordinate at hole top [TKCAF] [GCJCBN] [MDLOA] [YSEB] [YSC] [YSHB] [KWBGAX] [GSAB] at [TKCAG] Intermediate granular Grey-white Y coordinate 001hole top Granite ZK1101 ZK1101 002 Breccia Granule Deep yellow-brown ZK_ID ZK_type X Y Z ZK1101 Borehole_Layered_Geological_Description 003 Breccia Granule Deep yellow-brown Gold ZK_azimuth_angle ZK_inclination_angle Layer_start Mandate Rock name [YSEB] Borehole_Layered_Geological_Desc Borehole number [GCJCBN] Mandate Layer_end ription (d) List of rock colors Layer number [MDLOA] of mineral names (e) List Rock Rock Texture [YSC] Level Code English name Level English name Rock name [YSEB] Exploration area number [MDBTAD] Code Grain_size Subclass YSHB Rock color Term KWBGAX Symptomatic mineral Symptomatic mineral [KWBGAX] YSHB001 Light Rock texture [YSC] Borehole number [GCJCBN] Color Term red Subclass KWBH Crystallochemical classification of minerals number [MDLOA] Term Mineral Layer Symptomatic mineral [KWBGAX] KWBH0001 Diamond Fossil [GSAB] Integrated Database Term YSHB084 name [YSEB] Rock Grey-white Au_grade Rock colorFossil [GSAB] Term KWBH0028 Gold [YSHB] Cu_grade Term YSHB103 Deep yellow-brown Term KWBH0029 Tetra-auricupride English name Texture of sedimentary rocks Texture of clastic grains Grade of grains Coarse clastic Granule Mandate(f) List of fossil classifications Level Subclass Term Term Term Term Code GSAB GSAB01 GSAB05 GSAB06 GSAB07 English name Fossil Ancient organism Marcofossil Mircofossil Nannofossil 31. Use the vocabulary in mining projects TaxonomyZijin Gold Mine Controlled vocabulary(a) List of rock names (b) List of igneous rock textures Conceptual schema Database AConceptual modelling Database B Level Database C Code English name Level Code English name Subclass Term Term Term Borehole_RecordYSEB YSEB10001 YSEB14801 YSEB20101 Rock name Dunite Granite Breccia Subclass Subclass Term Term Term YSC YSCA YSCA1001 YSCA1011 YSCA1012 Rock texture Texture of igneous rocks Holocrystalline Intermediate granular Fine granular (c) List of sedimentary rock textures Level Subclass Subclass Subclass Term Term Code YSCB YSCBA YSCBAA YSCBAA2001 YSCBAA2011 English name Texture of sedimentary rocks Texture of clastic grains Grade of grains Coarse clastic Granule Mandate Mandate Borehole_Brief_Information (g) Standardized records Borehole_Layered_Geological_Description Exploration area number [MDBTAD] Borehole number [GCJCBN] Borehole Layer Symptomatic number number Rock name Rock texture Rock color mineral Fossil X coordinate at hole top [TKCAF] [GCJCBN] [MDLOA] [YSEB] [YSC] [YSHB] [KWBGAX] [GSAB] at [TKCAG] Intermediate granular Grey-white Y coordinate 001hole top Granite ZK1101 ZK1101 002 Breccia Granule Deep yellow-brown ZK_ID ZK_type X Y Z ZK1101 Borehole_Layered_Geological_Description 003 Breccia Granule Deep yellow-brown Gold ZK_azimuth_angle ZK_inclination_angle Layer_start Mandate Mandate Rock name [YSEB] Borehole_Layered_Geological_Desc Borehole number [GCJCBN] Mandate Layer_end ription (d) List of rock colors Layer number [MDLOA] of mineral names (f) List of fossil classifications (e) List Rock Rock Texture [YSC] Level Code English name Level Code English name Level English name Rock name [YSEB] Exploration area number [MDBTAD] Code Grain_size Subclass YSHB Rock color Subclass GSAB Fossil Term KWBGAX Symptomatic mineral Symptomatic mineral [KWBGAX] YSHB001 Light Rock texture [YSC] Borehole number [GCJCBN] Color Term red TermLayer GSAB01 Ancient organism Subclass KWBH Crystallochemical Layer classification Percentage of minerals Core of core number [MDLOA] Term Mineral Layer Symptomatic mineral [KWBGAX] number KWBH0001 Diamond thickness sample recovery Fossil [GSAB] Integrated Database Term YSHB084 name [YSEB] Rock Grey-white Term GSAB05 Marcofossil Au_grade Core Name of Symbol Geological Rock colorFossil [GSAB] Term Term GSAB06 Mircofossil KWBH0028 Gold Depth at [YSHB] Cu_grade layer bottom length lithostratigraphic GSAB07type of rock Nannofossil description Term YSHB103 Deep yellow-brown Term Term KWBH0029 Tetra-auricupride unit 32. Use the vocabulary in mining projects TaxonomyZijin Gold Mine Controlled vocabularyExternal Interoperability(a) List of rock names (b) List of igneous rock textures Conceptual schema Database AConceptual modelling Database B Level Database C Code English name Level Code English name Subclass Term Term Term Borehole_RecordYSEB YSEB10001 YSEB14801 YSEB20101 Rock name Dunite Granite Breccia Subclass Subclass Term Term Term YSC YSCA YSCA1001 YSCA1011 YSCA1012 Rock texture Texture of igneous rocks Holocrystalline Intermediate granular Fine granular (c) List of sedimentary rock texturesLevel Subclass Subclass Subclass Term Term Code YSCB YSCBA YSCBAA YSCBAA2001 YSCBAA2011 English name Texture of sedimentary rocks Texture of clastic grains Grade of grains Coarse clastic Granule External projectsCommonly accepted standardsMandate Mandate Borehole_Brief_Information (g) Standardized records Borehole_Layered_Geological_Description Exploration area number [MDBTAD] Borehole number [GCJCBN] Borehole Layer Symptomatic number number Rock name Rock texture Rock color mineral Fossil X coordinate at hole top [TKCAF] [GCJCBN] [MDLOA] [YSEB] [YSC] [YSHB] [KWBGAX] [GSAB] at [TKCAG] Intermediate granular Grey-white Y coordinate 001hole top Granite ZK1101 ZK1101 002 Breccia Granule Deep yellow-brown ZK_ID ZK_type X Y Z ZK1101 Borehole_Layered_Geological_Description 003 Breccia Granule Deep yellow-brown Gold ZK_azimuth_angle ZK_inclination_angle Layer_start Mandate Mandate Rock name [YSEB] Borehole_Layered_Geological_Desc Borehole number [GCJCBN] Mandate Layer_end ription (d) List of rock colors Layer number [MDLOA] of mineral names (f) List of fossil classifications (e) List Rock Rock Texture [YSC] Level Code English name Level Code English name Level English name Rock name [YSEB] Exploration area number [MDBTAD] Code Grain_size Subclass YSHB Rock color Subclass GSAB Fossil Term KWBGAX Symptomatic mineral Symptomatic mineral [KWBGAX] YSHB001 Light Rock texture [YSC] Borehole number [GCJCBN] Color Term red TermLayer GSAB01 Ancient organism Subclass KWBH Crystallochemical Layer classification Percentage of minerals Core of core number [MDLOA] Term Mineral Layer Symptomatic mineral [KWBGAX] number KWBH0001 Diamond thickness sample recovery Fossil [GSAB] Integrated Database Term YSHB084 name [YSEB] Rock Grey-white Term GSAB05 Marcofossil Au_grade Core Name of Symbol Geological Rock colorFossil [GSAB] Term Term GSAB06 Mircofossil KWBH0028 Gold Depth at [YSHB] Cu_grade layer bottom length lithostratigraphic GSAB07type of rock Nannofossil description Term YSHB103 Deep yellow-brown Term Term KWBH0029 Tetra-auricupride Local geodataInternal InteroperabilityControlled vocabularyData sourcesunit 33. Thesaurus 34. A SKOS-based multilingual thesaurus Thesaurus Theme: geological time scale SKOS: A scheme for encoding controlled vocabularies for the Semantic Web Chronostratigraphic terms in English as basic reference[Ma et al., 2011a, C&G] 35. Translate online geological maps ThesaurusPilot data courtesy of TNO, CGMW, GSJ & OneGeology 36. Translate online geological maps ThesaurusPilot data courtesy of TNO, CGMW, GSJ & OneGeologySame conceptual structure; Different languages 37. Translate online geological maps ThesaurusPilot data courtesy of TNO, CGMW, GSJ & OneGeology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29Lower/Early Triassic Series/Epoch; 251.00.4~245.9 MaUntertriasLower TriassicTrisico InferiorTrias InfrieurOnder TriasEarly TriassicVroeg TriasTriasico Inferior~245.9 Ma251.00.4 Ma https://engineering.purdue.edu/stratigraphy/gssp/detail.php?periodid=76-top_parentid=35 Same conceptual structure; of Definition Different languages Triassic Lower 38. Translate online geological maps ThesaurusPilot data courtesy of TNO, CGMW, GSJ & OneGeology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29Lower/Early Triassic Series/Epoch; 251.00.4~245.9 MaUntertriasLower TriassicTrisico InferiorTrias InfrieurOnder TriasEarly TriassicVroeg TriasTriasico Inferior~245.9 Ma251.00.4 Ma https://engineering.purdue.edu/stratigraphy/gssp/detail.php?periodid=76-top_parentid=35 Same conceptual structure; of Definition Different languages Triassic Lower 39. Translate online geological maps ThesaurusPilot data courtesy of TNO, CGMW, GSJ & OneGeology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29Lower/Early Triassic Series/Epoch; 251.00.4~245.9 MaUntertriasLower TriassicTrisico InferiorTrias InfrieurOnder TriasEarly TriassicVroeg TriasTriasico Inferior~245.9 Ma251.00.4 Ma https://engineering.purdue.edu/stratigraphy/gssp/detail.php?periodid=76-top_parentid=35 Same conceptualTailored structure; of Definition Different languages Triassic Lower mash-up 40. Schema 41. Conceptual schemas Schema Theme: compositing borehole intervalsMineral resourcesBoreholesID Ls Gs 1 1.36 0.35 2 1.36 0.23 3 0.05 n=1 n=2 n=3 1.36 Lc/Gc Lc/Gc Lc/Gc 1.36 4 0.46 5 1.15 0.04 6 1.56 0.10 3.10/1.41 2.42/1.54 7 1.36 0.13 1.74/1.80 3.10/1.27 2.42/1.38 1.49/1.64 8 3.10/1.12 1.36 1.10 2.42/1.06 9 1.362.87/0.94 0.24 10 1.63 0.10 11 0.44 0.81 E 12 1.02 5.57 f D (CSUi , Sn ) 13 0.71 1.11 n=1 14 0.65 0.69 Ls Gs Lc/Gc Lc/Gc 15 0.65 0.53 0.68 0.28 16 1.09 0.50 0.75 0.19 17 0.81 0.33 2.11/0.77 0.68 1.06 18 0.75 0.47 1.36/1.09 2.06/0.93 0.68 1.11 19 0.68 0.28 0.7 0.61 20 0.75 0.19 0.51 1.03 21 0.68 1.06 22 0.68 1.11 23 0.70 0.61 24 0.51 1.03 25 0.61 0.94 26 0.68 0.92 27 0.68 0.89 28 0.93 0.97 29 0.81 2.75 30 0.68 0.31 31 0.68 0.17 32 0.70 0.22 OrebodiesGc/LcE f D (CSUi , Sn )IDLsGsLc/Gc25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 330.61 0.68 0.68 0.93 0.81 0.68 0.68 0.7 0.680.94 0.92 0.89 0.97 2.75 0.31 0.17 0.22 0.390.81/2.75ID 19 20 21 22 23 24Borehole intervalsCompositing metal-grade intervals0.20/9.511.10/1.36 0.25/3.43 3.74/1.730.43/5.381.09/1.36 0.61/0.70 1.03/0.51 0.94/0.61 1.41/3.10Cross sections 42. Standard-compatible conceptual schemas SchemaZijin Gold MineAll Si in a boreholei=1, 2, , pE An instance C SUi and external intervals Sni=0n=1 TFinishFi>=pm=1i=i+1 TTFGS>=GMESi is SSi is SAllm > n+1 FData-flow modelsWAdd Sn related to the m-th E dilution choice to the C SUi E CDn CSUi S ni=1, 2, , qTi>=qFinishLC >= LMTGCLC >= GMLME E C Pi is CSMFCE Piis CCDnLC >= LMCE PiTC Dn is C D and E is added to SETCd En=n+1 isCE SUUE E CSUi is CSUDAll n+1 C D in SETCd satisfy GC < GM FFResult in aCFE E C D Output based on theC D NewFE f D (CSUi , S n )E D OutputCdECombine composites in SETCm with the C D Max E to result in a C D New , delete waste intervals at E the top and bottom of C D New as many as possible while keep LC>=LMFAdd C Dn to SET NFE E C Pi is CSUE SUDTcontains anyC N D in SETNE E C DMax is C D OutputTResult in a TFCdE C Pi is CSEE E C Pi is C LFSETCm NULLF TE SETCdN C Dn is C D and is added to SET N CdTGC=pTCGC : GC GM LC f ( LC )Minable : N / Ai=0 FinishFGS>=GM1 1..*Si is SWLSE C Pi in a borehole1i=0 0..*i=i+1 TCE PiCisE LSE GS : GS GM LS1..*1..*isC PiGCLC >= GMLMCD1..*GC LC SETCd E Find a C DMax 1 inE SETCd 1..*TFNCD SETCm NULLGC : GC GM T LCCS1..*F0..*Cis CCdResult inC E D Output based on 1theC D New a CE 0..1 D MaxFE f MAX ( SETCd )CisC11E SUUE E CD Max f MAX ( SETCd )E E CSUi is CSUD 1F 1E D Output 1..*generalization1LC >= LM 1N C Di F SETCd C Di SETCd E f D (CSUi , S n ) FALSET SETCm E C Dn is C D and E is 1 1 to SETCd addedE CD Output E E (CD Output f Output(CD New ))0..110..* (C EAll n+1 C D in SETCdDOutput satisfy GC < GME CDMax )1FReturn TRUE1aggregation[Ma et al., 2010b, C&G]Object-oriented models E CD NewE E CD New CD Max Cm n=n+1 E f Output(CD New )FResult in aCMinable : NO m=m+1E CSUU Add T GC : GC C Dn G N to SET M Cd LC : LC LM GC LC GM LMCDncontains anyC N D in SETN11E SETCdE PiEconomic : YESN C Dn is C D and is added to SET N CdTFE E C DMax is C D Output1E f D (CSUi , S n )CDn CSUi S nGC=LM 1 E f D (CSUi , S n ) TRUEE E C Pi is CSUE SUDE CUCSUiE f D (CSUi ,ES n )0..*E CD f D (CSUi , S n ) N f (GC , LC , SETCd )EE Pi1Minable : YESE C SU m > n+1 GC : GC GM F LC : LC LM Add Sn related to the m-th GC LC GM LM E dilution choice to the0..*1..*TTEconomic : YES1TE Finish CD F GC : GC GM L : LC LM F LC >= LM C N C Dj E SETCd C Dj C D EE E C Pi is CSM0..*GC : GC GM LC : LC LM f (GC , LC )E CMGC : GC GM n=1 LC : LC LM GC LC= 1GM LM m E CSi=1, 2, , qi>=qSM0..*Data-flow models S GS LS f (GS )SW GS : GS GM AllE CL GC : GC GM LC : LC LM1 1..*1..* 1..*Si is SEE An instance C SUi and external intervals Sn CEEconomic : NO11associationTC1E SUiisE CSUUE SETCd NULLT dependencyReturn FALSE 44. Standard-compatible conceptual schemas SchemaZijin Gold MineAll Si in a boreholeCUi=1, 2, , pTE CPGC LC f (GC )WC GC : GC GM i=i+1 LCFi>=pTCGC : GC GM LC f ( LC )Minable : N / Ai=0 FinishFGS>=GM1 1..*Si is SWLSE C Pi in a borehole1i=0 0..*i=i+1 TCE PiCisE LSE GS : GS GM LS1..*1..*isC PiGCLC >= GMLMCD1..*GC LC SETCd E Find a C DMax 1 inE SETCd 1..*TFNCD SETCm NULLGC : GC GM T LCCS1..*F0..*Cis CCdResult inC E D Output based on 1theC D New a CE 0..1 D MaxFE f MAX ( SETCd )CisC11E SUUE E CD Max f MAX ( SETCd )E E CSUi is CSUD 1F 1E D Output 1..*generalization1LC >= LM 1N C Di F SETCd C Di SETCd E f D (CSUi , S n ) FALSET SETCm E C Dn is C D and E is 1 1 to SETCd addedE CD Output E E (CD Output f Output(CD New ))0..110..* (C EAll n+1 C D in SETCdDOutput satisfy GC < GME CDMax )1FReturn TRUE1aggregation[Ma et al., 2010b, C&G]Object-oriented models E CD NewE E CD New CD Max Cm n=n+1 E f Output(CD New )FResult in aCMinable : NO m=m+1E CSUU Add T GC : GC C Dn G N to SET M Cd LC : LC LM GC LC GM LMCDncontains anyC N D in SETN11E SETCdE PiEconomic : YESN C Dn is C D and is added to SET N CdTFE E C DMax is C D Output1E f D (CSUi , S n )CDn CSUi S nGC=LM 1 E f D (CSUi , S n ) TRUEE E C Pi is CSUE SUDE CUCSUiE f D (CSUi ,ES n )0..*E CD f D (CSUi , S n ) N f (GC , LC , SETCd )EE Pi1Minable : YESE C SU m > n+1 GC : GC GM F LC : LC LM Add Sn related to the m-th GC LC GM LM E dilution choice to the0..*1..*TTEconomic : YES1TE Finish CD F GC : GC GM L : LC LM F LC >= LM C N C Dj E SETCd C Dj C D EE E C Pi is CSM0..*GC : GC GM LC : LC LM f (GC , LC )E CMGC : GC GM n=1 LC : LC LM GC LC= 1GM LM m E CSi=1, 2, , qi>=qSM0..*Data-flow models S GS LS f (GS )SW GS : GS GM AllE CL GC : GC GM LC : LC LM1 1..*1..* 1..*Si is SEE An instance C SUi and external intervals Sn CEEconomic : NO11associationTC1E SUiisE CSUUE SETCd NULLT dependencyReturn FALSE 45. Standard-compatible conceptual schemas SchemaZijin Gold MineAll Si in a boreholeCUi=1, 2, , pTE CPGC LC f (GC )WC GC : GC GM i=i+1 LCFi>=pTCGC : GC GM LC f ( LC )Minable : N / Ai=0 FinishFGS>=GM1 1..*Si is SWSE GS : GS GM LSLSE C Pi in a borehole1..*1i=0 0..*i=i+1 TCE PiCisE LisC PiGC LCGCLC >= GMLMSETCd E Find a C DMax 1 inE SETCd 1..*TFNCD SETCm NULLGC : GC GM T LCCS1..*F0..*Cis CCdResult inC E D Output based on 1theC D New a CE 0..1 D MaxFE f MAX ( SETCd )CisC11E SUUE E CD Max f MAX ( SETCd )E E CSUi is CSUD 1F 1E D Output 1..*generalization1LC >= LM 1N C Di F SETCd C Di SETCd E f D (CSUi , S n ) FALSET SETCm E C Dn is C D and E is 1 1 to SETCd addedE CD Output E E (CD Output f Output(CD New ))0..110..* (C EAll n+1 C D in SETCdDOutput satisfy GC < GME CDMax )1FReturn TRUE1aggregation[Ma et al., 2010b, C&G]Object-oriented models E CD NewE E CD New CD Max Cm n=n+1 E f Output(CD New )FResult in aCMinable : NO m=m+1E CSUU Add T GC : GC C Dn G N to SET M Cd LC : LC LM GC LC GM LMCDncontains anyC N D in SETN11E SETCdE PiEconomic : YESN C Dn is C D and is added to SET N CdTFE E C DMax is C D Output1E f D (CSUi , S n )CDn CSUi S nGC=LM 1 E f D (CSUi , S n ) TRUEE E C Pi is CSUE SUDE CUCSUiE f D (CSUi ,ES n )0..*E CD f D (CSUi , S n ) N f (GC , LC , SETCd )EE PiMinable : YESE C SU m > n+1 GC : GC GM F LC : LC LM Add Sn related to the m-th GC LC GM LM E dilution choice to the0..*1..*T1Economic : YES1TE Finish CD F GC : GC GM L : LC LM F LC >= LM C N C Dj E SETCd C Dj C D EE E C Pi is CSMTCD1..*i=1, 2, , qi>=q0..*1..*E CMGC : GC GM n=1 LC : LC LM GC LC= 1GM LM m E CSGC : GC GM LC : LC LM f (GC , LC )UN classification of mineral resourcesSM0..*Data-flow models S GS LS f (GS )SW GS : GS GM AllE CL GC : GC GM LC : LC LM1 1..*1..* 1..*Si is SEE An instance C SUi and external intervals Sn CEEconomic : NO11associationTC1E SUiisE CSUUE SETCd NULLT dependencyReturn FALSE 46. Standard-compatible conceptual schemas SchemaZijin Gold MineAll Si in a boreholeCUi=1, 2, , pMinable : N / Ai=0 TFinishCW GC : GC GM i=i+1 LCFi>=pTFGS>=GM1 1..*Si is SWE PiC in a boreholei=0 0..*i>=qT E E C Pi is C LTE Finish DCF GC : GC GM LC : LC LM FLC >= LM N C Dj E SETCd C Dj EC Pi is CS1..*TGCLC >= GMLME E C Pi is CSMTCE Piis C1..*F E E C Pi is CSU 1E f D (CSUi , S n ) E SUDE SETCdFE f MAX ( SETCd )C Result in aCE CPGC LC f (GC )GC : GC GM LC f ( LC )E D OutputE CL GC : GC GM LC : LC LM E CSlsgsE An instance C SUi and 1 E 1.36 0.35 C SM S W external intervals Sn 2 1.36 0.23 g s : g s GM GC : GC3 GM n = 1 1.36 0.05 LC : LC 4 LM 1.36 0.46 ls 0..* GC LC51GM LM0.04 m = 1.15 0..*1 1..*SE GS : GS GMGC : GC GM LC : LC LM f (GC , LC )T1.56UN classification of mineral resources E CMEC SU 1.36 m >7n+1 SE 1.36 G : GC8 GM F g s : g s GM CE PiisCE SUU1..*generalizationReturn TRUE1aggregation[Ma et al., 2010b, C&G]E CSUU g c : g c GMEconomic : YESlc : lc LMMinable : YESg c lc GM LM9.51/0.200.1 0.13 1.1 1.36/1.10 0.24 S LC : LC 9 LM 1.36 E CU ls Add Sn related to 1.63 the m-th 3.43/0.25 10 G L 0.1 GS GC LC M E LS 1..* 1 dilution choice to the C M 0.44 SUi0.81 Economic : YES E 11 LS f D (CSUi ,ES n ) 1..* 1..* CDn CSUi S n 12 1.02 5.57 Minable : NO CD m=m+1 1.73/3.74 f (GS ) 13 0..* 0.71 1.11 GC S 14 0.65 0.69 N LC C Dn D and g s GC= LM f (C , S )0.51/1.03 1 E 24 0.51 D 1.03 n FALSE LC : Lat to result in a C D SETCd , delete waste intervals C LM 0..1 SUi New E 25 0.61 0.94 0.61/0.94 the top and bottom of C D New as many as L G L GC C M M SETCm 26T 0.68 0.92 possible while keep LC>=LM 1 E E C Dn is C D and f D (CSUi , S n ) TRUE 27 0.68 0.89 E E 1 3.10/1.41 is 1 1 to SETCd added 1 CD 28 0.93 0.97 Output E CD New E E E 29 (CD Output f Output(CD New )) 0.81 2.75 Result inC E D Output based on 1theC D New E a CE E 0..1 D Max CD New CD Max Cm 0..* 30 E 0.68 E E n=n+1 1 (C E 0.31 CDMax ) E CD Max f MAX ( SETCd ) f Output(CD New ) T 1 All n+1 C D in SETCdDOutput 1 31 0.68 0.17 E E CSUi is CSUD satisfy 32C < GM G 0.7 0.22 0..1 1 E E 1 33 F0.68 0.39 1CSUi is CSUU 34 0.68 0.28 F E SETCd NULL 1..*6l c / gcData-flow modelsSW GS : GS GM LSi=1, 2, , qi=i+1C1..*Si is SEAllidEconomic : NOE CUEconomic : YES Minable : NOe f D (csu , sn ) FALSEE CSM g c : g c GME CMEconomic : YES Minable : YESlc : lc LM g c lc GM LM CW g c : g c GMlcCUEconomic : NO Minable : N / AResults are Object-oriented interoperable with models external projects11associationGM: T g/t; LM: 3 m Return FALSE 1 dependencyE CD g c : g c GMlc : lc LME CD Output e e w (cd Output cd New sTop & Bottom )e e OR(cd Output cd Max ) 47. RDF / OWL 48. A RDF/OWL-based ontology RDF / OWL Theme: geological time scale (GTS) RDF/OWL: languages for conceptual modeling and encoding for the Semantic WebA GTS ontology and easy-for-use functions based on the ontology were developed[Ma et al., 2011b, C&G] 49. Interactions with online geological maps RDF / OWLPilot data courtesy of BGS & OneGeology 50. Interactions with online geological maps RDF / OWLPilot data courtesy of BGS & OneGeology1 2 Lower Triassic 3 Untertrias 4 Trisico Inferior 5 Trias Infrieur 6 7 8 Onder Trias 9 Early Triassic 10 11 12 13 14 Vroeg Trias 15 Triasico Inferior 16 The lower series of the Triassic System of the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Scale, above the Permian System of the Paleozoic Erathem and below the Middle Triassic Series. Also the time during which these rocks were formed, the Middle Triassic Epoch. 17 983999 18 19 20 21 22 23 ~245.9 Ma 24 251.00.4 Ma 25 https://engineering.purdue.edu/stratigraphy/gssp/detail.php?periodid=76-top_parentid=35 [Subcommission for Stratigraphic Information of ICS, 2010, GSSP Table] 26 51. Interactions with online geological maps RDF / OWLPilot data courtesy of BGS & OneGeology1 2 Lower Triassic 3 Untertrias 4 Trisico Inferior 5 Trias Infrieur 6 7 8 Onder Trias 9 Early Triassic 10 11 12 13 14 Vroeg Trias 15 Triasico Inferior 16 The lower series of the Triassic System of the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Scale, above the Permian System of the Paleozoic Erathem and below the Middle Triassic Series. Also the time during which these rocks were formed, the Middle Triassic Epoch. 17 983999 18 19 20 21 22 23 ~245.9 Ma 24 251.00.4 Ma 25 https://engineering.purdue.edu/stratigraphy/gssp/detail.php?periodid=76-top_parentid=35 [Subcommission for Stratigraphic Information of ICS, 2010, GSSP Table] 26 Annotation & Animation 52. Interactions with online geological maps RDF / OWLPilot data courtesy of BGS & OneGeology1 2 Lower Triassic 3 Untertrias 4 Trisico Inferior 5 Trias Infrieur 6 7 8 Onder Trias 9 Early Triassic 10 11 12 13 14 Vroeg Trias 15 Triasico Inferior 16 The lower series of the Triassic System of the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Scale, above the Permian System of the Paleozoic Erathem and below the Middle Triassic Series. Also the time during which these rocks were formed, the Middle Triassic Epoch. 17 983999 18 19 20 21 22 23 ~245.9 Ma 24 251.00.4 Ma 25 https://engineering.purdue.edu/stratigraphy/gssp/detail.php?periodid=76-top_parentid=35 [Subcommission for Stratigraphic Information of ICS, 2010, GSSP Table] 26 Annotation & Animation 53. Interactions with online geological maps RDF / OWLPilot data courtesy of BGS & OneGeology1 2 Lower Triassic 3 Untertrias 4 Trisico Inferior 5 Trias Infrieur 6 7 8 Onder Trias 9 Early Triassic 10 11 12 13 14 Vroeg Trias 15 Triasico Inferior 16 The lower series of the Triassic System of the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Scale, above the Permian System of the Paleozoic Erathem and below the Middle Triassic Series. Also the time during which these rocks were formed, the Middle Triassic Epoch. 17 983999 18 19 20 21 22 23 ~245.9 Ma 24 251.00.4 Ma 25 https://engineering.purdue.edu/stratigraphy/gssp/detail.php?periodid=76-top_parentid=35 [Subcommission for Stratigraphic Information of ICS, 2010, GSSP Table] 26 Filter & generalize geological time features using the legend (online)Annotation & Animation 54. Pragmatics 55. Pragmatic interoperability (PI) Pragmatics Definition of PI: Consensus on understanding, use and potential result of shared geodata between geodata contexts MachineLocal ontology Local databaseEquivalent domain knowledgeSystem, syntactic, schematic & semantic interoperabilityMachineLocal database Local ontologyStandardization & consistency Geodata sharing Conceptualization of domain & local knowledgeUsingRepresentation of observation & understanding HumanHumanObserving & studying[Ma et al., Under revision, C&G]NatureUnderstanding 56. Approach PI with semantic negotiations PragmaticsSemantic negotiation (N ) Local machine information agentLocal machine information agentA ( I Mi )A ( I Mj )Local database v1Local ontology v1S ( DCi .v1)S (OCi .v1)UpdateUpdateSemantic negotiation v1 ( N .v1)Common ontology v1Local ontology v1Local database v1S (OCj .v1)S ( DCj .v1)UpdateUpdatePilot data courtesy of China Geological SurveyS (OCn.v1)Local database v1Local ontology v1Local ontology v1Local database v1S ( DCi .v1' )S (OCi .v1' )S (OCj .v1' )S ( DCj .v1' )EvolutionEvolutionEvolutionEvolutionLocal database v2Local ontology v2Local ontology v2Local database v2S (OCj .v 2)S ( DCj .v2)S ( DCi .v2)S (OCi .v2)UpdateSemantic negotiation v2 ( N .v2)UpdateUpdateCommon ontology v2 S (OCn.v2)CorrelatingParticipatingResultingConsensuses between evolving geodata contextsUnderpinningUpdateEvolving 57. Conclusions (1) Geological ontologies and geological data are evolving in a long-term perspective Common understanding of subjects in geology requires semantic negotiations among stakeholders 58. Conclusions (2) Different types of ontologies in an ontology spectrum can be used to encode commonly agreed domain models in geology By using ontologies, innovative applications can be developed to promote geological data interoperability at local, regional and global levels 59. Acknowledgements Kristine Asch Thomas V. Loudon John Laxton Ian Jackson Ernst Schetselaar Boyan Brodaric Bruce Simons Simon Cox Guillaume Duclaux Jan Jellema Jeroen Schokker Jan KooijmanFranois Robida Koji Wakita Steve Richard Frits Agterberg Peter Fox Stanley Finney Marcus Ebner Bernd Ritschel Gang Liu Rob Lemmens Barend Kbben Dongpo Deng 60. Thank youFull dissertation accessible at: http://www.itc.nl/library/papers_2011/phd/ma.pdf