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Capturing a Subduction Event: A Buoyed Seafl oor Observatory in the Type Nonaccretionary Convergent Plate Margin

P. Fryer, C. G. Wheat, D. Wiens, C. Moyer, A. Fisher

INTRODUCTION The potential exists to establish a seafl oor observatory in the forearc of the Mariana convergent plate margin (Fig. 1), using one of the buoys slated for the Western Pacifi c as part of the ORION Global Buoyed Observatory Facility. Such an observatory would have the potential to address both global as well as subduction-related phenomena. The Global objective of the buoyed observatory would be to provide information regarding both deep earth structure and local subduction-related phenomena as well as an opportunity to monitor water column processes and air-sea interactions. In this proposal we address sub-seafl oor aspects of the objectives. Such a observatory would permit (1) the study of both deep and suprasubduction zone mantle characteristics, (2) investigation of mantle corner fl ow processes (3) deep slab subduction phenomena (subduction-related earthquakes reach depths of up to 700 km near the proposed site), (4) permit us to “capture a subduction event” (the seismic activity and subsequent effects on the overriding plate), and (5) examination of the interaction between biological processes and subduction-related phenomena.

The proposed observatory effort would also have application to critical unresolved questions regarding processes of recycling associated

Fig. 1. Color shaded bathymetry of the southern Mariana con-vergent plate margin with locations of major seamounts islands and the trench labeled. The Taget seamount for the observa-tory, Big Blue Smt. is at ~18°N. (Map by Nathan C. Becker.)

with subduction. It would permit us to study the episodicity of faulting in the subduction zone and overlying forearc wedge, and how this activity relates to processes active within a convergent plate margin. We seek to understand (1) what are the interrelationships between seismicity and dehydration processes within the decollement region, (2) how the episodicity of serpentinite protrusion events at this convergent margin and related fluid seep activity varies through time at active serpentinite mud volcanoes, and thus how this relates to fluid flux through the shallow to intermediate depths within the Subduction Factory, (3) what fluid/rock interactions have taken place during the development of the shallow to intermediate depth portions of the Mariana supra-subduction zone region, (4) what processes have governed these interactions and led to the exposure of their products on the sea floor, (5) how these processes affect biological systems, and (6) what effects these processes have had on the subduction and supra-subduction zone regions through time.

We propose to instrument the entire edifice using an ORION Global Buoyed Observatory Facility and an array of sensor nodes as shown in Figure 2 (see next page). The intent of submission of our proposal at this time is to specify as fully as possible the potential for achieving important science goals through the use of an OOI Global Buoyed Observatory Facility, to provide the technical rationale for establishing this observatory, and to describe the science user requirements in as much detail as possible within the framework of evolving engineering specification of OOI components. We welcome collaborations from other interested individuals and hope that this proposal will stimulate teaming amongst community members of similar or complementary science goals. We understand that the goals of OOI are developing progressively and that priorities for deployment of components of each of the three OOI capabilities will continue to be refined. We welcome the opportunity to work with OOI toward nurturing of this proposed observatory effort should OOI deem it worthy of pursuit.

BACKGROUNDThe Mariana convergent margin is a nonaccretionary intraoceanic subduction zone in a US-flag territory. This convergent margin is a MARGINS focus site chosen by an international body of scientists after several workshops and special sessions at professional meetings. The observatory we propose would be consistent with both MARGINS and OOI scientific objectives. The MARGINS Science Plan specifies that a wide array of in situ observatories and multiple re-occupation campaigns, coupled with a strategy for rapidly responding to major events, round out its data collection strategy in its focus areas. The intended goals of the OOI are, in part, to establish monitoring of the processes of subduction from deep mantle processes to suprasubduction-zone lithosperic phenomena. The Mariana forearc would provide the opportunity to engage in such studies in an intraoceanic setting suitable as an element in the Pacific basin-wide global objectives and in a nonaccretionary, thus a more geologically simple environment uncomplicated by continental complexity. For example, this forearc is devoid of a large sediment wedge, and thus provides the most pristine possible signal from slab-derived fluids because there is less opportunity for interaction of rising fluid with a compositionally complex overriding sediment wedge.

Previous DSDP and ODP drilling at serpentinite mud volcanoes on the Mariana forearc showed that slab-derived fluids, incipient blueschist rocks from the slab, and variously serpentinized supra-subduction zone peridotites debouch at the sea floor through conduits and form exceptionally

large mud volcanoes, up to 50 km diameters and 2.5 km high (see Fig. 2). Existing data point to episodicity of phenomena such as timing and variability of style of eruptive events including both catastrophic events and gentle effusive episodes, and clustering of seismic events in space and time (Fryer and Fryer, submitted). We have not yet been able to interrelate these observations in detail, but Site 1200 on the southernmost of these serpentinite seamounts (S. Chamorro Smt.) was CORKed and instrumented on ODP Leg 195 and pressure data from that site shows clear

Fig. 2. Color shaded bathymetry map of Big Blue Smt. Dashed lines outline individual mudfl ow lobes from the seamount (Fryer et al in prep.). Red x marks are proposed locations for multiple experiment modules (see text). Red lines show distribution of seafl or cables linking the array to a junction box to be attached to the buoy.

and surprisingly large hydrologic response to local seismicity (Davis et al., 2002), consistent with focusing of energy by a conduit. Potential drill-hole observatory sites on three other serpentine seamounts have been proposed to IODP. The IODP Proposal (505Full), which describes these proposed sites, has advanced to the SPC for consideration for scheduling.

There is recent data regarding the distribution of earthquakes around Big Blue Seamount (Fig. 3), but as yet no data regarding how seismic activity within the overriding plate or along the decollement may affect variability of seep fl uids, or how such variability may affect coexisting microbial ecosystems. What we do know is that the geochemistry of pore fl uids associated with microbial activity at seeps on several serpentinite seamounts of the Mariana forearc vary from seamount to seamount (Fig. 4) and that the abundances and species of various microbial populations differ among seamounts (Fig. 5).

Fig. 3. Recent data from the 2003-4 MARGINS OBS deployment shows 15-20 earthquakes of magnitude 2+ recorded over a 25-day period within 30 km of the apex of Big Blue Smt. and more numerous earth-quakes that defi ne a zone of seismicity to the west of the edifi ce.

The proposed monitoring effort we offer below is to instrument one active serpentinite mud volcano in the Mariana forearc in order to monitor volcanic activity there both as a means to understand the processes of formation of these edifices and to explore potential relationships between subduction processes, such as seismicity, dehydration, decarbonation, etc. events, and flux of both fluids and solids through the forearc region. In addition it has become increasingly clear that this flux of material affects biological activity at seeps on the seamounts and has the potential also to fuel deep subsurface biosphere activity.

OBJECTIVESThis proposal is for the establishment of an array of instruments on a single seamount (Big Blue Seamount); the array to be connected to a buoy. We propose the array of sensors be deployed on the seamount informally named Big Blue Seamount, the shallowest of the Mariana forearc serpentinite mud volcanoes (Figs. 1 and 2). Although ODP Site 1200 already has a borehole “observatory” in place, we recommend Big Blue Seamount as the site for the buoyed observatory desccribed in this proposal, because ODP Site 1200 is located within an area commonly used for US NAVY submarine training exercises and may not be granted approval from the US Navy for a buoyed monitoring locality. In order to relate seismic activity on the decollement with mud volcano activity and any associated biological processes, we must be able to perform the following:

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1) detection and location of eruptive activity using earthquakes and acoustic signals, 2) locating earthquakes to determine the structure and plumbing of Big Blue Seamount, 3) monitoring deformation of the summit using pressure sensors, 4) monitoring the chemical fluctuations of fluids from summit seeps, 5) monitoring of fluctuations in heatflow and fluid flux6) monitoring the hydrologic processes within the edifice, and7) monitoring of biological activity.

In fields where our interests overlap with those of scientists from other institutions, collaborative efforts will be encouraged. Other possible processes to be investigated include horizontal deformation monitoring, mudflow deformation studies (mass wasting), T-phase monitoring, volcanic activity monitoring, biological community characterization and evolution, ocean currents and tidal studies, air-sea interaction studies, and fluid flux studies. We anticipate that there may be additional proposals for experiments submitted by future collaborators. OBSERVATORY - PROPOSED SYSTEM Monitoring instruments would include seismometers (3 broad-band and 6 short period), hydrophones, temperature and pressure sensor packages, geochemical sensors, flux meters, and biosensors. The instruments will be set out in an array on Big Blue Smt. as shown in Fig 2. The array will be instrumented as shown in Figures 6 and 7.

Fig. 5. T-RFLP profiles using the restriction enzyme HaeIII of archaeal communities from 4 mud volcanos (Quaker: Jason2 push core (J33-5); Dip: piston core (PC16)) . Phylotypes yielding terminal fragments of 213 bp and 240 bp were tentatively identified as members of the Crenarchaeota, Marine Group I, 4B7 subgroup. Phylotypes yielding terminal fragments of 314 bp were tentatively identified as members of the Euryarchaeota, Methanosarcinales, Methanosarcina Group. However, our sequencing of these putative “extreme” phylotypes shows that they are unlike anything contained in either the RDP or GenBank databases (data not shown). The profiles from Big Blue and S. Chamorro ODP Hole 1200E are nearly identical, (also confirmed using seven other restriction enzyme profiles - data not shown). These data show the ubiquity of each of these three groups of phylotypes occurring across several Mariana forearc mud volcanos and in addition demonstrate that each can be successfully recovered using a wide array of deep-ocean sampling techniques.

Fig. 6. Sketch of the elements of the proposed observatory. A schematic for the array is given in Fig. 7. Sketches of the WHOI-type terminations are provided in Fig. 8 (designed by F. K. Duennebier). Tita-nium probes are similar to those used at Baby Bare on the Juan de Fuca Ridge fl ank (Fig. 9) and the OBS deployment depicted here is similar to that used at the H2O observatory.(see Fig. 10) Short-period OBS instruments can be buried without frames.

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The observatory (Figs. 6 and 7) will consist of three basic physical systems: the buoy, including mooring, riser, and surface instrumentation; a main junction box similar to that employed at the H2O Observatory (Fig. 8) to distribute power and communications to multiple-experiment modules (MEMs) on Big Blue Seamount. The location for the junction box was chosen on the basis of Jason 2 observations and piston coring during an R/V Thompson cruise in 2003 (TN154). The site is 6 km away from the active summit mound of the seamount. The junction box will be attached via underwater connectors to termination frames (Fig. 9) that will act as extension cords to carry power and return data through the junction box to the buoy. MEMs (Fig. 10) will

further distribute power and communications to instruments deployed at the experiment sites. We propose to install permanent geodetic base markers so that the Junction box or a MEM station can be retrieved, repaired, and returned to its original position within 25.4mm. Each station will need depth information (from DigiQuartz pressure transducers). Since at these scales they may drift differentially (and differential elevation is the critical measurement), a periodic leveling survey will be needed. That requires a portable sensor. It should reside on the bottom so that it is stable. During servicing missions it would be transported from station to station in a complete circle so that any drift during the circuit can be interpolated for maximum precision. To get full 3-D positions, it will be necessary to determine distances between the outer stations as well as distance to the top.

We assume that we will use an armored coax cable from the Buoy to the junction box. The communications system will be serviced by dual 100 Base FX Ethernet to and from the buoy.

Fig. 9. Sketch of a WHOI type termination such as will be used for Station ALOHA and a picture of a WHOI-type termination being deployed.

The signals from instruments will be cached and transmitted to shore in as close to real-time as possible via a microwave WAN. The cable from the buoy will terminate in an optical/power wet-mate connector at the junction box at the summit of Big Blue Seamount. This connector will allow physical separation of the buoy system from the junction box and observatory hardware to allow independent servicing of either system.

The functions of the junction box are to provide electrical power and data ports for MEMs and experiments. The junction box will be located sufficiently distant from the buoy anchor to allow safe servicing by occupied submersibles or ROVs. Data ports will include IREG time to allow time stamping of data packets with a precision of 1 µs obtained from a GPS receiver in the buoy. The junction box will have eight user ports, each capable of delivering up to 500 W of power and 10-Base FX Ethernet. We anticipate that ports will be wire-connected to MEMs where experiments will be connected. We propose to design and construct the junction box and MEMs for the observatory. The MEMs will include a short-period seismo-acoustic station, programmable transponder, pressure sensor, current meter, and the capacity for support of at least six other instruments. The MEMs will mechanically connect to a fixed benchmark on the ocean floor, so that each MEM can be used to measure vertical and horizontal displacements of the summit.

Communications protocols, metadata requirements, power conditioning, connectorization, and other characteristics of the observatory will conform with proscribed requirements of ORION

Fig. 10. Multiple-experiment modules such as this (used at H2O) will be deployed at each instru-mentation site within the array. See text for details.

observatory systems.

This array could be deployed incrementally, adding instrument nodes on successive visits. At a minimum a first deployment would require the junction box, the summit MEM and three flank MEMs in order to locate earthquakes accurately and monitor responses of the seamount. However, the entire observatory proposed here is small enough to be easily deployable within a 1-month period.

MEM Instrument Array Components

Titanium Fluid Sampling ProbeSubsurface sampling of fluids, recording of pressure changes, detection of fluid temperature variations, and fluid compositional fluctuations will be made in a titanium probe following the technique applied at the Baby Bare site on the Juan de Fuca ridge flank (Pozgay et al., 2004; Jannasch et al, 2003; 2004; Wheat et al 2000; 2001). Where possible (in soft sediment/muds) it can be deployed from a robust ROV (e.g., Jason 2, ROPOS, ISIS).

We will fabricate, and deploy probe-mounted OsmoSamplers at each MEM to address temporal variability in chemical compositions of pore fluids, fluid seepage rate and. A prototype Harpoon-OsmoSampler (see Fig. 11) was deployed on Baby Bare Smt. and consists of a hollow lance with a series of discrete temperature recorders and several inputs

Fig. 11. A fluid sampling probe siilar to the one above (used at Baby Bare on the flank of the Juan De Fuca Ridge) will house osmosamplers, thermister strings and microbial experiments. Such probes can be em-placed from a surface vessel as shown or using an HOV or robust ROV to insert the portion below the break-away coupler into the seafloor.

for OsmoSamplers (continuous fluid samplers using osmotic gradients to draw sample into small bore tubing (see Pozgay et al., 2004; Jannasch et al, 2003; 2004; Wheat et al., 2000; 2001). The probes envisioned for Big Blue Smt. will have 5 intakes positioned to sample discrete pore water horizons. Fluid samples are obtained by retrieving the OsmoSamplers, cutting the tubing into discrete lengths, and expelling the fluids. Thus, yearly returns to the observatory will be required to retrieve samples. We will use acid-addition samplers (acidifies samples in line) with Teflon tubing for samples to be analyzed for dissolved ion concentrations and copper tubing for samples to be analyzed for dissolved gases.

Each probe will also contain at least 5 ports containing inert fibers to provide substrates for microbial colonization. The ports will be bounded by “202 µm Nytex” mesh filter that will keep larger grazers out. The extensive surface area in the inert fiber “wool” promotes microbial growth. Initially the ports will be closed and filled with a fluid that is chemically similar to the horizon that it will sample. Once deployed the port will be opened to allow exchange with pore fluids. The ports will be closed during retrieval, thus isolating the samples. Each port will have a thermistor. Additional thermistors will be connected to a data recorder to monitor the thermal state of the pore waters in enough detail (one every 10 cm) to ascertain changes associated with changes in seepage speed and bottom temperatures (e.g., Wheat et al., 2004). Muds that make up the seamount flow lobes are relatively soft. On the basis of our experience sampling and deploying

equipment, Jason2 will be able to deploy the probes that are at least several meters long, well below the sulfate-reducing zone in areas of high pore water seepage. A variety of lengths will be fabricated to maximize the scientific return.

OsmoSamplers: We will monitor eruptive activity and pore fluid variability in order to constrain the rates of egress of fluids for the seamount as a whole. There is no information on the rate of rise of serpentinite mud or on the growth rate of these seamounts. We know they erupt episodically and that Big Blue Smt. may have begun to form in the Eocene. Big Blue Smt. has the fastest pore water seepage speed (48 cm/yr) at the summit relative to the dozen active mud volcanoes we have sampled thus far (Fig.

12) (Hulme et al., 2003; Mottl et al., 2004). The slab-derived fluids at Big Blue Smt. represent some of the most unique that occur in any oceanic setting (Table 1). The underlying Pacific Plate lies ~22 km below the summit. DSL120 imagery (Fig. 13) and observations with Jason2 ROV Fryer et al., 20003) show recent and numerous mud flows from the summit knoll.

OsmoSamplers essentially consist of an osmotic pump connected to a long section of small-bore sample tubing, minimizing sample smearing. OsmoSamplers built for a 13-month deployments displacing about 16 mL/h, pull sample into a 304 m (1000’) long 0.8 mm ID tube with a total volume of about 152 ml. After recovery, the tubing is sealed and cut into 300 1-m sections, each with an 0.5 ml volume, representing an approximate 1.3-day time period. Theoretical calculations show that with this configuration, diffusion within the tube will have minimum impact on peak smearing and sample integrity. Laboratory experiments show that sample interfaces remain within a 1-m section of tubing even after 4 months of sampling. To insure that no sample is lost during recovery (e.g., due to degassing), mechanical valves isolate the sample tubing during deployment and recovery. OsmoSamplers have been built and deployed in the seafloor observatory site at ODP Site 1200, in Monterey Bay, in ODP boreholes off of the North Barbados Ridge and on the Juan de Fuca ridge, and at newly formed vents on Loihi. The samplers have been tested in holes with temperatures up to 70ºC and in pore fluids of pH up to 12.5.

Microbiological monitoring:We will examine microbial strategies and interpret microbial interactions with geologic media to gain a better understanding of microbial adaptations to fluctuations in geologic processes. The sites can be instrumented for discrete microbiological sampling at bimonthly intervals over a 12-month period using McLane PPSs to collect and preserve DNA on flat filters. This sort of configuration has not previously been attempted with a cable, but has been successfully deployed using batteries at Axial Volcano in conjunction with the NeMO program. This sampling plan allows for a set of discrete microbial samples fixed in situ for later

Fig 12. (Upper plot) Profiles of hydrogen sulfide vs. depth in pore fluids from Jason2 push cores (filled squares) taken along a transect across the center of the Big Blue Smt. summit knoll and piston cores (open squares) also from the summit knoll, indicating the presence of an active microbial population. The push core with the fastest fluid flux rate (filled triangles – “most active seep”) has the greatest H2S and the strongest production zone is in the upper ~20 cm. (Lower plot) Profiles of Ca vs. depth in pore fluids from Jason2 push cores (filled squares) taken along a transect across the center of the Big Blue Smt. summit knoll and piston cores (open squares) also from the summit knoll. Most of the push cores and the piston cores show relatively slow flux rates (upward seepage at 1- 4 cm/yr). The push core with the fastest rate (filled triangles) reaches 48 cm/y.

collection and analysis. The fi lters can be back-fl ushed with a fi xing solution to freeze all biologic activity until the samples are collected and returned to the laboratory. This would necessitate a yearly visit to the observatory site to collect samples from the nodes and replace the samplers.

We will collect discrete samples at the sampler probes using recently designed instrumentation that allows us to (1) quantitatively assess changes in microbial populations as pore fl uid composition varies over time, (2) isolate discrete horizons for microbial incubation using packets of sterile inert fi bers (e.g., silica and/or chrysotile), so colonizers can grow using in situ nutrients, and (3) examine possible interrelationships between changes in biological activity/pore fl uid composition and seismicity. Preliminary data from several serpentinite mud volcanoes support the presence of an active, shallow, microbial zone (Fig. 5) from 5 cm to ~1 m below the surface sediment. The variations in the composition of pore fl uids within the zone of Archaea drilled at ODP Site 1200 (Fig. 5) show that metabolic processes active within the Archaea horizon must be responsible for enhancing the extreme compositions of the pore fl uids (Mottl et al., 2003). The summit blister is ideal for the proposed discrete and time-series sampling because the biologically active zone is close to the surface and the pore fl uid fl ux is high. The 48 cm/yr seep also has the highest H

2S concentration; suggesting greater microbial activity. We propose to test physiological and

metabolic potential of our microbial isolates using previously hypothesized pathways to determine: the intra-system patterns of microbial diversity descending from the surface to depth using push

Fig. 13. DSL-120 side-scan sonar imagery from 2003 showing the summit of Big Blue Smt.. Triangles mark past core locations. The summit of the seamount has a 2-km-wide mud mound (outlined by thin solid line) that has several small fl ow lobes off to the E and N. At the site marked MAF11A (one of the drill sites proposed in IODP Proposal 505-Full) there is a small knoll, about 400 m in diameter. The knoll was surveyd and sampled using JAason 2 in 2003 and was shown to be an active site of fl uid seepage (highest rate observed at any Mariana mud volcano - 48 cm/yr).

cores and piston coring; identify specific habitats by combined analysis of microbial community and geochemistry signatures via fine-scale sampling (e.g., cm to mm); the physiological diversity of these communities; the microbial metabolic activities based on RNA/DNA-based sequences of key functional genes and the link between their metabolisms and the in situ geochemical characteristics. Our studies would also provide the basis for (1) comparison with other serpentine mud volcanoes, with a range of fluid compositions thus differences in reaction conditions (e.g., temperature and pressure) at the source, and (2) longer-term assessment of physical, chemical, and biological processes that support life in such an extreme environment. There are no data regarding possible active fluid seepage from the flanks of these mud volcanoes, however the pore-fluid slab-signal in the 2-My-old flank flows from Conical Smt. (Fig. 1) are still detectable and the pH remains high (up to 10) (e.g., ODP Leg 125 results (Mottl, 1992). Kerogen and filamentous opaque materials that may be bacterial remnants were present in some of the serpentinite matrix material in cores from Conical Smt. flank Site 779 (Scientific Shipboard Party, Init. Repts., ODP Leg 125 Site 779 p. 115)). No microbial study was performed on material cored on ODP Leg 125. We would, thus, provide the first microbiological work on flank deposits at these seamounts. We hope to determine: the phylogenetic diversity of communities of microbial organisms associated with mudflows of different ages on the seamount and the phylotypes (as determined by SSU rDNA sequences) that form the majority of dominant members of the microbial (i.e., both Bacteria and Archaea) communities in materials of different ages on the flanks.

Thermal monitoringFluctuations in temperature within the serpentine muds and the forearc sediment surrounding the seamount may vary as a function of changes in fluid flow within the seamount. If hydrologic processes throughout the edifice vary systematically in response to either seismic activity or to eruptive pulses, the proposed array of sensors would provide information critical to establishing the hydrologic properties of the edifice and surrounding forearc structure. It would be necessary to understand both changes in heatflow and fluid flux rate in order to quantify such changes.

We propose to build thermal “probes” (as part of overall sampling probe design) similar to WHOI Alvin heat flow probes, with minimal electronics in the probe head (power regulation, A/D, communications, connectors) and a chain of thermistors mounted on the outer wall of the sample probe. We propose to deploy a chain of linked and/or autonomous sensors inside the sampling probe, along with OsmoSampler system(s). With the latter it would be possible to determine flow rate flow from curvature of the temperature path. A doppler flow meter, such as is used commercially, would provide an independent measure of flow rate and could be included in the probe instrumentation.

The details of cost are difficult to define, but we assume that they will be similar to that of the flow meter planned for JdF CORK systems. We will need to construct the flow meter system to be used during the monitoring effort, free-flow experiment. The components are likely to include a Doppler meter and underwater connector pre-installed in the sampling probe, power and data transmission will be via the buoy. Although detailed specifications of this system must follow conceptual engineering design (part of an engineering subcontract) we have a good idea of the total system cost on the basis of costs for the pressure monitoring systems being constructed by PGC.

We will require that a seafloor temperature logging system be deployed with each cluster of instruments, in the array. This will provide a log of changes in BWT that will enable us to interpret shallow heat flow probe data, pressure sensor data.

Power requirements for temperature measurements would be approximately 50-100 mW overall, 25 mA current, assuming DC voltage driving the system of 7-12 V. Sample frequency would be 2 measurement per minute per sensor, 5-10 sensors in each probe. Data would be accumulated until it reaches 2 MB and routinely downloaded at 4800 baud. Higher frequency sampling could be triggered from shore if interesting events occur.

Ocean Bottom Seismometers: We will deploy OBSs on and around the seamount to monitor interrelationships between seismicity, within or beneath the seamount, and eruptive activity and/or the pore water seepage speed at the sediment surface. We will record and locate earthquakes within and beneath the seamount to the depths of the decollement (which varies from 15-40 km in the region). Fryer (1992) suggested that clusters of earthquakes under the seamounts could be related to eruptive activity. Pressure sensor data from ODP Hole 1200C captured 2 magnitude 7+ earthquakes over the 2-yr deployment (Davis et al., 2003). Earthquake activity near Big Blue Smt. averages nearly one event of magnitude 4+ per year (18 over the past 20 years (Engdahl et al., 1998). Recent data from the 2003-4 MARGINS OBS deployment shows 15-20 earthquakes of magnitude 2+ recorded over a 25-day period within 30 km of the apex of Big Blue Smt. (Fig. 3). This high seismicity may be related to significant changes in fluid composition and/or flux rate and microbial activity over the project period.

Monitoring seismicity will address the following:

(1) Does shallow thrust zone seismicity produce major temporal changes in the pore water seepage speed and/or chemistry? This would suggest a connection between transients in fluid pressures in the seismogenic zone and hydrothermal features on the surface and provide clues about seismogenic zone processes and the plumbing system of the seamount.

(2) Can we use microseismicity to delineate the plumbing system of the seamount? Microseismicity from closely spaced sensors has delineated the plumbing systems of volcanoes and hydrothermal systems.

(3) What is the deep structure of the forearc beneath the seamount? Does Big Blue overlie highly serpentinized forearc? Is serpentinization anomalous with regard to Mariana forearc elsewhere? How does serpentinization of the forearc affect faulting on the decollement? A JAMSTEC seismic refraction line (2003) over Celestial Smt. shows low-velocity (serpentinized?) forearc beneath the seamount.

(4) What is the tectonic relationship of the seamount to shallow thrust zone seismicity? Preliminary earthquake locations from the 2003-2004 Subfac experiment suggest that Big Blue is constructed immediately above the shallow end of the thrust zone, but that no earthquakes occur on the thrust zone immediately beneath it (see Fig. 3). The serpentinization of the forearc may produce stable sliding along the thrust zone and limit the locations of thrust zone earthquakes (Peacock

and Hyndman, 1999), and is one possible explanation for the lack of large thrust earthquakes in the Mariana region relative to other subduction zones.

(5) What is the regional structure of the Mariana overriding plate and the adjacent Pacifi c Plate and how does the slab deform as it is subducted? With information from land seismometers on Guam and the CNMI and with additional buoys in the ORION Global network these questions can be addressed both in the short term (on the order of months to years) and on decadal time frames.

We propose to place 3 broad–band seismometers within the array, one at the summit near the junction box and two at the base of the seamount so as

to locate events within the edifi ce. The instruments can be buried as was done successfully at H2O

(see Fig. 6). We can use broad-band OBSs of the type constructed for H2O (Fig .14) and short period instruments.

Power requirements for OBS operations would be approximately 5-10w, assuming similar current and voltage for the entire distal part of the system (see thermal monitoring). Sample frequency could be from 25 to 50 samples per second on 6 channels. Higher frequency sampling (e.g., H2O sampled at 160 Hz) could be triggered from shore if interesting events occur. Data would be cached at the junction box (could be downloaded to a PC104 at the end of a cache period). We are assuming a minimum of a daily download, confi guration conditions with respect to buoy-to-satellite transmission permitting.

EDUCATION AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES

The proposed observatory will advance discovery, and promote teaching, training and outreach education. Data will be included in graduate theses and we anticipate that the project will provide an at-sea research experience for undergraduate students (from the MATE program, U. Hawaii, and Washington U., and the MOST program at WWU). Results will be disseminated broadly to

Fig. 14. Broad-band OBS of the type used at H2O Observatory.

enhance scientific and technological understanding. We will prepare a web site with daily updates from sea for each cruise that will take a broad-based, multi-disciplinary approach for both scientist and lay-person and the web site (e.g., see <http;//www.soest.Hawaii.edu/expeditions/Mariana>) will assist others in presenting similar content nationwide. We have a long-standing partnership with a Guam high-school teacher (L. Tatreau) who will participate during deployment and yearly returns if scheduling permits.

It is possible that the microbial populations will have potential for industrial biotechnology. Enzymatic products such as alkaline proteases, cellulases, phosphatases, lipases, pectinases, and chitinases are widely used for the detergent industry. The most alkaliphilic microorganism discovered to-date, Alkaliphilus transvaalensis (optimum pH = 10.0, maximum pH = 12.5), was isolated from the deep (3200 m) subsurface environment of a South African gold mine. Given the environment we propose to study has such high pH, it is reasonable to expect discovery of extremely alkaliphilic, unique and novel microorganisms and to anticipate further investigation with respect to biotechnological applications and industrial potential. To this end, a novel subseafloor alkaliphilic Marinobacter sp. has recently been described from serpintine muds at S. Chamorro Smt. ODP Site 1200 and is being examined for applications in biotechnology.

The proposed activity will broaden the participation of underrepresented groups. One project PI is a woman. The U. Hawaii and U. Alaska Fairbanks are EPSCoR institutions and Western Washington Univ. is a non-PhD-granting, predominantly undergraduate institution. The project will enhance the infrastructure for research and education by being a multi-institutional study (PIs from 5 institutions), involving multidisciplinary research, and will support existing multi-user facilities: the National Deep Submergence Facility, the Oregon State University Coring Facility, and the OBS Instrumentation pool facility (either at WHOI or SIO).

References

Davis, E., Becker, K., Wang, K., Edwards, K., Cassidy, J., Dziak, R., and Thomson, R., 2003, Monitoring co-seismic plate deformation and post-seismic fluid flow with ODP hydrologic observatories, EOS AGU Fall Meeting 84,U11B-0002.

Engdahl, E. R., van der Hilst, R. D., and Buland, R. P., 1998, Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 88, 722-743.

Fryer, P., Becker, N. C., Wheat, C. G., Hulme, S., Fryer, G. J., Gharib, J., Mottl, M. J., 2003b, Complexities of eruptive processes at Mariana forearc serpentinite mud volcanoes and implications for serpentinite melange development, EOS AGU Fall meeting, T32A-0912.

Fryer, P., 1992, A synthesis of Leg 125 drilling of serpentine seamounts on the Mariana and Izu- Bonin forearcs, In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Leg 125, College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, 593-614.

Jannasch H. W., Wheat, C. G., Plant, J., Kastner, M., and Stakes, D., 2004, Continuous chemical monitoring with osmotically pumped water samplers: OsmoSampler design and applications. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 2, 102-113.

Jannasch, H. W., Davis, E. E., Kastner, M., Morris, J. D., Pettigrew, T. L., Plant, J. N., Solomon, E. A., Villinger, H. W., and Wheat, C. G., 2003, CORK II: Long-Term monitoring of fluid chemistry, fluxes, and hydrology in instrumented boreholes at the Costa Rica subduction zone. In Morris, J.D., Villinger, H, W., Klaus, A., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts, 205, 1-36 [CDROM], College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Hulme, S. M., Wheat, C. G., Mottl, M. J., and Fryer, P., 2003, Mapping the Mariana seismogenic zone through the measurement of geochemical tracers in serpentinite seamounts, EOS AGU Fall meeting, T32A-0910.

Mottl, M. J., 1992, Pore waters from serpentinite seamounts in the Mariana and Izu-Bonin forearc serpentinite: Leg 125, In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Leg 125, College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, 373-386.

Mottl, M. J., Komor, S. C., Fryer, P., and Moyer, C. L., 2003a, Deep-slab fluids fuel extremophilic Archaea on a Mariana forearc serpentinite mud volcano: Ocean Drilling Program Leg 195, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4 (11), 2003GC000588.

Mottl, M. J., Wheat, C. G., Fryer, P., Gharib, J., and Hulme, S., 2003b, Chemistry of springs across the Mariana forearc shows progressive devolatilization of the subducting Pacific plate, EOS AGU Fall meeting, T32A-0909.

Peacock, S. M., and Hyndman, R. D., 1999, Hydrous minerals in the mantle wedge and the

maximum depth of subduction thrust earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2517-2520.

Pozgay, S. H., Wiens, D. A., Shiobara, H., and Sugioka, H., Shear wave splitting and seismic anisotropy in the Mariana mantle wedge, EOS Trans Am. Geophys. Un., 2004.

Wheat, C. G., Jannasch, H. W., Plant, J. N., Moyer, C. L., Sansone F. J., and McMurtry, G. M., 2000, Continuous sampling of hydrothermal fluids from Loihi Seamount after the 1996 event, J. Geophys. Res., 105: 19353-19368.

Wheat, C.G., Jannasch, H. W., Kastner, M., Plant, J. N., and DeCarlo, E. H., 2003, Seawater transport and reaction in upper oceanic basaltic basement: Chemical data from continuous monitoring of sealed boreholes in a mid-ocean ridge flank environment, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 216, 549-564, 2003.

Wheat, C. G., Mottl, M. J., Fisher, A. J., Kadko, D., Davis, E. E., Baker., E., 2004. Heat Flow Through a Basaltic Outcrop on a Ridge Flank. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, 2004GC000700.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Patricia Fryer

HAWAII INSTITUTE OF GEOPHYSICS AND PLANETOLOGY

SCHOOL OF OCEAN & EARTH SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA

1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Telephone: (808) 956-3146, Fax: (808) 956-6322

Internet: pfryer@hawaii.edu

A. Professional preparation:

B.S. Geology, College of William and Mary 1970

M.S. Geology and Geophysics 1973 University of Hawaii

Ph.D. Geology and Geophysics 1981 University of Hawaii

B. Appointments:

1981-1986: Assistant Geologist, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii.

1986-1987: Associate Geologist, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii.

1987- 1991: Associate Planetary Scientist, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of

Hawaii

1991-1993: Associate Planetary Scientist, Department of Geology and Geophysics,

University of Hawaii

1993-1994: Planetary Scientist, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of

Hawaii

1994-present: Planetary Scientist, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology

C. 5 Recent Publications

Fryer, Patricia and Salisbury, Matthew, Serpentinite seamounts of the Izu-Bonin/Mariana

convergent plate margin: A synthesis of ODP Leg 125 and 195 drilling results, submitted

to ODP Leg 195 SR. Savov, I. P., S. Guggino, J. G. Ryan, P. Fryer and M. J. Mottl, Geochemistry of serpentinite

muds and metamorphic rocks from the Mariana Forearc, ODP Sites 1200 and 778 -

779,S.Chamorro and Conical Seamounts. Submitted ODP Leg 195 Sci. Res.

Mottl, M.J., S.C. Komor, P. Fryer, C.L. Moyer, 2003, Deep-slab fluids fuel extremophilic

Archaea on a Mariana forearc serpentinite mud volcano: Ocean Drilling Program Leg

195, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 4 (2003) 9009, doi:10.1029/2003GC000588,

ISSN:1525-2027.

Fryer, P., 2002, Recent Studies of Serpentinite Occurrences in the Oceans: Mantle-Ocean

interactions in the plate tectonic cycle (Invited review article), Chemie der Erde. 62(4),

(Dec. 2002), 257-302.

Fryer, P., Lockwood, J., Becker, N., Todd, C., and Phipps, S., 2000, Significance of

serpentine and blueschist mud volcanism in convergent margin settings, in Ophiolites

and Oceanic Crust: New Insights from Field Studies and Ocean Drilling Program (Y.

Dilek, E. M. Moores, D. Elthon, and A Nichols, eds.) GSA SPE 349 35-51.

Additional 5 publications

Salisbury, M.H., Shinohara, M., Richter, C., et al., 2002. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 195

[Online]. http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/195_IR/195ir.htm.

Maekawa, H., P. Fryer, M. Ozaki, 1995, Incipient blueschist-facies metamorphism in the

active subduction zone beneath the Mariana Forearc, in Active Margins and Marginal

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Basins

Fryer, P., C. G. Wheat, and M. J. Mottl, 1999, Mariana Blueschist mud volcanism:

implications for conditions within the subduction zone, Geology, 27(2), 103-106.

Fryer, P., 1996, Tectonic evolution of the Mariana convergent margin, Rev. of Geophysics,

34(1), 89-125.

Fryer, P., 1992, A synthesis of Leg 125 drilling of serpentine seamounts on the Mariana and

Izu-Bonin forearcs, Ocean Drilling Program Leg 125, Scientific Results Leg 125, 593-

614.

D. Synergistic Activities

1. Field work: 36 marine geophysical research cruises (16 as chief scientist) including Co-

chief ODP Leg 125 field work: PNG (1977), Mariana island arc (1978-1987), Rabaul, PNG

(1985), California (1985-1988)

2. Service as Chair of UNOLS Deep Submergence Science Committee (1998-present),

member of ODP SCICOM (1998-present), and past service as Chair of ODP IHP (1993-

1997), ODP Distinguished Lecture Series speaker (2002/2003).

3. Taught undergraduate courses in Introductory Geology, Mineralogy, Optical Petrology

Geology of the Hawaiian Islands, and Marine Geology; graduate courses: Accelerated

Introduction to Geology, Seminars in Convergent Margin Processes and petrology of the

Ocean Basins; Advanced Field Methods; and directed research at the Masters and PhD levels.

Designed a curriculum for undergraduates Geology Majors for teaching Geology, Directed

NSF “Young Scholars Program” for 72 High School Seniors and Juniors in 1990-’92

(students performed original research on pollution of the Ala Wai Canal, Waikiki)

4. Professional society memberships include American Geophysical Union

5. Participated in several SOEST Open House activities (outreach), presented lectures at

middle school Career Day on Marine Geology, to UH Academy of Life-long Learners, and

ran a web site from sea during a 2003 research cruise:

http://soest.hawaii.edu/expeditions/mariana.

E. Recent Collaborations: Michael Mottl, Geoff Wheat, Greg Moore, Andrew Goodliffe,

Doug Wiens, Simon Klemperer, Brian Taylor, Fernando Martinez, Jane Tribble, Jon Martin,

Miriam Kastner, James Gill, Lynn Johnson, Janet Haggerty, James Hawkins, Sherman

Bloomer, Robert Stern, Steven Phipps, Julian Pearce, Jack Lockwood, Sergei Sokolov,

Hirokazu Maekawa, Toshitaka Gamo, Kantaro Fujioka and Teruaki Ishii (scientific shipboard

party ODP Leg 195).

ii. Graduate Students: committee chair: Michael C. Jackson, 1984-1989 (PhD, G&G); Ken

Beal, 1984-1987 (MS, G&G); Lynn E. Johnson, 1986-1991 (PhD, G&G); Kevin Kelly,

1986-1988 (MS, Ocean.); Nathan Becker, 1997 - present (PhD, G7G); Jamshid Gharib, 2002-

present. Committees Member: John Smith, 1987-1989 (MS, Ocean.); Ruth A. Multhaup,

1987-1991 (G&G); Elisabeth Ambos, 1984-1986 (PhD, G&G); William Barry, 1985-1987

(G&G); Lisa Gaddis, 1985-1987 (PhD, G&G); Glenn R. Brown, 1985-1991 (G&G) Advisory

Committees (Oceanography Dept.): Kevin Kelly, 1989-1995 (PhD, Ocean.); Ann Arquit,

1986-1989 (PhD, Ocean.); Mimi Baker, 1990-1993 (MS, Ocean.); M.S Thesis Committees,

Chair: Jeffery Hocrath, 1991-1992; Joan Gardner, 1984-1986 (G&G); Sarah Shanahan, 1991-

1993; Kristine L. Saboda, 1985-1991 (G&G); Jill Mahoney, 1986-1991 (G&G); Sylvia Y.

Newsom, 1987-1992 (G&G); Nancy Baker, 1988-1992 (G&G)

iii. Thesis Advisor: John M. Sinton

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Charles Geoffrey Wheat http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/directory/faculty/wheat/

Mailing Address: Home Address: P.O. Box 475 17753 Northwood Place Moss Landing, CA 95039 Prundale, CA 93907 Voice (831) 633-7033 e-mail wheat@mbari.org Education: 1986-90 Ph.D. (Oceanography), University of Washington . 1983-86 M.S. (Oceanography), University of Washington. 1979-83 B.S. (Mathematics), University of New Hampshire. Honors: 1983-84 Egtvedt Scholarship 1983 David Drew Award 1982 Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society Professional Experience: 2004- Research Professor University of Alaska Fairbanks 1999- Adjunct Scientist Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute 1995- Affiliate Graduate Faculty University of Hawaii 1994- Regional Coordinator West Coast and Polar Regions Undersea Research Center (NURP) 1999-2004 Research Associate Professor University of Alaska Fairbanks 1999 Visiting Professor Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France 1994-99 Research Assistant Professor University of Alaska Fairbanks 1993-95 Research Assistant Professor University of Hawaii 1993-95 Marine Coordinator (SOEST) University of Hawaii 1991-93 Post-Doctoral Fellow University of Hawaii Professional Societies: American Geophysical Union American Institute of Chemists National Ground Water Association Oceanography Society Research Interests: Use chemical tracers to understand water-rock reactions in different physical, geochemical, and biological settings, examine effects of fluid flow on diagenetic processes and develop transport-reaction models for these geochemical processes, determine mechanisms of diagenetic reactions, evaluate geochemical cycles and crustal evolution, and conceive experimental approaches to solve geochemical problems. Peer-Reviewed Publication: In the last three years I have 17 peer-reviewed publications of which seven were first authored. I have published over 50 peer-reviewed manuscripts. Scientific Expeditions: I have participated in forty-seven cruises, three of which involved the deep ocean drilling (ODP Legs 139 and 168 and IODP Leg 301) and twenty-seven of which included a submersible component.

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Five Publications Most Closely Related to This Project: Wheat, C. G. and M. J. Mottl. 2004. Chapter 19: Geochemical Fluxes Through Ridge Flanks, In,

Hydrolgeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere, Ed. E. E. Davis and H. Elderfield, 627-658. Wheat, C.G., H.W. Jannasch, M. Kastner, J.N. Plant, E.H. DeCarlo, and G. Lebon. 2004. Venting

Formation Fluids from Deep Sea Boreholes in a Ridge Flank Setting: ODP Sites 1025 and 1026. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5 (8), Q08007, doi:10.1029/2004GC000710.

Wheat, C.G., H.W. Jannasch, M. Kastner, J.N. Plant, and E.H. DeCarlo. 2003. Seawater Transport and reaction in upper oceanic basaltic basement: Chemical data from continuous monitoring of sealed boreholes in a mid-ocean ridge flank environment. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 216, 549-564.

Wheat, C. G., H. W. Jannasch, J. N. Plant, C. L. Moyer, F. J. Sansone, and G. M. McMurtry. 2000. Continuous sampling of hydrothermal fluids from Loihi Seamount after the 1996 event. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19,353-19,368.

Wheat, C. G., M. J. Mottl, A. J. Fisher, D. Kadko, E. E. Davis, E. Baker. 2004. Heat Flow Through a Basaltic Outcrop on a Sedimented Young Ridge Flank. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q12006, doi: 10.1029/2004GC000700..

Five Other Significant Publications:

Wheat, C. G., M. J. Mottl, and M. Rudniki. 2002. Trace Element and REE Composition of a Low-Temperature Ridge Flank Hydrothermal Spring. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 66, 3693-3705.

Wheat, C.G., J. McManus, M.J. Mottl, and E. Giambalvo. 2003. Oceanic Phosphorus Imbalance: The Magnitude of the Ridge-Flank Hydrothermal Sink. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(17), 1895, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017318, 2003.

Wheat, C. G., and M. J. Mottl. 2000. Composition of pore and spring waters from Baby Bare: Global implications of geochemical fluxes from a ridge flank hydrothermal system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 64, 629-642.

Wheat, C. G., H. Elderfield, M. J. Mottl, and C. Monnin. 2000. Chemical composition of basement fluids within an oceanic ridge flank: Implications for along-strike and across-strike hydrothermal circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 13437-13,447.

Jannasch H. W., C. G. Wheat, J. Plant, M. Kastner, and D. Stakes. 2004. Continuous chemical monitoring with osmotically pumped water samplers: OsmoSampler design and applications. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods, 2, 102-113.

Other Scientific Collaborators Over the Past Four Years

D. Clague (MBARI); E. Davis (PGC, Canada); B. Embley (NOAA); A. Fisher (UCSC); D. Kelley (U WA); M. Lilley (U WA); J. McManus (Oregon State U); J. Seewald (WHOI); M. Tivey (WHOI); R. Zierenberg (UC Davis). Graduate Advisor: Russell E. McDuff (U WA) Postdoctoral Advisor: Michael J. Mottl (U HI)

Synergistic Activities:

A combination of my work and A. Fisher’s work on ridge flank hydrothermal systems provides the foundation for a graduate level course “Topics in Hydrogeology” at UCSC. Hans Jannasch and I are developing a variety of continuous water samplers. We have developed samplers for high and low temperature hydrothermal systems. Modifications to the sampler are now being tested in rivers and estuaries. I have been involved in the NSF’s Research Experience for Undergraduates, MBARI’s Summer Intern, and MATE’s Intern Program, all of which included women and minority students. I am on the Research Activities Panel for the Monterey Bay NMS and have three graduate students.

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VITA DOUGLAS A. WIENS

ADDRESS: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Washington University 1 Brookings Drive St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 Email: doug@seismo.wustl.edu, Phone: (314) 935-6517 PERSONAL: Born May 1, 1958, Minneapolis, Minnesota Married to Debra Wiens, two children EDUCATION: Wheaton College (Ill.), Physics, B.S., 1980 Northwestern University, Geological Sciences, M. S., 1982 Northwestern University, Geological Sciences, Ph. D., 1985 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Acting Chair, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, 2004 Professor, Washington University, 1996-present Associate Professor, Washington University, 1991-1996 Assistant Professor, Washington University, 1984-1991 Research Assistant, Northwestern University, 1980-1984

5 CLOSELY RELATED PUBLICATIONS

Koper, K., D. A. Wiens, L. M. Dorman, J. A. Hildebrand, and S. C. Webb, Constraints on the origin of slab and mantle wedge anomalies in Tonga from the ratio of S to P anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15089-15104, 1999.

Smith, G. P., D. A. Wiens, K. M. Fischer, L. M. Dorman, S. C. Webb, and J. A. Hildebrand, A complex pattern of mantle flow in the Lau backarc, Science, 292, 713-716, 2001.

Wiens, D. A., and G. P. Smith, Seismological constraints on structure and flow patterns within the mantle wedge, in Inside the subduction factory, AGU Monograph, 138, 59-81, 2003.

Wiens, D. A., N. Seama, and J. A. Conder, Mantle structure and flow patterns beneath active back-arc basins inferred from passive seismic and electromagnetic methods, AGU Monograph, in press, 2005.

Pozgay, S. H., R. A. White, D. A. Wiens, P. J. Shore, A. W. Sauter, J. L. Kaipat, Seismicity and tilt associated with the 2003 Anatahan eruption sequence, J. Vol. Geotherm. Res., in press, 2005.

5 OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Wiens, D. A., J. J. McGuire, P. J. Shore, M. G. Bevis, K. Draunidalo, G. Prasad, S. P. Helu, A deep earthquake aftershock sequence and implications for the rupture mechanism of deep earthquakes, Nature, 372, 540-543, 1994.

Wiens, D. A., and H. J. Gilbert, Slab temperature effects on deep earthquake aftershock productivity and magnitude-frequency relations, Nature, 384, 153-156, 1996.

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Roth, E., D. A. Wiens, L. M. Dorman, J. Hildebrand, and S. C. Webb, Seismic attenuation tomography of the Tonga back-arc region using phase pair methods, J Geophys. Res., 104, 4795-4809, 1999.

Wiens, D. A., and N. O. Snider, Repeating deep earthquakes: Evidence for fault reactivation at great depth, Science, 293, 1463-1466, 2001.

Wiens, D. A., Seismological constraints on the mechanism of deep earthquakes: temperature dependence of deep earthquake source properties, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 127, 145-163, 2001.

SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITIES: National Academy International Polar Year Planning Committee, 2003-present Incorporated Research Institutions in Seismology (IRIS): Executive committee, Global Seismic Network standing committee, Nominations committee (chair), IRIS workshop program director PASSCAL center selection committee, Data Management committee Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Science steering and evaluation committee (ISSEP) Science committee (SCICOM) MARGINS program steering committee, 1997-2002 RIDGE2000 program steering committee, 2002-present Ocean Bottom Seismograph Inst. Pool Oversight committee (chair), 2001-2003 COLLABORATORS AND FORMER ADVISORS: S. Stein (thesis advisor), Northwestern University S. Anandakrishnan, Penn State University L. Dorman, Scripps Institute of Oceanography G. Helffrich, University of Bristol (UK) J. Hildebrand, Scripps Institute of Oceanography S. Klemperer, Stanford University A. Nyblade, Penn State University B. Taylor, University of Hawaii E. Vera, Universidad de Chile S. Webb, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory ADVISING: Postdoctoral: Dapeng Zhao, Gideon Smith, James Conder, Rigobert Tibi

Graduate Students: David Petroy (M.A., 1988), Aristeo Pelayo (Ph.D., 1990), An-Ning Zhu (Ph.D., 1993), Megan Flanagan (Ph.D. 1994), Keith Koper (Ph.D., 1998), Erich Roth (Ph.D., 1999), Stacey Robertson Maurice (2003), Jesse Fisher Lawrence (Ph.D. 2004), Brian Shiro (current), Sara Pozgay (current), Moira Pyle (current), Mitchell Barklage (current)

Undergraduate Research Advisees: Jeffrey McGuire, Hersh Gilbert, Tom Bawden, Brian Park-Li, Mark Wuenscher, Nathan Snider, Phil Skemer, Rebecca Stiles, John Russell (current)

TEACHING: Introduction to Geophysics, Seismology, Advanced Seismology,

Structural Geology, Plate Tectonics, Geodynamics, Inverse Theory, Geophysical Data Analysis, Earth Forces, Exploration and Environmental Geophysics, Quantitative Methods in Environmental Sciences

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH – Craig L. Moyer

Biology Department Phone (360) 650-7935Western Washington University Fax (360) 650-3148Biology Building MS#9160 cmoyer@hydro.biol.wwu.eduBellingham, WA 98225

Education: Ph.D. (Oceanography) University of Hawaii 1995M.S. (Microbiology) Oregon State University 1988B.S. (Biology) Oregon State University 1986

Honors and Awards:Professional Leave Award, WWU, 2003/04.Exceptional Performance in Research Merit Award, WWU, 1999.NATO ASI Travel Award, N.S.F., 1994.ARCS Hawaii Scholarship, SOEST, U.H., 1994.

Professional Societies:International Society for Microbial Ecology American Society for MicrobiologyAmerican Society of Limnology and OceanographyAmerican Geophysical Union

Professional Experience:2002- Associate Professor Western Washington University1997-02 Assistant Professor Western Washington University1995-97 Post-Doctoral Research Associate Michigan State University1990-95 Graduate Research Assistant University of Hawaii1986-90 Graduate Research Assistant Oregon State University

Participated in over 35 major oceanographic expeditions and acted as scientific observer on over 150 divesusing DSVs Alvin, SeaCliff and Pisces V and ROVs ATV, Jason II, and ROPOS.

Five Most Closely Related Publications:Takai, K., C. L. Moyer, M. Miyazaki, Y. Nogi, H. Hirayama, K. H. Nealson, and K. Horikoshi. 2005.

Marinobacter alkaliphilus sp. nov., a novel alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from subseafloor alkalineserpentine mud from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1200 at South Chamorro Seamount, MarianaForearc. Extremophiles 9:17-27.

Mottl, M. J., S. C. Komor, P. Fryer, and C. L. Moyer. 2003. Deep-slab fluids fuel extremophilic Archaeaon a Mariana forearc serpentine mud volcano: Ocean Drilling Program Leg 195. Geochem.Geophys. Geosyst. 4(11):9009, 1-14.

Engebretson, J. J., and C. L. Moyer. 2003. Fidelity of selected restriction endonucleases in determiningmicrobial diversity by terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Appl. Environ.Microbiol. 69:4823-4829.

Emerson, D., and C. L. Moyer. 2002. Neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria are abundant at the LoihiSeamount hydrothermal vents and play a major role in the Fe oxide deposition. Appl. Environ.Microbiol. 68:3085-3093.

Moyer, C. L. 2001. Molecular phylogeny: Applications and implications for marine microbiology.Methods Microbiol. 30:375-394.

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Five Other Significant Publications:Stapleton, R. D., Z. L. Sabree, A. V. Palumbo, C. L. Moyer, A. Devol, Y. Roh, and J. Zhou. 2005. Metal

reduction at cold temperatures by Shewanella isolates from various marine environments. Aquat.Microb. Ecol. 38:81-91.

Wheat, C. G., H. W. Jannasch, J. N. Plant, C. L. Moyer, F. J. Sansone, and G. M. McMurtry. 2000.Continuous sampling of hydrothermal fluids from Loihi Seamount after the 1996 event. J.Geophys. Res. 105:13437-13447.

Mottl, M. J., G. Wheat, E. Baker, N. Becker, E. Davis, R. Feely, A. Grehan, D. Kadko, M. Lilley, G.Massoth, C. Moyer, and F. Sansone. 1998. Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust,eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geology 26:51-54.

Emerson, D., and C. L. Moyer. 1997. Isolation and characterization of novel iron-oxidizing bacteria thatgrow at circumneutral pH. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4784-4792.

Moyer, C. L., F. C. Dobbs, and D. M. Karl. 1995. Phylogenetic diversity of the bacterial communityfrom a microbial mat at an active, hydrothermal vent system, Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 61:1555-1562.

Synergistic Activities:Participation in the educational outreach portion of NOAA’s New Millennium Observatory or NeMO

project over the past six years by helping and advising with science curriculum development,pedagogy, and website design. The research activities at NeMO provide an extraordinaryeducational opportunity, (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/nemo/education.html).

Supervised 36 undergraduate independent research projects, with 2 currently underway. Students areengaged in a wide array of research projects relating to molecular phylogeny and microbialdiversity from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

Supervised 8 undergraduate professional work experience internships. Students enter collaborativeagreements between local biotechnical businesses, governmental agencies, environmental testingagencies, or professional research laboratories and WWU to conduct research and trainingprojects over the summer.

Panelist, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Microbiological Working Group. 2003/04. Examined issuesrelated to microbiological sampling issues with regard to deep ocean drilling such as theprevention of contamination, sample storage procedures, importance of patent rights,recommendations for standardized microbial protocols, etc.

Recent Collaborators:Patricia Fryer, Mike Mottl & Frank Sansone (Univ. of Hawaii), Geoffrey Wheat (Univ. ofAlaska), Robert W. Embley (NOAA-Vents), David Emerson (ATCC), Katrina Edwards (WHOI),Brad Tebo and Hubert Stuadigel (SIO), Ken Takai and Fumio Inagaki (JAMSTEC), and JohnBaross (Univ. of Washington).

Graduate & Postgraduate Advisors:James M. Tiedje (Michigan State Univ.), David M. Karl (Univ. of Hawaii), Richard Y. Morita (Oregon State Univ.).

Thesis Advisor for Following Students:Jeffrey Engebretson (WWU, M.S., 2002), Richard Llewellyn (WWU, M.S., 2001),Karen Lynch (WWU, M.S., 2000), Scott Kleinkauf (WWU, M.S., 2000).

0526425

Andrew T. Fisher

Earth Sciences Department, A209 (831) 459-5598 (direct)University of California, Santa Cruz (831) 459-4089 (main office)1156 High Street (831) 459-3074 (fax)Santa Cruz, CA 95064 afisher@ucsc.edu

Education:1984-89 Ph. D., University of Miami,

Marine Geology and Geophysics,1980-84 B. S., Stanford University, Geology

Positions Held:2003- Professor Department of Earth Sciences, UCSC; also Institute for

Geophysics and Planetary Physics (Affiliated withDepts. of Environmental Studies, Ocean Sciences, andEnvironmental Toxicology)

1999-03 Associate Professor: Department of Earth Sciences, UCSC1995-99 Assistant Professor: Department of Earth Sciences, UCSC1994-95 Graduate Faculty: Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University1993-95 Associate Scientist: Department of Geological Sciences and Indiana

Geological Survey1993 Visiting Assistant Professor: Department of Geophysics

Texas A & M University

1989-93 Adjunct Assistant Professor: Department of GeophysicsTexas A & M University

1989-93 Staff Scientist: Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A & M University1988 Exploration Geologist: Shell Western E & P, Inc.

Selected Synergistic Activities:• Teaches courses in Hydrology, Groundwater, Geological Principles, and Groundwater Modeling• Member of technical advisory committees (volunteer) for Soquel Creek Water District, Pajaro Valley

Water Management Agency, County of Santa Cruz Resource Conservation Service, Monterey CountyWater Resources Agency

• Supervised 25 undergraduate researchers during 2000-04, including seven REU scholars; UCSC EarthSciences Department undergraduate faculty advisor, 1998-2001

• Twenty-four invited presentations during 2000-04, including four to non-scientific groups• Editorial boards (1997-03) of Geology, Journal of Geophysical Research, Geofluids, The Island Arc• Eight ODP/IODP expeditions, 10 other oceanographic expeditions, six as chief or co-chief scientist• ODP/IODP service: SPC, iPC, SCICOM, LITHP, DMP, USSAC, COMPLEX, CONCORD

Five recent references related to proposed research (*student or former student co-author):

Fisher, A. T., Rates and patterns of fluid circulation, in Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere, editedby Davis, E. E., and H. Elderfield, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 339-377.

Wilcock, W.S.D., and A. T. Fisher, Geophysical constraints on the sub-seafloor environment near mid-ocean ridges, in Subseafloor Biosphere at Mid-ocean Ridges, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 144, edited by C.Cary, E. Delong, D. Kelley, and W.S.D. Wilcock, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C., 51-74.

*Spinelli, G.A., and Fisher, A. T., Hydrothermal circulation within rough basement on the Juan de FucaRidge flank, Geochem., Geophys., Geosystems, 5 (2), Q02001, doi:10.1029/2003GC000616, 2004.

Fisher, A., E.E. Davis, *Hutnak, M., Spiess, V., Zühlsdorff, L., Cherkaoui, A., *Christiansen, L.,*Edwards, K.M., Macdonald, R., Villinger, H., Mottl, M., Wheat, C. G., and Becker, K., 2003,Hydrothermal circulation across 50 km on a young ridge flank: the role of seamounts in guiding rechargeand discharge at a crustal scale, Nature, 421: 618-621, 2003.

*Stein, J.S., and Fisher, A. T., Observations and models of lateral hydrothermal circulation on a youngridge flank: reconciling thermal, numerical and chemical constraints, Geochem., Geophys., Geosystems, 4(3), 10.1029/2002GC000415, 2003.

Becker, K, and Fisher, A. T., 2000, Permeability of upper oceanic basement on the eastern flank of theEndeavor Ridge determined with drill-string packer experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (B1): 897-912.

Five other recent references (*student or former student co-author):

Harris, R. N., Fisher, A. T., Chapman, D., Seamounts induce large fluid fluxes, Geology, 32 (8), 725-728, doi:10.1130/G20387.1, 2004.

Fisher, A. T., Stein, C. A., Harris, R. N, Wang, K., Silver, E. A., *Pfender, M., *Hutnak, M., Cherkaoui,A., *Bodzin, R., Villinger, H., Abrupt thermal transition reveals hydrothermal boundary and role ofseamounts within the Cocos Plate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (11), 1550, doi:10.1029/2002GL016766, 2003.

Fisher, A. T., and Becker, K., Reconciling heat flow and permeability data with a model of channelizedflow in oceanic crust, Nature, 403: 71-74, 2000.

*Stein, J., and Fisher, A. T., 2001. Multiple scales of hydrothermal circulation in Middle Valley, northernJuan de Fuca Ridge: physical constraints and geologic models, J. Geophys. Res., 106: 8563-8580.

*Giambalvo, E., Fisher, A. T., *Martin, J., *Darty, L., and Lowell, R., Origin of elevated sedimentpermeability in a hydrothermal seepage zone, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and implicationsfor transport of fluid and heat, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (B1): 913-927.

Collaborators in last 48 months (other than co-authors listed above):Constantz, J. (USGS); Silver, E. (UCSC); Spiess, V. (Univ. Bremen); Sclater, J. (UCSD),

Zühlsdorff, L. (Univ. Bremen); Mottl, M. (Hawaii); Urabe, T. (Tokyo); Bach, W. (WHOI).

Graduate Advisor of co-PI:Becker, K. (University of Miami)

Graduate Advisees of co-PI:Christine Hatch, Mike Hutnak, Robert Sigler, Greg Stemler, Chris Ruehl (M.S., 2004), Patrice

Friedmann (M.S., 2003), Glenn Spinelli (Ph.D., 2002), Emily Giambalvo (Ph.D., 2001), Joshua Stein(Ph.D., 2000), Danielle Widemann (CW M.S., 2000), Jonathan Lear (CW M.S., 2000), Jon Erskine (M.S.,1998)

Post-doctoral Researchers supervised by co-PI:Abdellah Cherkaoui (2000-02), Philip Stauffer (1999)

(3 year) CUMULATIVE PROPOSAL BUDGETFOR ORION USE ONLY

ORGANIZATIONUniversity of Hawaii

PROPOSAL NO. DURATION (MONTHS)

Proposed GrantedPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTORPatricia Fryer

AWARD NO.

A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PIs, Faculty and Other Senior Associates Funded Funds Funds

List each separately with name and title. (A.7. Show number in brackets) Person-months Requested By Granted

CAL ACAD SUMR Proposer (If Different) 1. P. Fryer 6 __ __ $54600 $_____ 2. C.G. Wheat 6 __ __ 52600 _____ 3. D. Wiens __ __ 3 36200 _____ 4. C. Moyer __ __ 2 11800 _____ 5. A. Fisher 3 __ __ 36000 _____ 6. (___) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE) __ __ __ _____ _____ 7. (5) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-6) __ __ __ 191200 _____B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS) 1. (___) POSTDOCTORAL ASSOCIATES __ __ __ _____ _____ 2. (___) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.) __ __ __ _____ _____ 3. (5) GRADUATE STUDENTS 450000 _____ 4. (10) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS 12000 _____ 5. (___) SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL (IF CHARGED DIRECTLY) _____ _____ 6. (___) OTHER _____ _____ TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B) 653200 _____C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) (included in salary estimate) _____ _____ TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B + C) 653200 _____D. EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $5,000.) 2307600See following budget explanation pagefor equipment (estimate is for fabrication and first deployment)Additional two return visits will rquire replacement ofOsmoSamplers and microbiological samplers TOTAL EQUIPMENT 2307600 _____E. TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA, MEXICO AND U.S. POSSESSIONS) 112500 _____

2. FOREIGN _____ _____F. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT 1. STIPENDS $ _____ 2. TRAVEL _____ 3. SUBSISTENCE _____ 4. OTHER _____ TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS (_____) TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS _____ _____G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS _____ _____ 1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES (@ 3000/yr/PI) 45000 _____ 2. PUBLICATION/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION ($2000/yr/PI) 18000 _____ 3. CONSULTANT SERVICES _____ _____ 4. COMPUTER SERVICES ($4500/yr for MARISAT connection for outreach) 13500 _____ 5. SUBAWARDS _____ _____ 6. OTHER (Ship costs for deploying array plus two returns) 1944228 _____ TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS 2020728 _____H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G) 4824028 _____I. INDIRECT COSTS (F&A) (SPECIFY RATE AND BASE)MTDC (Total Direct Costs minus Ship Costs) @ 36.3%($2847400)*.363 TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS (F&A) 1045367 _____J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H + I) 5869395 _____K. RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECT SEE GPG II.D.7.j.) _____ _____L. AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K) $5869395 $_____M. COST SHARING: PROPOSED LEVEL $_____ AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT: $_____PI/PD TYPED NAME AND SIGNATURE* DATE FOR ORION USE ONLY

_____ _____ INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATIONORG. REP. TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE* DATE Date Checked Date of Rate Sheet Initials-ORG_____ _____

OOI Form 1030 (10/99) Supersedes All Previous Editions *SIGNATURES REQUIRED ONLY FOR REVISED BUDGET (GPG III.C)

Proposed BudgetMay-05

A Seafloor Observatory in the Type Nonaccretionary Convergent Plate Margin (Monitoring an Active Serpentinite Mud Volcano on the Mariana Forearc)�

Response to OOI Request for Assistance

This 3-year budget is for initial observatory deployment and two return visits for servicing and sample collection

A. SENIOR PERSONNELP. Fryer 54600C. G. Wheat 52600D. Wiens 36200C. Moyer 11800A. Fisher 36000Total senior personnel 191200

B. OTHER PERSONNEL a. Five Graduate Students (one per PI @ ~$30K/yr) 450000 b. Ten undergraduate students (two per PI per year) 12000Total other personnel 462000

C. TOTAL SALARIES/FRINGES 653200

D. EQUIPMENT1 Buoy (from ORION Global Pool) 02 Cable (~100 km total needed - reuse available cable) 03 Junction boxes/individual experiment modules

(Frame ($5000 materials and labor) + connector pairs ($25000) + pressure case ($10000) per site) 360000(Frame( $5000 materials and labor) + discrete connectors ($500) per site 40500

4 Titanium stingers ($5K per stinger materials and labor) 450005 Deployment of Ti Probes from surface ship 0

(Available counter weights and releases from U. Wash. Facility)6 OsmoSamplers ($20,000 per stinger array materials and labor ) 180000

(5 sets internal fluidsamplers plus bottom water sampler)7 Pressure sensors ($15,000/sensor) 1350008 Geochemical sensor development 180000

(In situ pH meters, alkalinity, methane ~$20,000/node))9 Thermister strings ($21.000/instrument) 90000

10 Flow meter system 189000 ( doppler sensor, pressure case , connectors/cables, underwater conector probehead frame, engineering)

11 In situ microbial pumps/samplers ($40,000/unit) 27000012 Microbial substrate units (900 each) 810013 Seismometers

a. 3 broad-band ( $100,000/instrument+peripherals) 300000 b. 6 short period (labor, materials, circuit boards $40,000) 240000TOTAL EQUIPMENT (if all costs run through UH) 2307600

E. Travel (domestic see next page for details) 112500

F. Participant costs 0

G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS (see Budget Form and next page for details) a. Materials and supplies 45000 b. Publications 18000 c. Computer costs (MARISAT connection for outreach) 13500

d. SHIP COSTS 1. Cable deployment (18 days of R/V Thompson @ $24926/day (2005 day rate)) 448668 2. Instrument deployment (24 days of R/V Thompson @ $24926/day (2005 day rate)) 598224 3. Servicing in each of two subsequent years (18 days of R/V Thompson 897336 @ $24926/day (2005 day rate)/yr) Total Ship Costs 1944228TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS 2020728

H. TOTAL DIRECT COST (if all costs run through UH) 4824028

I. INDIRECT COST @ 36.3%M TDC 1045367(MTDC = TOTAL DIRECT COST - SHIP COSTS)

J. TOTAL THIS BUDGET 5869395

Budget ExplanationWe are submitting a 3-year budget. In year one we will develop and deployinstrumentation and in the two following years will visit the observatory for samplerecovery and servicing. We hope that if this observatory were to be implemented itwould serve for decades, thus additional yearly visits would be required.

Senior PersonnelWe including estimated salaries (including fringe benefits, etc.) for personnel at this time.Each institution would submit separate proposals.

Graduate StudentsEach PI would request a student to work on the analysis of the data from the instrumentsIn each of the three years

TravelThe travel requested here would include airfare to and from Guam and per diem for 20people (5 PIs, 5 grad students and 10 undergraduates) to participate in the field programs(one per year for each of 3 years). We do not include travel to meetings at this time.

EquipmentFor the detail regarding array equipment see previous sheet.

OtherWe anticipate minimal supplies (reagents office supplies software upgrades, etc. for eachPI at ~$3000/PI/yr). Publications will require ~$1200/PI /yr. We request support foroutreach efforts for developing a web site with daily updates from sea during eachcruise($4500/cruise).