opcw scientific advisory board · adamsite was not one of these, consistent with earlier sab advice...
TRANSCRIPT
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CS-2017-0268(E) distributed 27/03/2017 *CS-2017-0268.E*
OPCW Scientific Advisory Board
Twenty-Fifth Session SAB-25/WP.127 – 31 March 2017 27 March 2017 ENGLISH only
RESPONSE TO THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL'S REQUEST TO THE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD TO PROVIDE CONSIDERATION ON WHICH
RIOT CONTROL AGENTS ARE SUBJECT TO DECLARATION UNDER THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION
1. Response to the Director-General’s Request to the Scientific Advisory Board to Consider Which Riot Control Agents are Subject to Declaration Under the Chemical Weapons Convention (hereinafter “the Convention”).
Annex: Response to the Director-General’s Request to the Scientific Advisory Board to Consider Which Riot Control Agents are Subject to Declaration Under the Chemical Weapons Convention.
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex page 2
Annex
RESPONSE TO THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL’S REQUEST TO THE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD TO CONSIDER WHICH RIOT
CONTROL AGENTS ARE SUBJECT TO DECLARATION UNDER THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 This report provides advice from the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) on which riot control agents (RCAs) would be subject to declaration under the Convention in response to a request by the Director-General at the Board’s Twentieth Session in June 2013 [1]. The request appears in Appendix 1.
1.2 The SAB considered a list of 59 chemicals that included the 14 chemicals declared as RCAs since entry into force of the Convention; chemicals identified as potential RCAs from a list of “riot control agents and old/abandoned chemical weapons” to be considered for inclusion in the OPCW Chemical Agent Database (OCAD) that had been drafted by the SAB’s Temporary Working Group (TWG) on Analytical Procedures in 2001 (Appendix 2) [2]; an initial survey conducted by the Technical Secretariat in 2013 of RCAs that have been researched or are available for purchase, beyond those that are already declared; and 12 additional chemicals recognised by the SAB as having potential RCA applications.
1.3 The SAB found that 17 out of the 59 chemicals meet the definition of an RCA as defined by Article II(7) of the Convention. Adamsite was not one of these, consistent with earlier SAB advice (Appendix 3). Those chemicals that met the definition of an RCA were: 2-chloroacetophenone, 2-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile, dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepine, oleoresin capsicum, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, pseudocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, 4-nonanolylmorpholine, 2'-chloroacetophenone, 3'-chloroacetophenone, α-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile, cis-4-acetylaminodicyclohexylmethane, N,N'-bis(isopropyl)ethylenediimine, and N,N'-bis(tert-butyl)ethylenediimine. Their chemical properties and Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) numbers appear in Appendix 4.
1.4 The list of 17 RCAs (Appendix 4) has previously been provided to States Parties as a point of reference in support of their declarations (see S/1177/2014, dated 1 May 20141). The additional 42 additional chemicals considered by the SAB (Appendix 5) might also be provided as a reference list of substances that do not meet the criteria of an RCA (and thus should not be declared as such) but have historically been considered for use as an RCA.
1.5 This original list of 59 has been reviewed and an additional chemical (piperine) that meets the inclusion criteria was identified. This chemical does not meet the definition of an RCA and is included at the end of the table of Appendix 5.
1 Available at www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/S_series/2014/en/s-1177-2014_e_.pdf.
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex page 3
2. OBJECTIVE
2.1 At the Twentieth Session of the SAB in June 2013 [1], the Technical Secretariat introduced a request from the Director-General to consider an indicative list of substances that could potentially be considered as RCAs (including 14 chemicals that have been declared as RCAs since the Convention entered into force), and to provide advice on:
(a) Whether the list reflects the current RCAs that could be considered as declarable in accordance with Article III(1)(e) of the Convention; and, in particular:
(i) the soundness of the criteria used by the Secretariat in drawing up the initial list;
(ii) which other considerations or criteria, if any, should be used in developing the list;
(iii) which chemicals, if any, should be deleted from the list; and (iv) which chemicals, if any, should be added to the list.
2.2 The SAB noted that this request is specific to RCAs and is intended to identify chemicals on the list that meet criteria specific to RCAs as defined by Article II(7) of the Convention.
2.3 Article III(1)(e) provides that, with respect to RCAs, States Parties shall “specify the chemical name, structural formula and Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number, if assigned, of each chemical it holds for riot control purposes. This declaration shall be updated not later than 30 days after any change becomes effective.”
2.4 Relevant SAB reports relating to RCAs are reproduced herein in Appendices 2 and 3.
3. DEFINING A RIOT CONTROL AGENT
3.1 Article II(7) of the Convention defines RCAs as “[a]ny chemical not listed in a Schedule, which can produce rapidly in humans sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure”.
3.2 The definition of a prospective RCA hinges on whether it causes reversible irritation or disabling physical effects that disappear shortly after exposure. A chemical that does not do this, but is significantly harmful and deleterious to humans, is excluded by Article II(7) from being categorised as an RCA.
3.3 In assessing the indicative list, the literature describing the toxicology of each chemical was weighed carefully.
3.4 The term “can produce rapidly in humans sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure” in Article II(7) is not defined absolutely and implies a statistical probability of response. Toxicities of chemicals vary in different animal species and under different conditions. Therefore, it
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex page 4
is not always possible in the absence of human data to predict accurately from animal data the effects on humans. The Himsworth report [3] into toxicological aspects of CS (one of the most common chemicals to be used as a tear gas) and its use for civil purposes noted that the effects of any chemical intended for use in internal security operations should be studied in a manner ‘more akin to that in which we regard the effects of a new drug.’ Unfortunately toxicological studies on many of the chemicals on the initial list have not been performed to the level of scrutiny a new drug receives. In assessing the suitability of each chemical for consistency with the RCA definition in Article II(7) the scientific literature was reviewed and recommendations were made based on its analysis.
4. FINDINGS
4.1 In response to the Director-General’s specific questions:
(a) The list does reflect the current RCAs that could be considered declarable in accordance with Article III(1)(e).
(b) The criteria used by the Technical Secretariat to draw up the list are judged sound. These criteria are (see also Appendix 1):
(i) All the RCAs that have been declared since entry into force of the Convention.
(ii) Previous advice by the SAB: in 2001 the SAB’s TWG on Analytical Procedures drew up a list of “riot control agents and old/abandoned chemical weapons” to be considered for inclusion in the OCAD, which the SAB in principle endorsed (cf. Paragraphs 2.4-2.5 in Appendices 3 and 4 of SABIV/1, in which the SAB focused on the compounds that the Board thought should be incorporated into the OCAD with the highest priority [4]); and
(iii) An initial survey conducted by the Technical Secretariat in 2013 of RCAs that have been researched or are available for purchase, beyond those that are already declared.
(c) The main point in considering the list, as discussed in Section 3, is whether the
toxicity profile of each chemical matches the definition of an RCA in Article II(7).
(d) No chemicals should be deleted from the list and those which do not match the definition of an RCA in Article II(7) have been identified.
(e) The chemicals that should be added to the list are those linked in the scientific literature to riot control, and therein their physiological action compared to RCAs, or those having physiological properties that could favour their research or potential use in this respect.
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex page 5
4.2 An analysis of each chemical was performed by consulting previous SAB reports (Appendices 2 and 3) and the scientific literature (Appendices 4 and 5). A judgement on whether each chemical met the criteria of an RCA was then made.
4.3 The scientific literature reviewed [1 – 145] revealed the majority of the 17 chemicals found to meet the definition of an RCA act by activating Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) or Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) [48,145]. It is this action that triggers in humans “sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure”. The remainder of the 17 chemicals remain to be proved to activate TRPA1 or TRPV1 receptors, but it is likely that they also target these receptors; their sensory irritant action is also consistent with a specific temporary effect on the PNS.
5. CONCLUSIONS
5.1 In this Section, an asterisk signifies a chemical added to the initial list because it fitted the criteria used by the Technical Secretariat and those in Section 4.1(e) of this report.
5.2 The following chemicals meet the criteria of a Riot Control Agent as defined by Article II(7):
(a) 2-Chloroacetophenone (CN)
(b) 2-Chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile (CS)
(c) Dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepine (CR)
(d) Oleoresin capsicum (OC)
(e) 8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-trans-6-nonenamide (capsaicin)
(f) 8-Methyl-N-vanillylnonamide (dihydrocapsaicin)
(g) N-Vanillylnonamide (pseudocapsaicin, PAVA)
(h) N-Vanillyl-9-methyldec-7-(E)-enamide (homocapsaicin)
(i) N-Vanillyl-9-methyldecanamide (homodihydrocapsaicin)
(j) N-Vanillyl-7-methyloctanamide (nordihydrocapsaicin)
(k) 4-Nonanolylmorpholine (MPA)
(l) 2'-Chloroacetophenone
(m) 3'-Chloroacetophenone
(n) α-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile
(o) Cis-4-acetylaminodicyclohexylmethane *
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex page 6
(p) N,N'-Bis(isopropyl)ethylenediimine *
(q) N,N'-Bis(tert-butyl)ethylenediimine *
5.3 The following chemicals do not meet the criteria of a Riot Control Agent as defined by
Article II(7):
(a) Acrolein
(b) 4'-Chloroacetophenone
(c) 2-Bromoacetophenone *
(d) 2-Bromoethyl acetate
(e) Ethyl chloroacetate *
(f) Ethyl bromoacetate
(g) Ethyl iodoacetate
(h) Chloroacetone
(i) Bromoacetone
(j) Iodoacetone
(k) 1,1-Dichloroacetone *
(l) 1-Bromo-2-butanone (bromomethyl ethyl ketone)
(m) Bromobenzyl cyanide (CA)
(n) Benzyl chloride
(o) Benzyl bromide
(p) Benzyl iodide
(q) 2-Methylbenzyl bromide (o-xylyl bromide)
(r) 3-Methylbenzyl bromide (m-xylyl bromide)
(s) 4-Methylbenzyl bromide (p-xylyl bromide)
(t) 2-Nitrobenzyl chloride *
(u) 1,2-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene (o-xylylene dibromide) *
(v) 1-Methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (CHT)
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex page 7
(w) (Z,E)-Propanethial S-oxide
(x) Trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin)
(y) Tribromonitromethane (bromopicrin) *
(z) 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-dinitroethane *
(aa) Phenylimidocarbonyl chloride
(bb) Phosgene oxime (CX)
(cc) Methyl chloroformate *
(dd) Chloromethyl chloroformate
(ee) Dichloromethyl chloroformate *
(ff) Trichloromethyl chloroformate (diphosgene)
(gg) Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate (triphosgene)
(hh) Methyldichloroarsine (MD)
(ii) Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)
(jj) Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)
(kk) Diphenylchloroarsine (DA)
(ll) Diphenylcyanoarsine (DC)
(mm) 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine (Adamsite, DM)
(nn) 10-Chloro-5,10-acridarsine (Excelsior) *
(oo) 5(10H)Acridarsinecarbonitrile *
(pp) Trialkyl-lead salts *
(qq) Piperine *
5.4 Three of the fourteen chemicals declared as RCAs since the Convention entered into force have properties that exclude their definition as an RCA under Article II(7). They are 10-chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine (Adamsite), 2-bromoethyl acetate, and 4'-chloroacetophenone. The impact of these chemicals on life processes was considered to have a high probability of causing death or permanent harm.
5.5 The conclusion that Adamsite does not meet the criteria of an RCA is consistent with the conclusion reached by the SAB in 1999, in that “it should no longer be used as an RCA, as it fails to meet today’s concerns for safety” (Appendix 3) [5,6].
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex page 8
5.6 Cis-4-acetylaminodicyclohexylmethane, N,N'-bis(isopropyl)ethylenediimine, and N,N'-bis(tert-butyl)ethylenediimine were considered in addition to the initial list. They met the criteria used by the Secretariat and those given in Section 4.1(e) of this report, and were found to meet the definition of an RCA under Article II(7).
5.7 Forty-three other chemicals, comprising those on the initial list supplemented by 13 additions considered for reasons given in Section 4.1(e) herein, do not fit the definition of an RCA.
5.8 Trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) appears on Schedule 3A(4) and is thus excluded as the Article II(7) definition states that RCAs are not listed on any Schedules.
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 The list of 17 RCAs (Appendix 4) has previously been provided to States Parties as a point of reference in support of their declarations (see S/1177/2014). The additional 43 additional chemicals considered by the SAB (Appendix 5) might also be provided as a reference list of substances that do not meet the criteria of an RCA (and thus should not be declared as such) but have historically been considered for use as an RCA.
6.2 Inclusion of data for the 60 chemicals considered in this report into the OCAD should be considered, in line with the SAB 2001 recommendation [2].
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex
Appendix 1 page 9
Appendix 1
DIRECTOR GENERAL’S REQUEST TO THE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD [1]
1. States Parties are required to declare riot control agents (RCAs) in accordance with Article III(1)(e) of the Convention.
2. The Director-General wishes to assemble an indicative list of substances that the Secretariat currently considers as RCAs. Such a list, which would not be exhaustive, will be made available to States Parties as a point of reference in support of their declarations.
3. The Convention provides that “riot control agent” means “any chemical not listed in a Schedule, which can produce rapidly in humans sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure” (Article II(7)). However, the definition of RCAs in the Convention leaves some room for interpretation as to which chemicals can be considered as meeting the requirement specified in Article II(7).
4. An initial list has been developed by the Technical Secretariat, based on the following criteria:
(a) All the RCAs that have been declared since entry-into-force of the Convention:
(b) Previous advice by the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB): in 2001 the SAB’s (TWG on Analytical Procedures drew up a list of “riot control agents and old/abandoned chemical weapons” to be considered for inclusion in the OCAD, which the SAB in principle endorsed (cf. Paragraphs 2.4-2.5 in Appendices 3 and 4 of SABIV/1, in which the SAB focused on the compounds that the Board thought should be incorporated into the OCAD with the highest priority); and
(c) An initial survey conducted by the Technical Secretariat in 2013 of RCAs that have been researched or are available for purchase, beyond those that are already declared.
5. The Director-General requests the Scientific Advisory Board to consider the attached initial list of riot-control agents that have been declared by States Parties, researched, or that are available for purchase, and requests the Board to provide technical advice on:
(a) Whether that list reflects the current riot-control agents that could be considered as declarable in accordance with Article III(1)(e); and, in particular (b) The soundness of the criteria used by the Secretariat in drawing up the initial list;
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex Appendix 1 page 10
(c) Which other considerations or criteria, if any, should be used in developing the list; (d) Which chemicals, if any, should be deleted from the list; and (e) Which chemicals, if any, should be added to the list.
Technical Secretariat June 2013
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex
Appendix 2 page 11
Appendix 2
FINDINGS ON RCAS FROM THE TWG ON ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES (TEXT FROM SAB IV/1)
1. From 28-29 August 2000, the Board’s Temporary Working Group (TWG) on Analytical Procedures met to discuss the possible inclusion of unscheduled chemicals in the OPCW Central Analytical Database (OCAD) as requested by the Director-General [4].
2. The Board reviewed these recommendations and endorsed in principle the inclusion
of the spectra of certain unscheduled chemicals. The Board submitted the following conclusions to the Director-General:2 (a) The spectra of certain non-scheduled chemicals should be incorporated into
the OCAD, primarily to assist in challenge inspections or for investigations of alleged use. The selection of data for on-site analysis should be done in accordance with the purpose of sampling and analysis during an inspection. The addition of such data could also expand the analytical capabilities of the designated laboratories. The following groups of non-scheduled chemicals, prioritised in the following sequence, should be considered for inclusion:
(i) non-scheduled degradation products of scheduled chemicals;
(ii) riot control agents and old/abandoned chemical weapons;
(iii) salts of scheduled chemicals; and
(iv) non-scheduled precursors and by-products of the synthesis of scheduled chemicals;
(b) The general principles for the possible inclusion of non-scheduled chemicals in the OCAD for the various groups of non-scheduled chemicals and riot control agents should be those contained in paragraphs 5 and 6 of the report of the TWG. In addition, the Board recommended that only spectra of unscheduled chemicals that are not widely used in the chemical industry should be incorporated, in order to facilitate the protection of confidentiality, and also in order to avoid false-positive detection; and
(c) The lists of chemicals proposed by the TWG were reviewed. The Board endorsed them in principle, and identified those compounds that should be incorporated into the OCAD with the highest priority. These compounds are contained in Appendix 4 of this report.
2 SAB IV/1, paragraph 2.5
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex Appendix 2 page 12
3. The TWG on Analytical Procedures of the SAB met in The Hague on the 28 and 29 August 2000 to develop a list of non-scheduled chemicals whose spectra should be incorporated into the OCAD [4].
4. Riot control agents3
(a) The following principles are recommended for adding RCAs (as defined in the Convention):
(i) The chemicals must have been used as riot control agents; or
(ii) Have been declared by a State Party as a riot control agent.
(iii) In addition to the riot control agent its analytical derivatives, if applicable, should be added.
(iv) Based on these principles a number of chemicals is recommended which are contained in Appendix 5 to this report. The list should not be considered as exhaustive and should be expanded when new riot agents are declared.
5. Riot control agents and old/abandoned chemical weapons: from Appendices 3-5 of [4]
Methyldichloroarsine (MD) CAS 593-89-5 Ethyldichloroarsine (ED) CAS 598-14-1 Phenyldichloroarsine (PD) CAS 696-28-6 Diphenylchloroarsine (Clark I) CAS 712-48-1 Diphenylcyanoarsine (Clark II) CAS 23525-22-6 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine (Adamsite) CAS 578-94-9 Alpha-bromobenzyl cyanide (CA) CAS 5798-79-8 Omega-chloroacetophenone (CN) CAS 532-27-4 2-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS) CAS 2698-41-1 Dibenzoxazepine (CR) CAS 257-07-8 Capsaicin CAS 404-86-4 4-Nonanoylmorpholine CAS 5299-64-9 Pelargonic acid vanillylamide CAS 2444-46-4 Ethyl iodoacetate CAS 623-48-3 Ethyl bromoacetate CAS 105-36-2 Phosgene oxime (CX) CAS 1794-86-1 Ortho-xylyl bromide CAS 89-92-9 Meta-xylyl bromide CAS 620-13-3 Para-xylyl bromide CAS 104-81-4 Benzyl bromide CAS 100-39-0 Diphosgene CAS 503-38-8 Triphosgene CAS 32315-10-9
3 SAB IV/1, paragraph 6
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex
Appendix 3 page 13
Appendix 3
PREVIOUS SAB FINDINGS ON ADAMSITE IN 1999-2000 [6] 1. Following a request by the Director-General the Board conducted during its second
session an initial discussion of technical criteria that should be taken into account when declaring holdings of Adamsite [5]. The issue was brought to the attention of the Board because of the divergence in the ways in which different States Parties have declared such holdings. The Board recommended that this issue be discussed by a TWG and that a technical seminar be convened to study the scientific aspects relevant to declarations of such holdings.
2. The relevant sections from the aforementioned report are:
(a) The Board received and discussed the draft report of the TWG on Adamsite (DM) dated 7 October 1999 at its third session.4
(b) On the basis of the conclusions of the TWG, the Board reached the following conclusions:5
(i) although DM is not listed in the Schedules of Chemicals appendixed to the Convention, it has a history as a chemical weapon, albeit as one which is inferior in effectiveness if compared to other agents. It has also been used for riot control purposes;
(ii) at present DM has no medical, industrial or other legitimate uses,
except for research; (iii) it is not contested that, when DM is used as an RCA with restraint, and
in the open, the occurrence of deaths or permanent damage is unlikely. However, some fatalities have nevertheless been reported (presumably as a result of the dissemination of excessive quantities of DM); and
(iv) DM should accordingly no longer be used as an RCA, as it fails to
meet today’s concerns for safety. In addition, it also does not meet today’s concerns with respect to environmental protection (in particular in relation to arsenic contamination). Should a country decide to maintain the option of retaining DM as an RCA, its holdings should be consistent with such intended uses (the quantities should not exceed a few tonnes, and any holdings should not be in a weaponised6 form).
4 SAB-III/1, paragraph 2.1. Report available at: https://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/SAB/en/sab-iii-
01.pdf 5 SAB-III/1, paragraph 2.5 6 It may be kept in smoke candles, smoke grenades and similar devices, or in bulk, for use in
suspensions.
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SAB-25/WP.1 Annex Appendix 3 page 14
(c) The Board did not consider it appropriate to address the legal implications of its findings on Adamsite. Given that Adamsite is not listed in the Schedules to the Convention, the Board recommended that the conclusions contained in subparagraphs (a)-(b) above be used as a basis for defining the legal status of Adamsite in relation to the Convention.7
7 SAB-III/1, paragraph 2.6
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SAB-25/WP.1
Annex Appendix 4
page 15
App
endi
x 4
LIS
T O
F C
HE
MIC
AL
S T
HA
T M
EET
THE
DEF
INIT
ION
OF
RIO
T C
ON
TR
OL
AG
EN
TS
Che
mic
al n
ame
and
CA
S nu
mbe
r Ph
ysic
al st
ate
Not
es
Phys
iolo
gica
l eff
ect
2-C
hlor
oace
toph
enon
e (C
N)
OC
l Sy
nony
ms:
Mac
e, C
AP,
KhA
f C
NB
(10%
CN
, 45%
ben
zene
, 40%
car
bon
tetra
chlo
ride)
, CN
C (3
0% C
N, 7
0%
chlo
rofo
rm),
and
CN
S (2
3% C
N, 3
8.4%
ch
loro
picr
in, 3
8.4%
chl
orof
orm
) C
AS
532-
27-4
Whi
te so
lid w
ith
odou
r of a
pple
bl
osso
m
Mp
54-5
6 °C
B
p 24
5 °C
Spar
ingl
y so
lubl
e in
wat
er,
diss
olve
s in
chlo
rofo
rm a
nd o
ther
or
gani
c so
lven
ts.
Stab
le a
nd d
oes
not d
ecom
pose
on
heat
ing
or
deto
natio
n; it
s lac
hrym
ator
y ef
fect
s ar
e so
on lo
st b
y co
nden
satio
n to
the
solid
stat
e so
on a
fter d
ispe
rsio
n:
non-
pers
iste
nt a
nd n
ot h
ydro
lyse
d re
adily
[7].
Imm
edia
tely
irrit
ates
eye
s (at
0.3
mg/
m³)
and
uppe
r res
pira
tory
pa
ssag
es [8
-28]
. Hig
h co
ncen
tratio
ns c
ause
tear
s, irr
itatio
n,
tingl
ing
and
pain
in th
e no
se a
nd th
roat
; and
bur
ning
and
itc
hing
of t
ende
r ski
n, e
spec
ially
are
as w
et b
y pe
rspi
ratio
n.
Hig
h co
ncen
tratio
ns c
ause
blis
ters
with
eff
ects
sim
ilar t
o su
nbur
n –
blis
ters
are
har
mle
ss a
nd d
isap
pear
in a
few
hou
rs.
Som
e in
divi
dual
s exp
erie
nce
naus
ea a
fter e
xpos
ure.
ICt 50
80
mg/
m³ [
8]. L
Ct 50
700
0 m
g m
in/m
³ fro
m so
lven
t and
14,
000
mg
min
/m³ f
rom
a th
erm
al g
rena
de. R
apid
det
oxifi
catio
n –
effe
cts
disa
ppea
r in
min
utes
. Lim
it of
supp
orta
bilit
y is
4.5
mg/
m³ o
f ai
r [9]
. Ani
mal
stud
ies s
how
that
toxi
c ef
fect
s are
mor
e se
vere
th
an th
ose
of C
S [2
8]. C
N h
as b
een
supe
rsed
ed a
s an
RC
A b
y C
S w
hich
is sa
fer t
o us
e.
2-
Chl
orob
enzy
liden
emal
onitr
ile (C
S)
CN
CN
Cl
Sy
nony
ms:
2-C
hlor
benz
alm
alon
onitr
ile, o
-ch
loro
benz
ylid
ene
mal
onon
itrile
, K62
C
S (p
ure)
, CS1
(95%
CS,
5%
silic
a ae
roge
l),
CS2
(CS
and
silic
a ae
roge
l), C
SX (1
g C
S,
99 g
tri-n
-oct
yl p
hosp
hite
). C
S di
ssol
ved
in
met
hyl e
thyl
ket
one
is u
sed
in sp
ray
devi
ces
CA
S 26
98-4
1-1
Whi
te so
lid w
ith
pung
ent p
eppe
ry
odou
r M
p 93
-95
°C
Bp
310-
315
°C d
ec.
CS
is th
e m
ost c
omm
on R
CA
, kn
own
as “
tear
gas
” [2
9-34
]. D
iffer
ent f
orm
s hav
e di
ffer
ent
pers
iste
ncy.
CS
is sp
arin
gly
solu
ble
in w
ater
(~0.
008
wt %
at 2
5 °C
).
Dis
pers
ed a
s a so
lid a
eros
ol [3
5].
Ther
mal
bre
akdo
wn
prod
ucts
hav
e be
en st
udie
d [3
6-39
].
CS
aero
sol i
rrita
tes e
yes,
nose
, and
thro
at w
ithin
20-
60 s.
C
ause
s tem
pora
ry d
isab
lem
ent:
tear
s, co
ughi
ng, b
reat
hing
di
ffic
ulty
, che
st ti
ghtn
ess,
invo
lunt
ary
clos
ing
of e
yes,
stin
ging
of
moi
st sk
in, m
ucou
s for
mat
ion
in n
ose,
and
diz
zine
ss
[18,
19,2
6,40
-65]
. Eye
eff
ects
at 1
-5 m
g/m
³. LC
t 50 6
1,00
0 m
g m
in/m
³ and
ICt 50
10-
20 m
g/m
³ [8]
. Exp
osur
e to
fres
h ai
r di
ssip
ates
eff
ects
in 5
-10
min
, with
skin
rash
per
sist
ing
~1 d
ay
afte
r hea
vy e
xpos
ures
. No
last
ing
heal
th e
ffec
ts w
hen
used
in
open
are
as a
t hig
h di
lutio
n. R
arel
y, h
igh
conc
entra
tions
redu
ce
lung
func
tion
tem
pora
rily
[66]
or b
urn
skin
that
hea
ls ra
pidl
y [6
7-68
]. C
S is
met
abol
ised
in a
nim
als [
69-7
4] a
nd h
uman
s [7
5] to
pro
duct
s of l
ow to
xici
ty. S
ome
anal
ogue
s of C
S al
so
caus
e se
nsor
y irr
itatio
n [7
6-77
].
-
SAB-25/WP.1 Annex Appendix 4 page 16
Dib
enzo
[b,f]
[1,4
]oxa
zepi
ne (C
R)
O
N
Syno
nym
s: C
R
CA
S 25
7-07
-8
Yel
low
stab
le
pow
der [
78-8
5]
Mp
72 °C
B
p 33
5 °C
Inso
lubl
e in
wat
er. S
olub
le in
be
nzen
e, c
hlor
ofor
m, a
nd c
arbo
n te
trach
lorid
e. S
tabl
e in
hot
aqu
eous
ac
id o
r alk
ali.
CR
is d
isso
lved
in 8
0 pa
rts o
f pro
pyle
ne g
lyco
l and
20
parts
of w
ater
to fo
rm a
0.1
% C
R
solu
tion
for r
iot c
ontro
l [8]
. CR
do
es n
ot d
egra
de in
wat
er a
nd
pers
ists
for a
long
tim
e in
the
envi
ronm
ent [
84,8
5].
Expo
sure
cau
ses s
ympt
oms s
imila
r to
CS
[20,
22-2
4,26
]. C
R
pow
erfu
lly ir
ritat
es th
e ey
es (~
10 ti
mes
that
of C
S) [8
6,87
] and
ha
s low
inhe
rent
toxi
city
, giv
ing
it a
wid
e sa
fety
ratio
(I
C50
/TC
50 >
350
). C
once
ntra
tion
that
irrit
ates
the
eye
is 0
.01
mg/
m³ b
ut n
o irr
itatio
n w
hen
conc
entra
tion
falls
<0.
001
mg/
m³.
IC50
0.1
5 m
g/m
³ and
thre
shol
d ef
fect
s on
resp
irato
ry
syst
em a
t 0.0
02 m
g/m
³ and
the
eyes
at 0
.004
mg/
m³ [
8]. C
R
irrita
tes o
ral c
avity
cau
sing
bur
ning
pai
ns a
nd m
alai
se, a
nd th
e no
se p
rodu
cing
nas
al d
isch
arge
and
obs
truct
ion.
Del
iver
ed in
ae
roso
l for
m, C
R ir
ritat
es e
yes c
ausi
ng st
ingi
ng, t
he fe
elin
g of
a
fore
ign
body
in th
e ey
e, a
nd in
volu
ntar
y sp
asm
of e
yelid
s (b
leph
aros
pasm
). A
s con
cent
ratio
ns in
crea
se, s
ever
ity a
nd
dura
tion
of sy
mpt
oms i
ncre
ase;
~0.
5 m
g C
R c
an im
med
iate
ly
irrita
te th
e sk
in a
nd c
ause
it to
redd
en. B
liste
ring
is n
ot se
en:
redn
ess q
uick
ly d
isap
pear
s fol
low
ing
was
hing
with
wat
er.
Info
rmat
ion
on li
kelih
ood
of lo
ng-te
rm e
ffec
ts a
fter e
xpos
ure
is u
nava
ilabl
e, b
ut to
xico
logi
cal f
indi
ngs t
o da
te g
ive
no c
ause
fo
r con
cern
[88-
93].
Ole
ores
in c
apsi
cum
R
esin
con
tain
ing ≥8
% c
apsa
icin
s: c
apsa
icin
, di
hydr
ocap
saic
in, a
nd n
ordi
hydr
ocap
saic
in.
Cap
saic
in is
mai
n ca
psai
cino
id in
chi
llis,
then
dih
ydro
caps
aici
n. T
hese
two
com
poun
ds a
re a
bout
twic
e as
pot
ent t
o se
nsor
y ne
rves
as t
he m
inor
cap
saic
inoi
ds:
hom
o- a
nd n
ordi
hydr
o-ca
psai
cin,
and
ho
moc
apsa
icin
. Sy
nony
ms:
OC
C
AS
8023
-77-
6
A m
ixtu
re o
f pr
oduc
ts in
an
orga
nic
solv
ent
Obt
aine
d by
grin
ding
drie
d ch
illi
pepp
ers (
Cap
sicu
m fr
utes
cene
s),
extra
ctin
g th
em w
ith a
n or
gani
c so
lven
t, re
mov
ing
the
solv
ent t
o gi
ve th
e w
ax-li
ke re
sin.
Pep
per
spra
y co
ntai
ns th
e re
sin
emul
sifie
d in
aqu
eous
pro
pyle
ne g
lyco
l.
In m
inut
e qu
antit
ies,
prod
uces
inte
nse
burn
ing
sens
atio
n of
the
eyes
and
tend
er sk
in [2
5,65
]. C
onsi
dere
d sa
fe, a
lthou
gh
conc
entra
tes c
ause
som
e re
spira
tory
dis
tress
, lac
hrym
atio
n,
and
muc
osal
bur
ning
[94]
. Che
mic
al c
onst
ituen
ts d
o no
t ap
pear
to b
e ca
rcin
ogen
ic. S
pray
s in
toxi
c so
lven
ts c
an c
ause
ey
e da
mag
e [9
5]. A
stud
y of
the
inha
latio
n to
xici
ty o
f ol
eore
sin
caps
icum
from
Cap
sicu
m fr
utes
cene
s var
. Nag
ahar
i in
mic
e in
dica
ted
this
mix
ture
, con
tain
ing
40%
cap
saic
inoi
ds,
to b
e th
e m
ost s
uita
ble
and
envi
ronm
enta
lly-f
riend
ly
com
poun
d fr
om a
nat
ural
sour
ce to
be
used
as a
n in
gred
ient
for
tear
gas
mun
ition
s [96
]. H
uman
vol
unte
er st
udie
s hav
e be
en
repo
rted
[97,
98].
8-
Met
hyl-N
-van
illyl
-tran
s-6-
none
nam
ide
Sy
nony
ms:
C, c
apsa
icin
, Moi
tin, Z
acin
C
AS
404-
86-4
Whi
te so
lid
Mp
62-6
5 °C
B
p 21
0-22
0 °C
at
0.01
mm
Hg
Act
ive
com
pone
nt o
f cay
enne
pe
pper
, iso
late
d fr
om C
apsi
cum
sp
ecie
s. U
sed
in p
ain
man
agem
ent
and
as a
pes
t det
erre
nt.
Stim
ulat
es se
nsor
y ne
rves
to e
ffec
t cha
nges
in sy
stem
ic b
lood
pr
essu
re a
nd re
spira
tion.
On
skin
it c
ause
s irr
itatio
n an
d oe
dem
a. R
epea
t app
licat
ions
resu
lt in
pro
gres
sive
ly d
imin
ishe
d re
spon
se u
ntil
the
area
bec
omes
inse
nsiti
ve. F
acia
l exp
osur
e ca
uses
a b
urni
ng se
nsat
ion,
cou
gh, s
neez
ing,
and
lary
ngiti
s, sh
ortn
ess o
f bre
ath,
hea
dach
e, n
ause
a an
d vo
miti
ng.
Toxi
colo
gy n
ot fu
lly k
now
n; n
o ev
iden
ce fo
r car
cino
geni
city
or
mut
agen
icity
in h
uman
s.
-
SAB-25/WP.1
Annex Appendix 4
page 17
8-M
ethy
l-N-v
anill
ylno
nana
mid
e
Sy
nony
ms:
Dih
ydro
caps
aici
n, D
HC
C
AS
1940
8-84
-5
Whi
te so
lid
Phys
ical
dat
a un
avai
labl
e
Isol
ated
from
Cap
sicu
m sp
ecie
s (s
ee th
e en
try o
n ca
psic
um
oleo
resi
n).
Cau
ses e
ye, s
kin
and
resp
irato
ry ir
ritat
ion
[99]
. Pro
long
ed o
r re
peat
ed e
xpos
ure
can
caus
e di
arrh
oea
and/
or li
ver d
amag
e.
Toxi
colo
gy in
hum
ans h
as n
ot b
een
fully
stud
ied.
No
evid
ence
fo
r car
cino
geni
city
or m
utag
enic
ity in
hum
ans.
N-V
anill
ylno
nana
mid
e
Sy
nony
ms:
N-(
4-hy
drox
y-3-
met
hoxy
-be
nzyl
)non
anam
ide,
non
ivam
ide,
pse
udo-
caps
aici
n, p
elar
goni
c ac
id v
anill
ylam
ide,
PA
VA
C
AS
2444
-46-
4
Whi
te so
lid w
ith
stin
ging
odo
ur
Mp
57 °C
In c
hilli
s but
com
mon
ly p
rodu
ced
com
mer
cial
ly b
y sy
nthe
sis.
Mor
e he
at st
able
than
cap
saic
in. U
sed
unde
r nam
e PA
VA
in p
eppe
r spr
ays
and
as a
food
add
itive
in sp
icy
flavo
urin
gs.
Cau
ses e
ye, s
kin
and
resp
irato
ry ir
ritat
ion,
skin
sens
itisa
tion
and
alle
rgy
[99]
. Inh
alat
ion
can
caus
e co
ugh,
hea
dach
e, n
ause
a an
d vo
miti
ng. A
s with
oth
er c
apsa
icin
oids
, the
eff
ects
di
sapp
ear w
ithin
15-
35 m
in u
pon
rem
oval
to fr
esh
air.
Toxi
colo
gy in
hum
ans h
as n
ot b
een
fully
inve
stig
ated
. No
evid
ence
for c
arci
noge
nici
ty o
r mut
agen
icity
in h
uman
s.
N-V
anill
yl-9
-met
hyld
ec-7
-(E)
-ena
mid
e
H NM
eOHO
O
i-Pr
Sy
nony
ms:
hom
ocap
saic
in
CA
S 58
493-
48-4
Lipo
phili
c co
lour
less
od
ourle
ss
crys
talli
ne o
r wax
y so
lid
Acc
ount
s for
~1%
of t
he to
tal
caps
aici
noid
s in
an o
leor
esin
ca
psic
um e
xtra
ct.
Bio
logi
cal a
ctio
n si
mila
r to
oleo
resi
n ca
psic
um o
f whi
ch it
is a
co
nstit
uent
. Mod
est p
unge
ncy
– ha
lf th
at o
f cap
saic
in. C
ause
s a
burn
ing
sens
atio
n in
the
mou
th u
pon
swal
low
ing
that
fade
s af
ter a
shor
t tim
e.
N-V
anill
yl-9
-met
hyld
ecan
amid
e
H NM
eOHO
O
i-Pr
Sy
nony
ms:
hom
odih
ydro
caps
aici
n C
AS
2027
9-06
-5
Lipo
phili
c co
lour
less
od
ourle
ss
crys
talli
ne o
r wax
y so
lid
Acc
ount
s for
~1%
of t
he to
tal
caps
aici
noid
s in
an o
leor
esin
ca
psic
um e
xtra
ct.
Bio
logi
cal a
ctio
n si
mila
r to
oleo
resi
n ca
psic
um o
f whi
ch it
is a
co
nstit
uent
. Hig
h pu
ngen
cy -
stro
nger
bur
ning
sens
atio
n th
an
pepp
er sp
ray.
Cau
ses a
bur
ning
sens
atio
n in
the
mou
th u
pon
swal
low
ing
that
fade
s afte
r a sh
ort w
hile
.
N-V
anill
yl-7
-met
hylo
ctan
amid
e
H NM
eOHO
Oi-P
r
Sy
nony
ms:
nord
ihyd
roca
psai
cin
CA
S 28
789-
35-7
Lipo
phili
c co
lour
less
od
ourle
ss
crys
talli
ne o
r wax
y so
lid
Acc
ount
s for
~7%
of t
he to
tal o
f ca
psai
cino
ids i
n ol
eore
sin
caps
icum
ex
tract
.
Bio
logi
cal a
ctio
n si
mila
r to
oleo
resi
n ca
psic
um o
f whi
ch it
is a
co
nstit
uent
. Hig
h pu
ngen
cy. C
ause
s a b
urni
ng se
nsat
ion
in th
e m
outh
upo
n sw
allo
win
g th
at fa
des a
fter a
shor
t tim
e.
-
SAB-25/WP.1 Annex Appendix 4 page 18
4-N
onan
oylm
orph
olin
e
Sy
nony
ms:
MPA
, MPK
, pel
argo
nic
acid
m
orph
olid
e C
AS
5299
-64-
9
Liqu
id
Bp
310
°C
Use
d as
solv
ent a
nd c
o-irr
itant
in
CS
and
CR
mix
ture
s. U
sed
alon
e -
low
eff
ectiv
enes
s, ev
en a
t hig
hest
pe
rmitt
ed c
once
ntra
tion.
Inso
lubl
e in
wat
er, b
ut so
lubl
e in
org
anic
so
lven
ts (e
.g. a
ceto
ne).
Mix
ed w
ith C
S or
CR
it c
ause
s sen
sory
irrit
atio
n fo
r 15-
30 m
in
[16,
17].
Such
mix
ture
s are
eff
ectiv
e ag
ains
t dog
s and
peo
ple
unde
r the
influ
ence
of a
lcoh
ol a
nd d
rugs
. Hum
an v
olun
teer
s ex
pose
d to
the
4-no
nano
ylm
orph
olin
e ex
perie
nced
a b
urni
ng
sens
atio
n of
the
nose
with
rhin
orrh
ea, a
nd th
roat
and
eye
s with
la
chry
mat
ion
[17]
. All
sym
ptom
s wer
e re
lieve
d im
med
iate
ly
by m
ovem
ent t
o fr
esh
air.
Occ
asio
nal a
nd m
ild tr
ansi
ent
conj
unct
iviti
s was
som
etim
es o
bser
ved.
Phy
sica
l exa
min
atio
n of
the
volu
ntee
rs a
fter e
xpos
ure
reve
aled
no
sign
ifica
nt
chan
ges.
2'-C
hlor
oace
toph
enon
e
Cl
Me
O
Syno
nym
s: o
-chl
oroa
ceto
phen
one
CA
S 21
42-6
8-9
Col
ourle
ss li
quid
B
p 22
9 °C
C
omm
erci
ally
ava
ilabl
e. A
lmos
t in
solu
ble
in w
ater
. Sol
uble
in
orga
nic
solv
ents
.
Inha
latio
n ca
uses
eye
and
skin
irrit
atio
n, c
ough
, sho
rtnes
s of
brea
th, h
eada
che,
nau
sea
and
vom
iting
[99]
. Tox
icol
ogy
in
hum
ans h
as n
ot b
een
fully
inve
stig
ated
. No
evid
ence
for
carc
inog
enic
ity o
r mut
agen
icity
in h
uman
s.
3'-C
hlor
oace
toph
enon
e
Me
OC
l
Syno
nym
s: m
-chl
oroa
ceto
phen
one
CA
S 99
-02-
5
Col
ourle
ss li
quid
B
p 22
8 °C
C
omm
erci
ally
ava
ilabl
e. A
lmos
t in
solu
ble
in w
ater
. Sol
uble
in
orga
nic
solv
ents
.
Inha
latio
n ca
uses
eye
and
skin
irrit
atio
n, c
ough
, sho
rtnes
s of
brea
th, h
eada
che,
nau
sea
and
vom
iting
[99]
. Tox
icol
ogy
in
hum
ans h
as n
ot b
een
fully
inve
stig
ated
. No
evid
ence
for
carc
inog
enic
ity o
r mut
agen
icity
in h
uman
s.
α-C
hlor
oben
zylid
enem
alon
onitr
ile
CN C
NC
l
Syno
nym
s: N
one
CA
S 18
270-
61-6
Whi
te so
lid
Mp
68-7
0 °C
B
p 12
6 °C
/0.1
m
mH
g
Com
mer
cial
ly a
vaila
ble.
Ver
y sp
arin
gly
solu
ble
in w
ater
. Sol
uble
in
com
mon
org
anic
solv
ents
.
Expo
sure
cau
ses a
bur
ning
sens
atio
n, c
ough
, whe
ezin
g,
lary
ngiti
s, sh
ortn
ess o
f bre
ath,
hea
dach
e, n
ause
a an
d vo
miti
ng
[99]
. Tox
icol
ogy
in h
uman
s has
not
bee
n fu
lly in
vest
igat
ed.
No
evid
ence
for c
arci
noge
nici
ty o
r mut
agen
icity
in h
uman
s.
Cis-
4-A
cety
lam
inod
icyc
lohe
xylm
etha
ne
Sy
nony
ms:
Non
e C
AS
3779
4-87
-9 (t
rans
CA
S 37
794-
48-2
)
Whi
te so
lid
Mp
112
°C
“The
se c
ompo
unds
hav
e tw
o ad
vant
ages
ove
r cur
rent
ly u
sed
riot
cont
rol a
gent
s suc
h as
CS
and
CN
. O
ne, t
he c
ompo
unds
are
mor
e po
tent
at l
ow c
once
ntra
tions
and
tw
o, th
ey p
rovi
de re
sidu
al a
ctiv
ity
over
a lo
ng p
erio
d of
tim
e” [1
00].
Pote
nt ir
ritan
t of m
ucou
s mem
bran
es. I
n hu
man
s pro
duce
s a
runn
ing
nose
, a c
hoki
ng se
nsat
ion,
and
unc
ontro
llabl
e co
ughi
ng (t
rans
isom
er is
ess
entia
lly in
activ
e) w
hich
dis
appe
ar
with
in a
shor
t tim
e af
ter t
erm
inat
ion
of e
xpos
ure.
Irrit
ant t
o m
ice,
dog
s and
gui
nea
pigs
, but
thes
e te
sts n
ot c
onfig
ured
to
reve
al if
ther
e w
ere
othe
r tox
ic e
ffec
ts th
at c
ause
d pe
rman
ent
harm
. Cis
isom
er is
10-
30 ti
mes
mor
e ef
fect
ive
an a
nim
al
irrita
nt th
an th
e tra
ns is
omer
[100
].
-
SAB-25/WP.1
Annex Appendix 4
page 19
N,N
'-Bis
(isop
ropy
l)eth
ylen
ediim
ine
Sy
nony
ms:
Diim
ine
CA
S E,
E 28
227-
41-0
C
AS
Z,Z
1852
45-0
9-4
CA
S E,
Z 18
5245
-08-
3 C
AS
unde
fined
ster
eoch
emis
try 5
7029
-91-
1
Vol
atile
tan-
colo
ured
solid
M
p 48
-50
°C
Solu
ble
in o
rgan
ic so
lven
ts.
Envi
ronm
enta
l per
sist
ence
is p
oor.
Dis
sem
inat
ed b
y sm
oke
or
expl
osiv
e m
uniti
ons [
101]
.
Com
poun
d is
a “
fast
act
ing
riot c
ontro
l age
nt c
apab
le o
f irr
itatin
g ex
pose
d pe
rson
nel w
ithin
min
utes
of d
isse
min
atio
n.
Inha
latio
n of
as l
ittle
as 5
mg
can
lead
to ir
ritat
ion
and
cong
estio
n. D
iimin
e is
not
con
side
red
to b
e a
skin
irrit
ant,
but
eye
expo
sure
to a
s litt
le a
s 15
mg
can
lead
to w
ater
ing
and
irrita
tion.
The
leth
al d
ose
to th
e av
erag
e m
an is
unk
now
n, b
ut
is c
alcu
late
d to
be
very
hig
h; d
iimin
e is
rega
rded
as n
on-to
xic”
[1
01].
The
effe
cts l
ast f
rom
5 m
in to
1 h
, and
ther
e is
littl
e ef
fect
on
the
skin
[102
]. N
,N'-B
is(te
rt-bu
tyl)e
thyl
ened
iimin
e
Sy
nony
ms:
Non
e C
AS
3083
4-74
-3
CA
S E,
E 28
227-
42-1
Whi
te so
lid
Mp
39-4
3 °C
M
entio
ned
in a
pat
ent:
“exc
elle
nt
utili
ty in
indu
cing
non
-leth
al
phys
iolo
gica
l act
ion
on p
eopl
e su
bjec
ted
to it
s vap
ours
” [1
02].
“Dur
ing
the
cour
se o
f han
dlin
g th
is c
hem
ical
dur
ing
filtra
tion
from
eth
er it
s lac
hrym
ator
y po
wer
s wer
e no
ted.
The
ex
perim
ente
r was
ove
rcom
e w
ith se
vere
lach
rym
atio
n,
coug
hing
and
dis
char
ges f
rom
the
nose
and
mou
th, a
long
with
st
omac
h cr
amps
. The
atta
ck o
ccur
red
even
thou
gh th
e re
actio
n an
d re
cove
ry o
f the
pro
duct
wer
e be
ing
carr
ied
out i
n a
wel
l ve
ntila
ted
hood
. The
atta
ck sy
mpt
oms s
ubsi
ded
in a
bout
5 m
in,
and
the
expe
rimen
ter p
roce
eded
with
the
rest
of t
he
expe
rimen
t. Th
e ex
perim
ente
r has
not
obs
erve
d an
y si
de
effe
cts f
rom
this
exp
osur
e on
ce th
e ef
fect
s of t
he in
itial
ex
posu
re h
ad su
bsid
ed”
[102
].
-
SAB-25/WP.1 Annex Appendix 5 page 20
App
endi
x 5
A L
IST
OF
CH
EMIC
ALS
RES
EA
RC
HE
D W
HIC
H D
O N
OT
ME
ET
TH
E C
RIT
ERIA
OF
A R
IOT
CO
NT
RO
L A
GE
NT
Nam
e an
d C
AS
num
ber
Phys
ical
stat
e N
otes
Ph
ysio
logi
cal e
ffec
t A
crol
ein
O
H
Syno
nym
s: P
apite
, 2-p
rope
nal
CA
S 10
7-02
-8
Col
ourle
ss o
r yel
low
liq
uid
with
a p
unge
nt
odou
r. Pa
rtly
mis
cibl
e w
ith w
ater
bu
t mis
cibl
e w
ith
orga
nic
solv
ents
. B
p 53
°C
Use
d in
191
6 in
Wor
ld W
ar I.
R
eadi
ly p
olym
eris
es to
an
amor
phou
s res
in th
at la
cks
irrita
ncy.
Pro
duce
d du
ring
over
cook
ing
of fo
od a
nd is
the
com
pone
nt in
bar
becu
e sm
oke
that
ha
s a p
ierc
ing
disa
gree
able
acr
id
smel
l and
irrit
ates
the
eyes
[103
].
Min
imum
con
cent
ratio
n ca
usin
g la
chry
mat
ion
is 7
mg/
m³ o
f ai
r. Li
mit
of in
supp
orta
bilit
y 50
mg/
m³ [
9]. M
orta
lity
prod
uct
2000
-700
0. H
uman
s can
not t
oler
ate
conc
entra
tions
in a
ir of
5
mg/
m³ o
r hig
her f
or >
2 m
in, w
hile
> 2
0 m
g/m
³ may
be
leth
al
[104
]. Lo
w c
once
ntra
tions
irrit
ate
eyes
, ski
n, m
ucou
s m
embr
anes
; and
cau
se d
elay
ed lu
ng d
amag
e [1
05].
Acr
olei
n re
acts
avi
dly
with
pro
tein
s [10
6].
4'-C
hlor
oace
toph
enon
e
Me
O
Cl
Sy
nony
ms:
p-c
hlor
oace
toph
enon
e C
AS
99-9
1-2
Col
ourle
ss li
quid
. B
p 23
2 °C
C
omm
erci
ally
ava
ilabl
e. P
ract
ical
ly
inso
lubl
e in
wat
er, s
olub
le in
or
gani
c so
lven
ts.
Hig
hly
irrita
ting
to e
yes a
nd m
ucou
s mem
bran
es [1
05].
Toxi
colo
gica
l pro
file
the
sam
e as
for 2
- and
3-
chlo
roac
etop
heno
ne e
xcep
t thi
s iso
mer
may
be
fata
l if i
nhal
ed
[99]
.
2-B
rom
oace
toph
enon
e
Sy
nony
ms:
ω-b
rom
oace
to-p
heno
ne
CA
S 70
-11-
1
Whi
te so
lid w
ith a
n irr
itatin
g od
our t
hat
deco
mpo
ses o
n ex
posu
re to
ligh
t. M
p 50
°C
Bp
260
°C d
ec.
Com
mer
cial
ly a
vaila
ble
with
si
mila
r phy
siol
ogic
al p
rope
rties
to
2-ch
loro
acet
ophe
none
.
Lach
rym
ator
y po
wer
of 2
-bro
moa
ceto
phen
one
is le
ss th
an th
at
of 2
-chl
oroa
ceto
phen
one;
how
ever
it is
still
a p
oten
t la
chry
mat
or [9
,105
]. It
is h
ighl
y irr
itatin
g to
the
skin
, eye
s and
m
ucou
s mem
bran
es, a
nd c
an c
ause
seve
re e
ye d
amag
e an
d sk
in b
urns
[99]
.
2-B
rom
oeth
yl a
ceta
te
O
O
Me
Br
Syno
nym
s: B
rom
oeth
yl a
ceta
te
CA
S 92
7-68
-4
Col
ourle
ss li
quid
B
p 15
9 °C
A
vaila
ble
com
mer
cial
ly c
onta
inin
g
-
SAB-25/WP.1
Annex Appendix 5
page 21
Nam
e an
d C
AS
num
ber
Phys
ical
stat
e N
otes
Ph
ysio
logi
cal e
ffec
t Et
hyl c
hlor
oace
tate
Sy
nony
ms:
eth
yl 2
-chl
oroa
ceta
te
CA
S 10
5-39
-5
Col
ourle
ss li
quid
ha
ving
a fr
uity
odo
ur
Bp
144
°C
Ava
ilabl
e co
mm
erci
ally
. Use
d to
a
limite
d ex
tent
in W
orld
War
I [9
]. M
anuf
actu
red
for t
he p
repa
ratio
n of
tw
o ot
her s
ubst
ance
s with
incr
ease
d ag
gres
sive
ness
: eth
yl b
rom
oace
tate
an
d et
hyl i
odoa
ceta
te.
Lach
rym
ator
. Tox
ic in
con
tact
with
skin
and
if in
hale
d or
sw
allo
wed
. Liq
uid
or v
apou
r can
cau
se se
rious
eye
dam
age
[99]
.
Ethy
l bro
moa
ceta
te
O
EtO
Br
Syno
nym
s: W
eiss
kreu
z, W
hite
Cro
ss
CA
S 10
5-36
-2
Col
ourle
ss fl
amm
able
liq
uid
with
a fr
uity
od
our
Bp
159
°C
Ethy
l bro
moa
ceta
te w
as th
e fir
st
chem
ical
em
ploy
ed in
war
fare
as a
va
pour
(end
of 1
914
durin
g W
orld
W
ar I)
[9].
Use
d in
han
d gr
enad
es
and
shel
ls. B
ecau
se o
f its
rela
tivel
y hi
gh b
oilin
g po
int a
nd lo
w
vola
tility
, it c
ould
be
used
in sh
ells
w
ithou
t pro
duci
ng a
vis
ible
clo
ud
on b
urst
ing.
Onc
e us
ed in
joke
-type
to
ys b
efor
e it
was
ban
ned
for t
his
purp
ose
and
has a
lso
been
use
d ill
icitl
y as
a p
rese
rvat
ive
in
alco
holic
bev
erag
es.
Extre
mel
y de
stru
ctiv
e to
muc
ous m
embr
anes
and
upp
er
resp
irato
ry tr
act,
eyes
, and
skin
; the
nea
t liq
uid
can
caus
e ey
e an
d sk
in b
urns
. Inh
alat
ion
of v
apou
r can
cau
se c
ough
ing,
w
heez
ing,
infla
mm
atio
n an
d oe
dem
a of
resp
irato
ry p
assa
ges,
a bu
rnin
g se
nsat
ion,
shor
tnes
s of b
reat
h, h
eada
che,
nau
sea
and
vom
iting
. Lim
it of
insu
ppor
tabi
lity
for a
hum
an is
40
mg/
m³ o
f ai
r [9]
. Min
imum
con
cent
ratio
n ca
pabl
e of
irrit
atin
g th
e ey
es is
10
mg/
m³.
Mor
talit
y pr
oduc
t is 3
000.
The
com
poun
d is
a to
xic
alky
latin
g ag
ent a
nd m
ay b
e fa
tal i
f inh
aled
in su
ffic
ient
qu
antit
y.
Ethy
l iod
oace
tate
O
EtO
I Sy
nony
ms:
KSK
C
AS
623-
48-3
Dar
k br
own
liqui
d an
d in
visi
ble
vapo
ur
with
a fr
uity
smel
l re
sem
blin
g “p
ear
drop
s”
Bp
179-
180
°C
Ethy
l iod
oace
tate
was
use
d in
W
orld
War
I in
shel
ls, e
spec
ially
m
ixed
with
chl
orop
icrin
(10%
) [9]
.
Stin
ging
of e
yes:
imm
edia
te la
chry
mat
ion
and
blep
haro
spas
m.
Irrit
ates
nas
al m
ucos
a bu
t not
skin
[7].
Lim
it of
in
supp
orta
bilit
y is
15
mg/
m³ o
f air
[9].
Min
imum
co
ncen
tratio
n th
at ir
ritat
es th
e ey
es is
1.4
mg/
m³.
Mor
talit
y pr
oduc
t is 1
500.
Tox
ic a
lkyl
atin
g ag
ent.
May
be
fata
l if
inha
led
in su
ffic
ient
qua
ntity
.
Chl
oroa
ceto
ne
O
Me
Cl
Syno
nym
s: C
A, A
-Sto
ff, T
onite
C
AS
78-9
5-5
Liqu
id w
ith a
ver
y pu
ngen
t odo
ur
Mp
-45
°C
Bp
120
°C d
ec.
Use
d in
Wor
ld W
ar I
mix
ed w
ith
brom
oace
tone
(1:4
, viz
Mar
toni
te).
Prep
ared
by
the
actio
n of
chl
orin
e on
dik
eten
e or
ace
tone
[105
]. D
arke
ns a
nd re
sini
fies o
n pr
olon
ged
expo
sure
to li
ght.
May
be
stab
ilise
d by
add
ition
of 0
.1%
wat
er o
r 1.0
%
calc
ium
car
bona
te.
Inte
nsel
y irr
itatin
g to
eye
s, sk
in, a
nd m
ucou
s mem
bran
es. E
ye
cont
act w
ith ~
1 m
g ca
n ca
use
pain
and
irrit
atio
n [1
01].
Low
est
conc
entra
tion
irrita
ting
the
eyes
is 1
8 m
g/m
³ of a
ir [9
]. Sk
in
cont
act w
ith 1
5-50
mg
can
prod
uce
redn
ess,
rash
, itc
hing
, an
d/or
loca
l dis
com
fort
[101
]. Le
thal
dos
e by
inha
latio
n ca
n be
~1
0,00
0 m
g. It
is h
owev
er a
toxi
c al
kyla
ting
agen
t and
may
be
fata
l if i
nhal
ed in
suff
icie
nt q
uant
ity.
-
SAB-25/WP.1 Annex Appendix 5 page 22
Nam
e an
d C
AS
num
ber
Phys
ical
stat
e N
otes
Ph
ysio
logi
cal e
ffec
t B
rom
oace
tone
O
Me
Br
Syno
nym
s: B
A, B
C, B
-Sto
ff
CA
S 59
8-31
-2
Liqu
id w
ith a
pu
ngen
t odo
ur
Bp
137
°C
Use
d in
Wor
ld W
ar I
in sh
ells
and
ha
nd-b
ombs
and
pre
pare
d by
br
omin
atio
n of
ace
tone
[105
]. Tu
rns v
iole
t rap
idly
eve
n in
ab
senc
e of
air.
Spa
ringl
y so
lubl
e in
w
ater
, sol
uble
in m
any
orga
nic
solv
ents
.
Vio
lent
lach
rym
ator
. Low
est c
once
ntra
tion
irrita
ting
eyes
is
1 m
g/m
³ [9]
. Inh
alat
ion
of 2
-5 m
g ca
n ca
use
coug
hing
, nos
e an
d th
roat
irrit
atio
n [1
01].
Skin
con
tact
with
20-
30 m
g ca
n pr
oduc
e irr
itatio
n, it
chin
g, sw
ellin
g an
d di
scom
fort.
Ski
n ex
posu
re to
50-
100
mg
may
lead
to b
liste
rs. L
etha
l dos
e th
roug
h in
hala
tion
is 2
000-
5000
mg.
An
alky
latin
g ag
ent t
hat
may
be
fata
l if i
nhal
ed in
suff
icie
nt q
uant
ity.
Iodo
acet
one
O
Me
I Sy
nony
ms:
2-io
do-2
-pro
pano
ne
CA
S 30
19-0
4-3
Pale
yel
low
liqu
id
Bp
163
°C
Use
d to
pro
duce
oth
er o
rgan
ic
chem
ical
s.
Pote
nt la
chry
mat
or a
nd st
rong
irrit
ant t
hat i
s tox
ic b
y in
hala
tion
and
skin
abs
orpt
ion.
An
alky
latin
g ag
ent t
hat m
ay
be fa
tal i
f inh
aled
in su
ffic
ient
qua
ntity
.
1,1-
Dic
hlor
oace
tone
Sy
nony
ms:
DC
A, 1
,1-d
ichl
oro-
2-pr
opan
one
CA
S 51
3-88
-2
Col
ourle
ss li
quid
B
p 11
7-11
8 °C
C
omm
erci
ally
ava
ilabl
e.
Fast
-act
ing
irrita
nt c
apab
le o
f cau
sing
cas
ualti
es w
ithin
m
inut
es [1
01].
Eye
cont
act w
ith ~
3 m
g ca
n ca
use
pain
. Ski
n co
ntac
t with
12-
50 m
g ca
n ca
use
redn
ess,
rash
, itc
hing
, and
/or
loca
l dis
com
fort.
Inha
latio
n of
~5
mg
can
caus
e se
vere
nos
e an
d th
roat
irrit
atio
n an
d di
scom
fort.
Let
hal d
ose
thro
ugh
inha
latio
n ca
n be
~10
,000
mg.
A to
xic
alky
latin
g ag
ent t
hat
may
be
fata
l if i
nhal
ed in
suff
icie
nt q
uant
ity [9
9].
1-B
rom
o-2-
buta
none
O
Et
Br
Syno
nym
s: b
rom
omet
hyl e
thyl
ket
one
CA
S 81
6-40
-4
Col
ourle
ss li
quid
B
p 14
5-14
6 °C
Em
ploy
ed in
Wor
ld W
ar I
in p
lace
of
bro
moa
ceto
ne w
hose
pro
duct
ion
durin
g th
e w
ar w
as li
mite
d by
nee
d to
rese
rve
acet
one
for t
he
expl
osiv
es in
dust
ry [9
].
Cau
ses b
urni
ng se
nsat
ion,
cou
gh, w
heez
ing,
lary
ngiti
s, sh
ortn
ess o
f bre
ath,
hea
dach
e, n
ause
a, a
nd v
omiti
ng. H
arm
ful
by in
hala
tion,
in c
onta
ct w
ith sk
in, a
nd if
swal
low
ed.
Min
imum
con
cent
ratio
n irr
itatin
g ey
es is
1.6
mg/
m³ [
9]. L
imit
of in
supp
orta
bilit
y 11
mg/
m³.
Mor
talit
y pr
oduc
t 600
0.
Alk
ylat
ing
agen
t tha
t may
be
fata
l if i
nhal
ed in
suff
icie
nt
quan
tity.
B
rom
oben
zyl c
yani
de
CNB
r Sy
nony
ms:
BB
C, C
A, C
alm
ite L
arm
ine,
an
d (R
,S)-
2-br
omo-
2-ph
enyl
acet
onitr
ileC
AS
5798
-79-
8
Yel
low
solid
; cru
de
mat
eria
l use
d in
W
orld
War
I w
as a
he
avy
yello
w li
quid
w
ith a
pen
etra
ting
bitte
r-sw
eet s
mel
l of
rotti
ng fr
uit
Mp
25 °C
B
p 24
2 °C
dec
.
One
of f
irst t
ear a
gent
s use
d in
W
orld
War
I. L
ess e
ffec
tive
than
C
N a
nd v
iew
ed a
s obs
olet
e.
Dec
ompo
ses w
hen
heat
ed, d
oes n
ot
burn
; at >
242
°C it
giv
es
PhC
H(C
N)=
CH
(CN
)Ph
and
hydr
obro
mic
aci
d. In
solu
ble
in
wat
er, s
olub
le in
org
anic
liqu
ids;
sl
ow ra
te o
f hyd
roly
sis,
givi
ng
com
plex
pro
duct
s.
Irrit
atin
g to
skin
and
eye
s, an
d re
lativ
ely
non-
toxi
c. E
stim
ated
LC
t 50 is
800
0-11
,000
mg
min
/m³ a
nd IC
t 50 ~
30 m
g m
in/m
³. D
etox
ified
rapi
dly
at lo
w d
oses
. Min
imum
con
cent
ratio
n ca
usin
g la
chry
mat
ion
is 0
.3 m
g/m
³ of a
ir an
d th
e lim
it of
in
supp
orta
bilit
y is
30
mg/
m³ [
9,10
1]. I
nhal
atio
n of
15-
30 m
g ca
n ca
use
seve
re ir
ritat
ion,
cou
ghin
g, so
re th
roat
, con
gest
ion,
an
d na
sal d
isch
arge
s with
in m
inut
es. L
etha
l dos
e th
roug
h in
hala
tion
rang
es fr
om 2
000-
6000
mg.
Inha
latio
n of
~90
0 m
g pe
r litr
e of
air
over
30
min
can
resu
lt in
dea
th.
-
SAB-25/WP.1
Annex Appendix 5
page 23
Nam
e an
d C
AS
num
ber
Phys
ical
stat
e N
otes
Ph
ysio
logi
cal e
ffec
t B
enzy
l chl
orid
e
Cl
Syno
nym
s: α
-chl
orot
olue
ne
CA
S 10
0-44
-7
Col
ourle
ss li
quid
w
ith a
n un
plea
sant
od
our
Bp
179
°C
Use
d in
Wor
ld W
ar I.
Mad
e by
ch
lorin
atio
n of
tolu
ene.
Sol
uble
in
and
fairl
y st
able
to w
ater
; it i
s de
com
pose
d by
pro
long
ed b
oilin
g in
wat
er (t
o be
nzyl
alc
ohol
and
hy
droc
hlor
ic a
cid)
.
Inte
nsel
y irr
itatin
g to
skin
, eye
s and
muc
ous m
embr
anes
. Lim
it of
insu
ppor
tabi
lity:
85
mg/
m³ o
f air
[9].
Ove
rexp
osur
e ca
uses
irr
itatio
n (e
yes,
skin
, and
nos
e), w
eakn
ess,
irrita
bilit
y,
head
ache
, ski
n da
mag
e, a
nd lu
ng d
amag
e [1
05].
Toxi
c al
kyla
ting
agen
t: m
ay c
ause
per
man
ent i
njur
y or
dea
th a
fter
shor
t exp
osur
es. C
an c
ause
ner
ve d
amag
e an
d is
car
cino
geni
c.
Ben
zyl b
rom
ide
Br
Syno
nym
s: C
yclit
e, T
-Sto
ff
CA
S 10
0-39
-0
Col
ourle
ss li
quid
w
ith a
n ar
omat
ic
odou
r M
p -3
to -1
°C
Bp
198-
199
°C
Use
d in
Wor
ld W
ar I.
Mad
e fr
om
brom
ine,
tolu
ene
and
ultra
viol
et
light
, or b
rom
ine
and
dibe
nzyl
et
her.
Inso
lubl
e in
, and
slow
ly
deco
mpo
sed,
by
wat
er b
ut so
lubl
e in
org
anic
solv
ents
.
Inte
nsel
y irr
itatin
g to
skin
, eye
s, an
d m
ucou
s mem
bran
es.
Min
imum
con
cent
ratio
n irr
itatin
g th
e ey
es is
4 m
g/m
³ [9]
. Li
mit
of in
supp
orta
bilit
y is
60
mg/
m³ o
f air.
Mor
talit
y pr
oduc
t is
600
0. L
arge
dos
es d
epre
ss th
e ce
ntra
l ner
vous
syst
em [1
05].
Can
dam
age
perm
anen
tly lu
ngs,
liver
, kid
neys
and
ner
vous
sy
stem
thro
ugh
its a
lkyl
atin
g ac
tion,
and
may
be
fata
l if
inha
led
in su
ffic
ient
qua
ntity
. B
enzy
l iod
ide
I Sy
nony
ms:
Fra
isin
ite
CA
S 62
0-05
-3
Whi
te so
lid
Mp
24 °C
B
p 22
6 °C
dec
.
One
of t
he m
ost p
oten
t la
chry
mat
ors.
Alle
gedl
y us
ed in
19
15 in
Wor
ld W
ar I.
Inso
lubl
e in
w
ater
, sol
uble
in o
rgan
ic so
lven
ts.
Bar
ely
deco
mpo
sed
by w
ater
.
Irrit
ates
skin
, eye
s, no
se a
nd th
roat
, cau
sing
cou
ghin
g an
d w
heez
ing.
Min
imum
con
cent
ratio
n irr
itatin
g ey
es is
2 m
g/m
³ in
air
[9].
Max
imum
con
cent
ratio
n su
ppor
tabl
e fo
r not
mor
e th
an 1
min
is 2
5-30
mg/
m³ i
n ai
r. M
orta
lity
prod
uct i
s 300
0.
An
alky
latin
g ag
ent t
hat m
ay b
e fa
tal i
f inh
aled
in su
ffic
ient
qu
antit
y.
2-M
ethy
lben
zyl b
rom
ide
Br
Me
Sy
nony
ms:
o-x
ylyl
bro
mid
e C
AS
89-9
2-9
Whi
te so
lid w
ith
odou
r whe
n di
lute
of
elde
r blo
ssom
M
p 21
°C