1. in Archaeologyin ArchaeologyEric C. KansaUC Berkeley / OpenContext.orgUnless otherwise indicated, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution3.0 License

2. 2003 Berlin Open Access Declaration2003 Berlin Open Access Declaration 3. Key Distinctions:Free as in Beer(gratis, cost-free)Free as in Speech(libre, freedom ofexpression)Key Distinctions:Free as in Beer(gratis, cost-free)Free as in Speech(libre, freedom ofexpression)Image credit: Joebeone via Flickr (CC-BY) Image credit: Joebeone via Flickr (CC-BY) 4. New ModelNew Model 5. Two important drivers:Distributing & copying (digital)content is now almost freeCreating quality informationremains expensiveTwo important drivers:Distributing & copying (digital)content is now almost freeCreating quality informationremains expensive 6. but no money for open access, noropen data (more problematic)but no money for open access, noropen data (more problematic) 7. IntroductionIntroductionWe need to reformarchaeological publicationNeed new forms of publication(more information)New models needed to overcomeinformation overloadEthics and commodificationPolitics of sustainabilityWe need to reformarchaeological publicationNeed new forms of publication(more information)New models needed to overcomeinformation overloadEthics and commodificationPolitics of sustainability 8. IntroductionIntroductionWe need to reformarchaeological publicationNeed new forms of publication(more information)New models needed to overcomeinformation overloadEthics and commodificationPolitics of sustainabilityWe need to reformarchaeological publicationNeed new forms of publication(more information)New models needed to overcomeinformation overloadEthics and commodificationPolitics of sustainability 9. Gold Standard ofprofessional contributionGold Standard ofprofessional contribution 10. Symbolic CapitalAttracts Nobel prize winningauthorsHarold Varmus (Nobel prizewinner, former NIH director)helped foundNo analog in archaeologySymbolic CapitalAttracts Nobel prize winningauthorsHarold Varmus (Nobel prizewinner, former NIH director)helped foundNo analog in archaeology 11. Dysfunctional incentives (andpoorly constructed metrics),limit scope, diversity ofpublicationsDysfunctional incentives (andpoorly constructed metrics),limit scope, diversity ofpublications 12. My Precious DataMy Precious DataImage Credit: Lord of the Rings (2003, NewLine), All Rights Reserved Copyright 13. Data Sharing as Publication Started in 2007 Open data (mainly CC-By) Archiving by CaliforniaDigital Library Part of a broader reformmovement in scholarlycommunicationsData Sharing as Publication Started in 2007 Open data (mainly CC-By) Archiving by CaliforniaDigital Library Part of a broader reformmovement in scholarlycommunications 14. EOL Computable DataChallenge12 different sites34 zooarchaeologistsDecoding, cleanup, metadatadocumentationLinked Data annotation (EOL,UBERON, biometrics)Collaborative analysis (as veryrigorous peer-review)EOL Computable DataChallenge12 different sites34 zooarchaeologistsDecoding, cleanup, metadatadocumentationLinked Data annotation (EOL,UBERON, biometrics)Collaborative analysis (as veryrigorous peer-review) 15. Data Publishing 16. Referenced by US NationalScience Foundation andNational Endowment for theHumanities for DataManagementNew White House opendata policiesReferenced by US NationalScience Foundation andNational Endowment for theHumanities for DataManagementNew White House opendata policies 17. The Shelby White and Leon LevyProgram (WLP) for ArchaeologicalPublications recognizes that publicationmay take many forms and followdifferent models. Digital data plays anincreasingly important role in scholarshipand the WLP encourages applicants toconsider innovative modes of digitaldissemination as a primary orsecondary outcome of publicationprojects.The Shelby White and Leon LevyProgram (WLP) for ArchaeologicalPublications recognizes that publicationmay take many forms and followdifferent models. Digital data plays anincreasingly important role in scholarshipand the WLP encourages applicants toconsider innovative modes of digitaldissemination as a primary orsecondary outcome of publicationprojects. 18. IntroductionIntroductionWe need to reformarchaeological publicationNeed new forms of publication(more information)New models needed to overcomeinformation overloadEthics and commodificationPolitics of sustainabilityWe need to reformarchaeological publicationNeed new forms of publication(more information)New models needed to overcomeinformation overloadEthics and commodificationPolitics of sustainability 19. Image credit: Pop-Tech via Flickr (CC-BY)Image credit: Pop-Tech via Flickr (CC-BY)Clay Shirky: Its NotInformationOverload. Its FilterFailure.Clay Shirky: Its NotInformationOverload. Its FilterFailure. 20. Data source: Arif Jinha (2010). Article 50 million: an estimate of the number of scholarlyarticles in existence Learned Publishing, 23 (3), 258-263 DOI: 10.1087/20100308.Image Source: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~comar/open-science/Data source: Arif Jinha (2010). Article 50 million: an estimate of the number of scholarlyarticles in existence Learned Publishing, 23 (3), 258-263 DOI: 10.1087/20100308.Image Source: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~comar/open-science/ 21. Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain)http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Archives_entreprises.jpg 22. Whats relevant tomy needs, where Ican find it?Whats relevant tomy needs, where Ican find it? 23. Text-mining increasinglyneededMetadata extraction (search,discovery, visualization)Summarization (compression)Analysis (text as primary data)Text-mining increasinglyneededMetadata extraction (search,discovery, visualization)Summarization (compression)Analysis (text as primary data) 24. Turning Texts to DataTurning Texts to Data 25. Turning Texts to DataTurning Texts to Data2010 (renewed 2012) Google Digital Humanities Awards: withElton Barker, Leif Isaksen, Kate Byrne, Nick Rabinowitz2010 (renewed 2012) Google Digital Humanities Awards: withElton Barker, Leif Isaksen, Kate Byrne, Nick RabinowitzText-mining literature to identifyreferences to ancient placesText-mining literature to identifyreferences to ancient places 26. Project limited to public domain(pre-1920) resourcesProject limited to public domain(pre-1920) resources 27. Copyright & termsof service imposedby publishers prohibitor complicatetext-miningCopyright & termsof service imposedby publishers prohibitor complicatetext-miningBlocking Text-MiningBlocking Text-Mining 28. IntroductionIntroductionWe need to reformarchaeological publicationNeed new forms of publication(more information)New models needed to overcomeinformation overloadEthics and commodificationPolitics of sustainabilityWe need to reformarchaeological publicationNeed new forms of publication(more information)New models needed to overcomeinformation overloadEthics and commodificationPolitics of sustainability 29. Who Owns the Past?Who Owns the Past? 30. Image Credit: Copyright Carabinieri T.P.C. Italia 31. Who Owns the Past?(Published archaeological record)Who Owns the Past?(Published archaeological record) 32. Expanding scopeof copyright:The best lawsmoney can buy P SamuelsonExpanding scopeof copyright:The best lawsmoney can buy P Samuelson 33. Expanding scopeof copyright:The best lawsmoney can buy P SamuelsonExpanding scopeof copyright:The best lawsmoney can buy P Samuelson Number of Works underUS Copyright thatentered thePublic Domain in 2012:Zero 34. Expanding scopeof copyright:The best lawsmoney can buy P SamuelsonExpanding scopeof copyright:The best lawsmoney can buy P Samuelson Potential personalcopyright liability for 1year of routineinstructional & researchactivities:$4.5 billionSource: Infringement Nation: Copyright Reform and theLaw/Norm Gapby John Tehranian.Utah Law Review, Volume 2007, Number 6 - 3 2007Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1029151 35. Image Credits: WikiMedia Commons 36. Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons (CC-By-SA)http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Surveillance_cameras.jpg 37. WikipediaWikipedia 38. Aaron Swartz at an Anti-SOPA rally(Wikimedia Commons)Aaron Swartz at an Anti-SOPA rally(Wikimedia Commons) 39. Who Owns the Past?(Published archaeological record) 40. Who Owns the Past?(Published archaeological record)Who Owns the Past?(Published archaeological record) 41. Source: The Occasional Pamphlet - Harvard University(http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/pamphlet/2013/01/29/why-open-access-is-better-for-scholarly-societies/)Source: The Occasional Pamphlet - Harvard University(http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/pamphlet/2013/01/29/why-open-access-is-better-for-scholarly-societies/) 42. Source: The Occasional Pamphlet - Harvard University(http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/pamphlet/2013/01/29/why-open-access-is-better-for-scholarly-societies/)Source: The Occasional Pamphlet - Harvard University(http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/pamphlet/2013/01/29/why-open-access-is-better-for-scholarly-societies/) 43. What are the costs of perpetual,absolute, and commodified intellectualproperty?Is this too close to looting?What are the costs of perpetual,absolute, and commodified intellectualproperty?Is this too close to looting? 44. What are the costs of perpetual,absolute, and commodified intellectualproperty?Is this too close to looting?What are the costs of perpetual,absolute, and commodified intellectualproperty?Is this too close to looting? 45. IntroductionIntroductionWe need to reformarchaeological publicationNeed new forms of publication(more information)New models needed to overcomeinformation overloadEthics and commodificationPolitics of sustainabilityWe need to reformarchaeological publicationNeed new forms of publication(more information)New models needed to overcomeinformation overloadEthics and commodificationPolitics of sustainability 46. Heather Morrisonnotes enough moneyin academic librariesto sustain OpenAccess.Political question: howto redirect funding?Heather Morrisonnotes enough moneyin academic librariesto sustain OpenAccess.Political question: howto redirect funding?Economics of scholarly communication intransitionby Heather Morrison.First Monday, Volume 18, Number 6 - 3June 2013 doi:10.5210/fm.v18i6.1062 47. Europeana raises hard sustainabilityquestions for Open Access.Europeana raises hard sustainabilityquestions for Open Access. 48. Sustainability ConcernsSustainability Concerns 49. Sustainability ConcernsSustainability ConcernsNegative Externalities:Legal risks, costs aresomeone elsesproblemNegative Externalities:Legal risks, costs aresomeone elsesproblem 50. Sustainability at what cost?Sustainability at what cost? 51. versus 52. Pay-wallsperpetuate anideology ofcommodification?Pay-wallsperpetuate anideology ofcommodification? 53. Sustainability at what cost?Big problem for professionalsocieties!Harsh legal risks of pay-walls +strong IP ($3 million GeorgiaState case, Swartz affair)Sustainability strategies harmstakeholders (professionalsoutside universities, libraries,funders)Sustainability at what cost?Big problem for professionalsocieties!Harsh legal risks of pay-walls +strong IP ($3 million GeorgiaState case, Swartz affair)Sustainability strategies harmstakeholders (professionalsoutside universities, libraries,funders) 54. Contingent EmploymentContingent EmploymentSource: Washington Monthly (http://ecleader.org/2012/02/21/nation-wide-trend-towards-adjuncts-threatens-higher-ed/)Source: Washington Monthly (http://ecleader.org/2012/02/21/nation-wide-trend-towards-adjuncts-threatens-higher-ed/) 55. Contingent EmploymentContingent EmploymentLack of consistent (legal) access:(1)Loss of expertise in discipline (brain-drain)(2)Harms teachingLack of consistent (legal) access:(1)Loss of expertise in discipline (brain-drain)(2)Harms teachingSource: Washington Monthlyhttp://ecleader.org/2012/02/21/nation-wide-Source: Washington Monthlyhttp://ecleader.org/2012/02/21/nation-wide- 56. Sustainability ConcernsSustainability ConcernsClear Cutting: NoSustainabilityClear Cutting: NoSustainability 57. Image Credit: Crustmania via Flickr (CC-By)http://www.flickr.com/photos/crustmania/233523196/ 58. Thankfully, universities pass thosesalary savings on to students.Right?Thankfully, universities pass thosesalary savings on to students.Right? 59. Wrong.Wrong. 60. Image Credit: Brainchildvn via Flickr (CC-By)http://www.flickr.com/photos/brainchildvn/3957949195 61. Source: Washington MonthlySource: Washington Monthly 62. Sustainability strategiesthat fail to addressunderlying problems worklike this:Sustainability strategiesthat fail to addressunderlying problems worklike this: 63. Sustainability ConcernsSustainability ConcernsMonoculture: Short-term cost-effective, butnot resilientMonoculture: Short-term cost-effective, butnot resilient 64. Who Will Own the Past?Who Will Own the Past? 65. Who Will Own the Past?Who Will Own the Past? 66. Who Will Own the Past:Who Will Own the Past: 67. Who Will Own the Pasts Metrics:Who Will Own the Pasts Metrics: 68. Who Will Own the Past?Who Will Own the Past?Monoculture of over-centralizationWhile cost-free (freeas in beer), not libre(free as in speech).Not legal to copy intoother repositoriesLock-in and risks offavoritismMonoculture of over-centralizationWhile cost-free (freeas in beer), not libre(free as in speech).Not legal to copy intoother repositoriesLock-in and risks offavoritism 69. Who Will Own the Past?Who Will Own the Past?Governance questions with moreopen repositories?Governance questions with moreopen repositories? 70. Sustainability ConcernsSustainability ConcernsDiverse Ecosystem:Expensive but moreresilientDiverse Ecosystem:Expensive but moreresilient 71. Thousand FlowersThousand FlowersSustainability of particular interests shouldnot be an end to itself.Sustainability of particular interests shouldnot be an end to itself. 72. Thousand FlowersThousand FlowersShould we emphasize sustainability (for a few)or resilience (for a community)?Should we emphasize sustainability (for a few)or resilience (for a community)? 73. Thousand FlowersThousand FlowersCan Libre (free as in speech) promoteresilient knowledge stewardship withoutlock-in to particular set of institutions orpractices?we need to think of sustainability inlarger terms (not just a matter of cleverbusiness models!)Can Libre (free as in speech) promoteresilient knowledge stewardship withoutlock-in to particular set of institutions orpractices?we need to think of sustainability inlarger terms (not just a matter of cleverbusiness models!) 74. Final ThoughtsFinal ThoughtsOpen Access (and opendata) are key challengesfor 21st centuryarchaeologyLegal and institutionalchanges need to be facedSustainability as muchpolitical and ideological as afinancial issueOpen Access (and opendata) are key challengesfor 21st centuryarchaeologyLegal and institutionalchanges need to be facedSustainability as muchpolitical and ideological as afinancial issue 75. Thank you!Thank you!Special Thanks!Mappa Project, University of Pisa, andthe conference sponsors