open everything exploring open in higher education
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Exploring Open in Higher Education
Laura Czerniewicz and Michelle WillmersOpenUCT InitiativeScholarly Communication in Africa ProgrammeCC-BY-SA
So many opens
• Open scholarship• Open access• Open licensing• Open education practices• Open education resources• Open source• Open data• Open research• Open science• Open web• Open knowledge
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Openness as a concept is
not new to academia
St Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
“The labours of knowledge must have public benefit.”
In Africa …
Timbuktu Manuscripts (13th Century)
Ways of being open
are newThe shift to digital
Traditional Scholarship
Conceptualisation
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Findings
Engagement
Translation
Conceptual frameworks
Literature reviews
Bibliographies
Proposals
Data sets
Conference papers
Audio recordings
Images
Interview transcripts
Books
Reports
Journal articles
Technical papers
Notes
Presentations
Lectures
Interviews
Student
Community
Scholar
Traditional Model
• Relatively contained disciplinary context
• Relatively clear scholarly community• Relatively clear boundaries• Particular points of engagement• Specific audiences at particular
stages• Generally closed/ contained
Enter the Internet
• All content becomes shareable
• New ways of describing content (and looking for it)
• New ways of tracking usage
• Aggregation occurs• Rise of the
Commons and the global networked scholar
http://www.flickr.com/photos/balleyne/2668834386/lightbox/
Open Access
Conceptualisation
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Findings
Engagement
Translation
Conceptual frameworks
Literature reviews Bibliographi
esProposals
Data sets
Conference papers
Audio recordings
Images
Interview transcripts
Books
Reports
Journal articles Technical
papers
Notes
Presentations
Lectures
Interviews
Student
Community
Scholar
Gold Route- Primary publication in open-access journals- 7 070 journals (DOAJ 2011)
Green Route- Self-archiving of scholarly content prior
to, in parallel with, or after publication- 2085 repositories worldwide (DOAR 2011)
Open Access
OA = increased visibility
31 studies in a wide range of disciplines on OA and citation advantage*- 27 studies show up to 600% increase in impact- 4 studies show no difference
Increased visibility = enhanced prestige and contribution to development* Swan A (2010) The Open Access Citation Advantage: Studies and Results to Date. Available at http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/18516/
Open Educational ResourcesPart of the open content continuum …
Post-graduate
Pedagogised resources
Non- pedagogised resources
Undergraduate
Open Education Resources
Conceptualisation
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Findings
Engagement
Translation
Conceptual frameworks
Literature reviews
Bibliographies
Proposals
Data sets
Conference papers
Audio recordings
Images
Interview transcriptsBooks
Reports
Journal articles
Technical papers
Notes
Presentations
Lectures
Interviews
StudentCommuni
ty Scholar
Open Research
Conceptualisation
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Findings
Engagement
Translation
Conceptual frameworks
Literature ReviewsBibliographi
esProposals
Data sets
Conference papers
Audio recordings
Images
Interview transcripts
Books
Reports
Journal articles Technical papers
Notes
Presentations
Lectures
Interviews
Open Research• Replicable (transparency - method)
• Reusable (results free for re-use and appropriation)
• Replayable (tools available for appropriation)
• Immediacy (more speedily available)
• Granular in approach
Open Research
Conceptualisation
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Findings
Engagement
Translation
Conceptual frameworks
Literature reviewsBibliographi
esProposals
Data sets
Conference papers
Audio recordings
Images
Interview transcripts
Books
Reports
Journal articles Technical papers
Notes
Presentations
Lectures
Interviews
Open Research
- New modes of dissemination - New ways of measuring impact- Blogging and social networking as mechanisms for research and collaboration- Output of social networking processes become research artefacts
Citizen Science
Open Science
Open Humanities?
http://www.flickr.com/photos/opensourceway/6555466069/sizes/o/in/set-72157625612605617/
Why?
Value proposition
• Improve visibility, impact and prospects for collaboration (and, maybe, citation)
• Good practice• Improved teaching and learning• Improved representation• Evolution of scholarship• Scalability and new prospects for advance
The Open Education
Continuum
1. Conducive environment / policy cohesion - Reward systems aligned
2. Appropriate licensing / protection of IP - Ducks in a row
3. Curation / metadata - Open = well shared
4. e-Infrastructure/virtual environments - Many birds, one stone?
5. Agency of the individual - Rise of the global networked scholar
What do we need to participate?
