open forum 2 academic listening and speaking tests answer key 6108

#602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.�

ACADEMIC LISTENING AND SPEAKING

2

#602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.2

Contents

Answer Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Assessment TestsTest.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Test.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Test.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Test.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

TranscriptsChapter.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Chapter.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Chapter.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Chapter.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Chapter.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24Chapter.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Chapter.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Chapter.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Chapter.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Chapter.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Chapter.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Chapter.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


Open Forum 2: Answer Key �


Answer Key

Chapter �

Environmental Studies

2 Listening PracticeA Preparing to Listen exercise 2 (p. 2). 2 .. suburbs. 3 .. inner.cities. 4 .. decline. 5 .. revitalize

B Focus on the Listening Skillexercise 2 (p. 3)

Answers will vary.building,.commute,.diversity,.downtown,.housing,.growth,.residential,.suburbs

C Listening for the Main Idea (p. 3). a .. 4. . c .. 2. b .. 1. . d .. 3

D Listening for More Detail (p. 4). 1 .. a. . 4 .. a. 7 .. b. 2 .. a. . 5 .. b. 8 .. a. 3 .. b. . 6 .. a

3 Vocabularyexercise � (p. 5)

business.district,.City.Hall,.Opera.House,.shopping.area,.department.stores,.sidewalk.cafes,.rush.hour,.subway.station .

exercise 2 (p. 5). 2 .. mall. 5 .. park. 3 .. stop. 6 .. market. 4 .. building

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 6). a .. ✓. . c .. ✓. d .. ✓

C Listening for More Detail (p. 7). 1 .. A.park.that.is.not.successful.is.not.used.or.is.for.

criminal.activity,.is.usually.empty,.has.litter.and.

graffiti,.or.is.just.a.green.space.with.nothing.to.attract.people

. 2 .. Museums,.a.zoo,.an.outdoor.theater,.a.skating.rink,.playgrounds

. 3 .. To.provide.more.reasons.for.people.to.go.to.a.place

. 4 .. Food

. 5 .. Women.and.elderly.people

. 6 .. There’s.not.enough.seating,.or.it’s.uncomfortable,.or.it’s.out.in.the.wind.or.the.sun

. 7 .. So.that.people.can.see.what’s.inside.and.don’t.feel.afraid.to.enter

. 8 .. Paths.that.don’t.lead.anywhere,.or.don’t.go.where.people.want.to.go

D Thinking and Speaking (p. 7)Photo.a:.bad.seating.and.a.lack.of.activitiesPhoto.b:.entrance.exposed.to.wind.and.sunPhoto.c:.a.path.that.leads.nowhere

5 Pronunciation exercise 2. (p. 8)

example,.park,.playground,.one,.fountain,.middle,.nice,.there,.together,.water,.safe,.play,.summer,.seating,.both,.more,.go

7 Speaking Skillsexercise 3 (p. 9). 2 .. Chapter.4.. 3 .. Chapter.6.. 4 .. Chapter.5.. 5 .. Chapter.12.. 6 .. Chapter.7

Chapter 2

Psychology

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 11). 1 .. a. . 2 .. b. 3 .. b

2 Open Forum 2: Answer Key


C Listening for More Detail (p. 12). 1 .. T. . 4 .. T. 7 .. F. 2 .. F. . 5 .. T. 8 .. T. 3 .. T. . 6 .. F

E Focus on the Listening Skillexercise 2 (p. �3). 1 .. Chapter.1.. 2 .. Chapter.4.. 3 .. Chapter.5. 4 .. Chapter.7. 5 .. Chapter.8

3 Vocabularyexercise � (p. �3)

When.adding.-ion.to.a.word.ending.in.e,.the.e.is.dropped .

. 1 .. People.say.they.experience.deep.feelings.of.concentration.and.enjoyment .

. 2 .. Many.people.experience.relaxation .

exercise 2 (p. �3)noun (with.-ion). noun (with.-ation). noun (with.-ment)connection. preparation. requirementcontribution. combination. retirementdiscussion. organization. developmentmotivation. exploration. managementparticipation. . achievement

exercise 3 (p. �3) . 1 .. relaxation. 5 .. achievement. 2 .. contribution. 6 .. preparation. 3 .. discussion. 7 .. requirement. 4 .. motivation. 8 .. indication

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 14). 1 .. Julia:.driving,.playing.guitar. 2 .. Leo:.working.on.computers,.socializing. 3 .. Annie:.participating.in.sports,.coaching.sports. 4 .. Robert:.doing.dishes,.fixing.up.his.house,.

bicycling.

C Listening for More Detail (p. 14)Julia

. 1 .. an.hour.and.a.half

. 2 .. listen.to.the.radio.or.music

. 3 .. three.times

. 4 .. with.friends.and.alone.Leo

. 1 .. very.little

. 2 .. plays.computer.games

. 3 .. computer.game

. 4 .. likesAnnie

. 1 .. many

. 2 .. team.and.individual.sports

. 3 .. coach

. 4 .. sometimesRobert

. 1 .. relaxing.

. 2 .. finds.solutions.to.problems

. 3 .. is.stressful

. 4 .. enjoys.bicycling

5 Pronunciationexercise � (p. �5)

I.usually.play.the.guitar.at.least.three.times.a.week ..I.play.in.a.group.with.friends.and.I.play.by.myself.too .

exercise 2 (p. �6). 1 .. an. . 6 .. and. 2 .. a. . 7 .. to. 3 .. the.. 8 .. at. 4 .. and. 9 .. with. 5 .. for.. 10 .. to

6 Speaking Skillsexercise � (p. �6)

Annie.says.more.than.just.“Yes”.or.“No .”.Saying.more.than.just.“Yes”.or.“No”.helps.keep.conversation.going .

exercise 2 (p. �6)Answers will vary.

Chapter 3

Food Science

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas. 1 .. ✓. . 4 .. ✓

. 2 .. ✓. . 6 .. ✓

C Listening for More Detail (p. 20). 1 .. c. . 4 .. b. 7 .. b. 2 .. c. . 5 .. a. 8 .. c. 3 .. b. . 6 .. c


Where.to.have.tea.and.coffee


Open Forum 2: Answer Key 3


exercise 2 (p. 22)would.love,.prefer,.don’t.feel.like,.would.like,.want,.can’t.stand,.don’t.mind

exercise 3 (p. 22) . 2 .. having/to.have. 3 .. getting.. 4 .. eating.. 5 .. to.eat. 6 .. eating/to.eat

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p.23). 1 .. ✓. . 3 .. ✓

. 4 .. ✓. . 6 .. ✓

C Listening for More Detail (p. 23)Answers will vary.

. 1 .. People.eat.out.much.more.nowadays .

. 2 .. People,.especially.kids,.used.to.drink.a.lot.more.milk ..Now.they.drink.twice.as.much.soda ..

. 3 .. If.people.have.more.income,.they.eat.out.more ..

. 4 .. There.will.be.greater.demand.for.variety ..

. 5 .. Immigration.affects.the.variety.of.food.available,.including.types.of.restaurants ..

. 6 .. People.will.ask.more.for.quality,.rather.than.just.quantity ..

5 Pronunciationexercise � (p. 24). 1 .. Wh. 2 .. Y/N. 3 .. Wh. 4 .. Y/N

exercise 2 (p. 25). 1 .. b. . 2 .. a

6 Speaking Skillsexercise � (p. 25)

The.person.is.trying.to.eat.more.fruits.and.vegetables.and.gave.up.chocolate.for.a.while .

exercise (p. 25)Hmm,.Let.me.think,.Well,.Let’s.see

Chapter 4

Visual Art

2 Listening PracticeA Preparing to Listenexercise 2 (p. 28). 2 .. c. . 4 .. e. 3 .. b. . 5 .. a

B Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 28). a .. ✓. . c .. ✓. e .. ✓

C Listening for More Detail (p. 29). 1 .. a. . 4 .. c. 7 .. c. 2 .. b. . 5 .. b. 8 .. a. 3 .. c. . 6 .. a


types.of.painting:.(portrait),.landscapewords.to.describe.a.painting:.(realistic),.abstract,.colorful,.traditional,.calmthings.in.a.painting:.(lines),.dots,.circles,.shapes,.symbols,.figures,.scene,.detaillocation:.(in.the.corner),.in.the.foreground,.in.the.center,.in.the.background

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 32). a .. ✓. . c .. ✓. e .. ✓

C Listening for More Detailexercise � (p. 32)

Answers will vary.. 1 .. it’s.imitated/copied.a.lot.in.popular.culture. 2 .. 1930. 3 .. Dutch.and.German.art/16th.century.Dutch.

portraits. 4 .. the.style.of.the.window.in.the.house. 5 .. Wood’s.sister.and.his.dentist. 6 .. the.1890’s. 7 .. unfriendly/not.welcoming/suspicious. 8 .. farmers/country.people/people.in.small.towns

exercise 2 (p. 32). a .. 3. . b .. 6. c .. 4. d .. 2. . e .. 5. f .. 1



5 Pronunciationexercise 3 (p. 33). 1 .. He.was.an.American.painter .. 2 .. His.sister.was.probably.the.model .. 3 .. It’s.a.famous.photograph .. 4 .. Who.is.the.woman.supposed.to.be?. 5 .. It’s.a.bit.of.a.mystery .


The.spoken.version.has.more.imprecise.expressions .

exercise 2 (p. 34). 2 .. sort.of. 5 .. kind.of. 3 .. kind.of. 6 .. It’s.as.if. 4 .. It’s.like. 7 .. or.something

Chapter 5

Life Science

2 Listening PracticeA Preparing to Listen (p. 37)

Answers will vary.Oceans:.fish,.coral,.whales,.crab,.beach,.sand,.snailMedicine:.prescription.drugs,.cancer,.human.disease,.bacteria,.painkiller,.anatomy,.heart.diseaseBoth:.bacteria.

B Listening for Main Ideas (p. 38). a .. 4. . c .. 6. e .. 2. b .. 3. . d .. 1. f .. 5

C Listening for More Detail (p. 39). 1 .. More.than.half. 2 .. 71%. 3 .. Researchers.are.hoping.to.learn.more.about.how.

their.eyes.work.to.help.learn.more.about.eye.disease.in.humans .

. 4 .. They.have.new.technologies.that.allow.them.to.go.deeper.into.the.oceans.than.before ...

. 5 .. In.the.1950s

. 6 .. It.can.swim.incredibly.fast .

D Focus on the Listening Skillexercise � (p. 39). 2 .. a. . Because.of.“derived.from.the.sea”.before.it

exercise 2 (p. 40). 1 .. b. . 4 .. b

. 2 .. a. . 5 .. a

. 3 .. b


careful,.useful,.hopeful

exercise 2 (p. 4�). 2 .. useful. useless. 3 .. beautiful. X. 4 .. hopeful. hopeless. 5 .. harmful. harmless. 6 .. X. . priceless. 7 .. helpful. helpless. 8 .. wonderful. X. 9 .. thoughtful.. thoughtless. 10 .. painful. painless

exercise 3 (p. 4�). 2 .. painless. 6 .. wonderful. 3 .. useful. 7 .. priceless. 4 .. hopeful. 8 .. useless. 5 .. thoughtless

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 42). a .. 2. . c .. 1. b .. 4. . d .. 3


. 1 .. In.1987

. 2 .. California,.Arizona,.and.Baja,.Mexico

. 3 .. The.birds.have.very.large.wings.that.could.knock.you.out.and.very.sharp.beaks ..

. 4 .. That.condors.fly.more.distance.than.they.realized;.that.the.species.is.more.intelligent.and.complex.than.they’d.realized

. 5 .. They.didn’t.learn.to.be.afraid.of.humans ..

. 6 .. They’re.trained.to.act.like.parent.condors ...

. 7 .. They.learn.from.older,.more.experienced.birds ...

. 8 .. One.group.of.birds.travels.160.miles.just.to.visit.and.socialize.with.other.birds ...

D. Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 43) . 1 .. b. . 3 .. a. 2 .. b. . 4 .. b




5 Pronunciationexercise � (p. 44). 1 .. b. . 2 .. a. 3 .. a .

exercise 2 (p. 44). 1 .. learned. 4 .. teaches. 2 .. knocking. 5 .. raising. 3 .. harassing. 6 .. socialize


The.number.of.condors.living.in.the.wildHow.they.attach.GPS.units.to.the.birdsAnother.example.of.how.the.birds.learnWhat.the.biologist.meant.when.he.said.the.birds.are.intelligent.and.complicated

exercise 2 (p. 44)How.many.did.you.say. .. .. ..?Could.you.explain. .. .. ..?Can.you.give.another.example.of. .. .. ..?What.did.you.mean. .. .. ..?

Chapter 6

Social Studies

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 47). b .. ✓. . d .. ✓

C Listening for More Detail (p. 47). 1 .. F. . 4 .. F. 7 .. T. 2 .. T. . 5 .. T. 8 .. F. 3 .. T. . 6 .. F

D Focus on the Listening Skill exercise � (p. 48). a .. 6. . d .. 2. g .. 5. b .. 3. . e .. 8. h .. 1. c .. 4. . f .. 7

exercise 2 (p. 48)Announcing what a speaker is going to say or do: We’re.going.to.look.at;.I’m.going.to.suggest;.I’d.like.to.point.out.thatSignaling a change in topic:.Now.if.you.look.at;.Compare.that.to;.Let’s.turn.toSummarizing:.I’ve.described

3 Vocabularyexercise � (p. 49). 2 .. time.off. 8 .. get.laid.off. 3 .. salary. 9 .. project. 4 .. employer. 10 ..freelancers. 5 .. part-time. 11 .. job.security. 6 .. temporary. 12 ..benefits. 7 .. hires

exercise 2 (p. 50). 2 .. benefits. 6 .. job.security. 3 .. time.off. 7 .. freelancer. 4 .. hired. 8 .. get.laid.off. 5 .. temporary

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas exercise � (p. 5�)

The.man.has.three.jobs .

exercise 2 (p. 5�)She.has.a.baking.business .

exercise 3 (p. 5�). a .. ✓. . b .. ✓. c .. ✓


. 1 .. He.likes.not.getting.involved.in.the.day.to.day.stuff,.and.his.work.time.is.flexible .

. 2 .. His.wife’s.job

. 3 .. She.got.laid.off .

. 4 .. She’s.living.and.working.at.her.parents’.house .

. 5 .. Find.a.partner.who.could.do.marketing,.and.maybe.have.her.own.place.one.day

. 6 .. There.are.entrepreneurs,.freelancers,.and.part-time.employees .

. 7 .. Economic.reasons,.the.growth.of.software.and.media.industries,.and.the.change.in.attitudes

. 8 .. Marketing.themselves,.and.being.organized,.especially.with.time

D Working out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 52). 1 .. b. . 3 .. b. 5 .. a. 2 .. a. . 4 .. b



5 Pronunciationexercise � (p. 53). 2 .. It’s.. 7 .. who’ve. 3 .. I’m.. 8 .. they’ve. 4 .. It’s.. 9 .. they’ve. 5 .. I’ve. 10 ..there’s. 6 .. it’s

exercise 2 (p. 53)Answers will vary.

Chapter 7

Language and Communication

2 Listening PracticeA Preparing to Listen (p. 57). 1 .. 82 .12%. 2 .. 17 .88%. 3 .. Vietnamese,.Italian,.Korean,.Russian. 4 .. Answers will vary.. 5 .. Answers will vary.

B Listening for Main Ideas (p. 57). c

C Listening for More Detail (p. 58). 1 .. The.thirty.most.common.languages.in.the.US. 2 .. From.census.data. 3 .. a .. 2. c .. 1. . b .. 4. d .. 3. 4 .. Almost.900,000. 5 .. Southern.California.and.Washington.state. 6 .. New.York

D Focus on the Listening Skillexercise � (p. 58). 2 .. 86. . 5 .. 49. 8 .. 4. 3 .. 1.or.2. 6 .. 8. 9 .. 4. 4 .. 72. . 7 .. 6

3 Vocabularyexercise � (p. 59). 2 .. just.over. 3 .. a.little.over

exercise 2 (p. 59)Approximately:.about,.around,.something.likeMore:.just.over,.a.little.over,.more.thanLess:.a.little.under,.less.than,.almost,.just.under

exercise 3 (p. 59). 1 .. almost. 2 .. Just.over. 3 .. just.under.. 4 .. less.than. 5 .. more.than. 6 .. something.like


4 Listening PracticeA Preparing to Listenexercise � (p. 60)

French.and.English.are.the.official.languages ..Cree,.Inuktitut,.Mohawk,.and.Ojibwa.are.examples.of.minority.languages .

exercise 3 (p. 6�)Answers will vary.

B Listening for Main Ideas (p. 61). 1 .. Different.opinions.on.how.many.languages.exist.

today. 2 .. Criteria.for.deciding.if.a.language.is.in.danger. 3 .. Why.the.topic.of.language.loss.is.important. 4 .. The.situation.with.the.Welsh.language. 5 .. Programs.for.revising.Native.American.languages


. 2 .. Believed.that.half.world’s.languages.could.be.lost.by.end.of.century

. 3 .. Are.last.speakers.of.their.languages

. 4 .. Make.it.difficult.to.find.agreement.on.the.number.of.languages.at.risk

. 5 .. Don’t.know.what.information.or.traditions.we’re.losing.when.a.language.disappears

. 6 .. Example.of.a.language.getting.stronger

. 7 .. Used.to.be.250.Native.American.languages,.but.now.only.about.150.in.use.

. 8 .. Use.older.peoples’.knowledge;.tape.record.older.people;.have.older.people.care.for.children.and.teach.them;.have.speakers.teach.and.learn.on.the.telephone;.study.the.old.records.of.ancestors




5 Pronunciationexercise � (p. 62)

Stress.is.on.the.second.syllable.(-teen).in.item.4 ..Stress.is.on.first.syllable.in.the.others ..

exercise 2 (p. 62)It’s.easier.to.hear.the.difference.between.items.2.and.4,.because.the.stress.is.different ..

exercise 3 (p. 62). 1 .. sixty. 4 .. seventy. 2 .. forty. 5 .. eighteen. 3 .. thirteen. 6 .. fifteen



Answers will vary.

exercise 2 (p. 63). 1 .. Brainstorm.ideas. 2 .. Select.ideas. 3 .. Order.ideas.and.outline. 4 .. Fill.out.an.outline. 5 .. Rehearse

Chapter 8

Technology

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 65). 1 .. a. . 3 .. a. 2 .. b. . 4 .. c

C Listening for More Detail (p. 65). 1 .. a. . 3 .. b. 5 .. c. 2 .. c. . 4 .. c. 6 .. a

D Focus on the Listening Skillexercise � (p. 66). 1 .. determination. 2 .. believed.absolutely. 3 .. mood. 4 .. positive.attitude

exercise 2 (p. 66)a

exercise 3 (p. 67)c

exercise 4 (p. 67)b


set.out,.give.up,.took.off

exercise 2 (p. 67). 2 .. g. . 5 .. c. 8 .. b. 3 .. a. . 6 .. j. 9 .. f. 4 .. i. . 7 .. d. 10 ..h

exercise 3 (p. 67). 2 .. turned.up. 7 .. go.on. 3 .. took.off. 8 .. set.out. 4 .. came.over. 9 .. getting.along. 5 .. ran.out. 10 ..went.off. 6 .. came.up


4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 69)

b


. 1 .. The.photocopy.machine.was.a.very.successful.product.and.the.technology.is.still.used.today .

. 2 .. 1937

. 3 .. He.was.poor.and.had.to.support.his.father.after.his.mother.died .

. 4 .. It.was.to.keep.his.ideas.in ..He.wanted.to.be.an.inventor .

. 5 .. When.studying.law,.he.had.to.copy.pages.longhand.from.books .

. 6 .. Nobody.would.invest.in.his.idea.or.give.him.money.to.develop.his.idea .

. 7 .. 1947

. 8 .. 1960

. 9 .. The.machine.was.an.instant.success ..

. 10 .. He.lived.simply,.and.gave.away.most.of.his.money .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 70). 1 .. b. . 3 .. b. 5 .. a. 2 .. a. . 4 .. a



5 Pronunciationexercise � (p. 7�). 2 .. imagine. imagination. 3 .. inspire. inspiration. 4 .. invent. invention. 5 .. mechanic. mechanical. 6 .. technology. technological. 7 .. photograph. photographic. photography. 8 .. electric. electrical. electricity

exercise 2 (p. 7�). 2 .. imagine. imagination. 3 .. inspire. inspiration. 6 .. technology. technological. 7 .. photograph. photographic. photography. 8 .. electric. electrical. electricity

exercise 3 (p. 7�). 1 .. Carlson.invented.an.automatic.xerographic.

machine .. 2 .. The.process.was.called.Xerography .. 3 .. His.invention.used.light.and.electricity.to.

duplicate.an.image .. 4 .. Carlson.went.to.university.at.the.Institute.of.

Technology .


A.copy.machine

exercise 2 (p. 72)First,. .. .. ..;.Now,. .. .. ..;.Then,. .. .. ..;.OK?

Chapter 9

Marketing and Advertising

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 74). b .. ✓. . d .. ✓. e .. ✓

. f .. ✓. . h .. ✓

C Listening for More Detail (p. 74). 1 .. c. . 3 .. b. 5 .. a. 2 .. b. . 4 .. a. 6 .. c

D Focusing on the Listening Skillexercise � (p. 75)

Answers will vary.. 2 .. network.TV.stations;.all.the.commercials. 3 .. advertising.in.school

exercise 2 (p. 75)b


. 1 .. attract.customers.to.survive

. 2 .. market.their.products

. 3 .. would.not.exist;.products.and.services


3 Vocabulary exercise 2 (p. 76). 1 .. conduct.surveys;.look.at.the.competition. 2 .. TV.or.radio.commercials,.newspaper.or.magazine.

advertisements,.the.Internet,.popular.events

exercise 3 (p. 76). 2 .. competition. 7 .. commercials. 3 .. advertise. 8 .. attract. 4 .. market.research. 9 .. on.the.market. 5 .. product. 10 ..geared.toward. 6 .. sponsor

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 78). c. ✓

C Listening for More Detailexercise � (p. 78)Where?. 2 .. In.the.front.of.the.store. 3 .. In.the.front.of.the.store. 4 .. Around.the.sides.of.the.store. 5 .. In.the.aisles. 6 .. Near.the.checkout.counter

exercise 2 (p. 78)Why?. 1 .. To.make.customers.pass.other.items. 2 .. Smells.good.and.attracts.customers. 3 .. Smells.good.and.attracts.customers. 4 .. Most.people.go.around.the.side. 5 .. People.need.it.and.will.look.for.it. 6 .. People.stand.next.to.it.at.checkout

5 Pronunciationexercise � (p. 79). 1 .. interested. 4 .. not.interested. 2 .. not.interested. 5 .. interested. 3 .. interested. 6 .. interested





Answers will vary.. 1 .. The.people.are.discussing.how.to.advertise.

something .. 2 .. Susan.is.proposing.a.hot.air.balloon .

exercise 2 (p. 80)What.do.you.mean?;.Oh,.you.mean. .. .. ..;.I.don’t.get.it;.You’re.saying.that. .. .. ..

Chapter �0

Education

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideasexercise � (p. 84)

Life.experience

exercise 2 (p. 84). a .. ✓. . b .. ✓. d .. ✓

Ben.and.Mona.do.not.have.the.same.opinion .

C Listening for More Detailexercise � (p.84). 1 .. F. . 4 .. T. 7 .. T. 2 .. T. . 5 .. T. 8 .. F. 3 .. F. . 6 .. F

D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 85)Answers will vary.

. 2 .. It.would.be.difficult.to.evaluate.two.very.different.experiences .

. 3 .. It.takes.discipline ..You.have.to.attend,.do.the.work,.take.exams,.and.pass.classes.to.get.credit ..

. 4 .. He.says.that.college.was.social.for.him.and.that.he.really.started.learning.after.college ..


Answers will vary.

exercise 2 (p. 86). 2 .. a.program. 3 .. it;.credit. 4 .. a.subject. 5 .. classes. 6 .. an.exam. 7 .. an.exam. 8 .. college .

exercise 3 (p. 86). 1 .. program;.classes;.grades. 2 .. graduated;.got. 3 .. took;.take;.got. 4 .. financial.aid


4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 88). 1 .. d. . 3 .. b. 2 .. a. . 4 .. c

C Listening for More Detail . 1 .. b. . 5 .. c. 2 .. a. . 6 .. a. 3 .. c. . 7 .. c. 4 .. b. . 8 .. b


Both.sentences.sound.very.similar .

exercise 2 (p. 89). 1 .. wanted. 3 .. want.it. 2 .. want.it. 4 .. wanted

exercise 3 (p. 89). 1 .. start.it. 6 .. repeated. 2 .. started. 7 .. need.it. 3 .. predicted. 8 .. needed. 4 .. predict.it. 9 .. suggested. 5 .. repeat.it. 10 ..suggest.it


6 Speaking Skillsexercise � (p. 90). 1 .. interested. 2 .. good. 3 .. hard

The.effect.of.the.repetition.is.to.emphasize.the.point .


�0 Open Forum 2: Answer Key

#602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.�0

Chapter ��

Astronomy

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 94). 4 .. ✓

. 6 .. ✓

C Focus on the Listening Skill exercise � (p. 94). 2 .. different.theories,.part,.separate,.captured.or.

pulled.in,.gravity,.rock,.crash. 3 .. connection,.craters,.formed,.rock,.crash,.

dinosaurs,.killed

exercise 3 (p. 94). 1 .. 3 .. water. . 4 .. lava. . 5 .. ice. 2 .. 1 .. theories. . 2 .. part. . 3 .. separate. . 4 .. pulled. . 5 .. gravity. . 6 .. rock. 3 .. 1 .. dinosaurs. . 2 .. connection. . 3 .. crashed. . 4 .. craters. . 5 .. theory. . 6 .. rock

3 Vocabularyexercise � (p. 96). 2 .. b. . 5 .. f. 8 .. g. 3 .. e. . 6 .. a. 4 .. c. . 7 .. h

exercise 2 (p. 96). 1 .. come.about. 2 .. broke.off.. 3 .. get.away. 4 .. came.up.with. 5 .. broke.down.. 6 .. figure.out.. 7 .. left.out. 8 .. run.out.of


Answers will vary.. 1 .. Robert.Evans.searches.for.supernovas.and.dying.

stars .. 2 .. He.can.memorize.patterns.of.stars.very.well .

C Listening for More Detail (p. 11). 1 .. b. . 4 .. b. 7 .. b. 2 .. a. . 5 .. b. 8 .. a. 3 .. a. . 6 .. b


The.models.are.unstressed .

exercise 2 (p. 99). 1 .. can.. 2 .. will.. 3 .. would.. 4 .. can.. 5 .. could


She.returns.to.the.topic.of.supernovas .

exercise 2 (p. 99)If.you’ll.let.me.come.back.to.that. .. .. ..;..I.want.to.add. .. .. ..;.Now,.back.to. .. .. ..;.By.the.way. .. .. ..

Chapter �2

International Studies

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 102). 1 .. Answers will vary.. 2 .. Brazil. 3 .. A.psychology.professor

C Listening for More Detail (p. 102). 1 .. c. . 4 .. c. 7 .. b. 2 .. a. . 5 .. b. 8 .. a. 3 .. b. . 6 .. a

D Focus on the Listening Skillexercise � (p. �03). 3 .. of.another.country,.foreign. 4 .. getting.used.to,.adjusting


Open Forum 2: Answer Key ��

#602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.��

exercise 2 (p. �03). a .. ✓

exercise 3 (p. �04). 1 .. Difficulties.with.language.and.privacy. 2 .. “It’s.a.piece.of.cake”.means.something.is.not.a.

problem;.having.difficulties.with.language.and.privacy.turned.out.to.be.“a.piece.of.cake .”

. 3 .. “Distress”.is.unhappiness,.being.upset ..Brazilians’.ideas.of.time.and.punctuality.caused.him.distress .

exercise 4 (p. �04)difficulties.with.things.like.language.and.privacy;.dealing.with.Brazilian’s.ideas.of.time.and.punctuality

exercise 5 (p. �04). 1 .. Because.students.start.shuffling.their.books,.have.

strained.expressions. 2 .. Moving.around.of.books.to.make.a.shuffling.

noise. 3 .. The.students.have.strained.expressions ..Strained.

means.looking.worried.or.in.pain. 4 .. No

exercise 6 (p. �04)shuffle.their.books;.look.uncomfortable,.like.they.have.to.leave .

3 Vocabularyexercise 2 (p. �05)

Punctuality:.ahead.of.time,.early,.in.time.to,.in.time.for,.on.time,.punctualLateness:.behind.schedule,.late.for,.in.a.hurry,.running.late,.“It’s.about.time!”

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 106). a .. 2. . c .. 4. e .. 3. b .. 5. . d .. 1

C Listening for More Detail (p. 107). 4 .. Irritated.at.stores,.taxi.drivers,.food,.and.feeling.

ignored.and.miserable. 5 .. Complain.about.new.culture,.feel.that.your.home.

culture.is.better. 6 .. Getting.used.to.new.culture,.start.making.friends,.

enjoying.work,.realize.that.there’s.good.and.bad.everywhere .

. 7 .. When.you.go.back.to.your.own.culture,.you.may.feel.disappointed,.prefer.some.things.in.new.culture

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 107). 1 .. a. . 3 .. a. 5 .. b. 2 .. b. . 4 .. a. 6 .. a

5 Pronunciationexercise � (p. �08)

Linking.can.make.it.hard.to.hear.word.boundaries .

exercise 3 (p. �08). 2 .. felt.at.home.in.. 3 .. opened.a.bank. 4 .. didn’t.have.a.. 5 .. worked.it.out. 6 .. took.a.lot.of.time

exercise 4 (p. �08). 2 .. I.felt.at.home.in.England .. 3 .. I.opened.a.bank.account .. 4 .. But.I.didn’t.have.a.job .. 5 .. In.the.end,.I.worked.it.out .. 6 .. But.it.took.a.lot.of.time .


What.you.need.to.know.about.a.country.before.you.live.in.that.country .

exercise 2 (p. �09)Are.we.all.clear.about. .. .. ..?;.Let’s.go.to.the.next.point .;.What.do.you.think?;.Does.anyone.have.anything.to.add.to.that?;.Can.we.move.on

( ( (

( (

( (

( ( (

( ( (

�2 Open Forum 2: Answer Key


test �

Chapters 1–3part �. 1 .. c. . 2 .. a. 3 .. c

part 2. 4 .. a. . 8 .. c. 5 .. b. . 9 .. a. 6 .. c. . 10 .. a. 7 .. c

test 2

Chapters 4–6part �. 1 .. d

part 2. 2 .. F. . 4 .. F. 6 .. F. 3 .. T. . 5 .. T. 7 .. T

part 3. 8 .. b. . 9 .. a. 10 ..a

test 3

Chapters 7–9part �. 1 .. a. . 2 .. b

part 2. 3 .. T. . 6 .. T. 9 .. F. 4 .. F. . 7 .. F. 10 ..F. 5 .. F. . 8 .. T

part 3. 11 .. T. . 12 ..T

test 4

Chapters 10–12part �. 1 .. b. . 2 .. a. 3 .. a

part 2. 4 .. b. . 6 .. a. 8 .. a. 5 .. b. . 7 .. b. 9 .. b

part 3. 10 .. b. . 11 .. a. 12 ..b

#602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.�2 #602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.��

Open Forum 2: Assessment Tests �3

Name: Date: Score:

Test 1: Chapters 1–3

1. Read questions 1–3. Then listen to the radio program and choose the correct answer for each question.

. 1 .. What.does.caller.1.say.about.Amsterdam?a .. She.would.like.to.take.a.trip.there .b .. She.lives.there .c .. She.thinks.it’s.a.good.place.to.live .

. 2 .. Which.of.the.following.is.true.about.caller.2?a .. He.is.happy.where.he.lives.now .b .. He.lives.in.the.city .c .. He.would.like.to.live.in.the.city .

. 3 .. Where.does.caller.3.live.now?a .. In.the.suburbsb .. In.a.cityc .. In.a.small.town

2. Now read questions 4–10. Listen to the radio program again and choose the correct answer for each question.

. 4 .. What.part.of.the.radio.program.is.this.extract.taken.from?a .. The.beginningb .. The.middlec .. The.end

. 5 .. What.was.the.main.point.that.caller.1.made.about.Amsterdam?a .. It’s.a.friendly.place .b .. People.don’t.need.cars.to.get.around .c .. The.public.transportation.system..

is.cheap .. 6 .. According.to.caller.1,.what.effect.do.cars.

have.on.the.environment?a .. They.make.it.more.noisy .b .. They.make.it.more.polluted .c .. Both.of.the.above

You.are.about.to.hear.part.of.a.radio.program.in.which.people.discuss.the.advantages.and.disadvantages.of.living.in.certain.places ..Before.you.listen,.think.about.the.city.or.town.where.you.live ..What.are.the.advantages.and.disadvantages.of.living.there?

. 7 .. Which.point.does.caller.2.not.make.about.where.he.lives?a .. It’s.safe.for.children .b .. The.schools.are.good .c .. The.streets.are.cleaner.than.in.the.city .

. 8 .. How.much.time.does.caller.2.spend..getting.to.work?a .. More.than.he.did.beforeb .. Less.than.he.did.beforec .. About.the.same.amount.of.time.as.before

. 9 .. What.does.caller.3.say.about.the.town..where.he.lives?a .. People.are.very.curious.about.each..

other’s.business .b .. It’s.not.safe .c .. It’s.a.good.place.to.do.business .

. 10 .. How.much.time.does.caller.3.spend.in.his.car?a .. More.than.he.did.beforeb .. Less.than.he.did.beforec .. About.the.same.amount.of.time.as.before

© Oxford University Press Photocopiable


�4 Open Forum 2: Assessment Tests © Oxford University Press Photocopiable

Name: Date: Score:


You.are.about.to.hear.an.interview.about.visual.art.in.the.community ..Before.you.listen,.think.about.the.different.kinds.of.art.you.know.about ..What.different.kinds.of.art.are.there?.What.are.some.possible.ways.that.art.might.help.people?

1. Read question 1. Then listen to the interview and choose the correct answer for the question.

. 1 .. Which.of.these.topics.does.Alan.Tam.not.talk.about?a .. Art.for.doctorsb .. Art.for.elderly.people.and.people.

with.disabilitiesc .. Art.in.schoolsd .. Art.in.museums.and.galleries

2. Now read questions 2–7. Then listen to the interview again and write T for true or F for false for each question.

. .2 .. .Art.for.All.helps.artists.to.sell.their.work .

. .3 .. .Alan.Tam.says.that.art.has.been.important.to.people.for.a.very.long.time .

. .4 .. .Alan.Tam.recommends.keeping.art.separate.from.other.subjects.in.school .

. .5 .. .Alan.Tam.says.that.studying.art.from.a.certain.time.period.can.help.students.learn.about.the.history.of.that.time .

. .6 .. .According.to.Alan.Tam,.older.people.and.disabled.people.often.don’t.enjoy.doing.art .

. .7 .. .According.to.Alan.Tam,.art.appreciation.classes.can.help.doctors.diagnose.illnesses.better .

3. Read questions 8–10. Then listen to three extracts from the interview. After listening to each extract, choose the correct answer for each question.

. 8 .. Urge.probably.means. .a .. a.sad.feelingb .. a.strong.need.or.desire

. 9 .. Topography.probably.means. .a .. the.physical.features.of.an..

area.of.landb .. the.history.and.culture.of.a.people

. 10 .. Outlet.probably.means. .a .. a.way.of.release.for.emotionsb .. a.challenge

#602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.�� #602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.��

Open Forum 2: Assessment Tests �5

Name: Date: Score:

© Oxford University Press Photocopiable


1. Read questions 1 and 2. Then listen to the conversation and choose the correct answer for each question.

. 1 .. The.book.is.about. .a .. the.experience.of.living.without.

technologyb .. communities.that.live.without.

technologyc .. how.technology.improves.our.lives

. 2 .. The.writer.concluded.that. .a .. it’s.impossible.to.live.without.

technologyb .. where.possible,.people.should.use.

less.technology.than.they.do.nowc .. everybody.should.use.hand-powered.

machines

2. Read questions 3–10. Then listen to the conversation again and write T for true or F for false for each question.

. . 3 .. .The.couple.lived.without.technology.for.over.a.year .

. . 4 .. .The.people.in.the.community.did.not.use.any.machines.at.all .

. . 5 .. .The.place.the.author.describes.in.the.book.is.not.a.real.place .

. . 6 .. .The.couple.did.not.use.a.lot.of.money.while.they.were.there .

. . 7 .. .The.author.disliked.the.slowness.of.life.in.his.new.hometown .

. . 8 .. .The.people.enjoyed.their.work.because.they.worked.together..and.socialized .

. . 9 .. .The.item.of.technology.that.the.writer.missed.the.most.was.a.car .

. .10 .. .The.people.in.the.community.used.tools.that.didn’t.work.well .

You.are.going.to.hear.people.talking.about.a.book.called.“Better.Off:.Flipping.the.switch.on.technology .”.Before.you.listen,.think.about.this.title ..What.do.you.think.the.book.might.be.about?

3. Read questions 11 and 12. Then listen to two extracts from the conversation. After listening to each extract, write T for true or F for false for each question.

. .11 .. .The.speaker.talks.about.people.helping.people.to.explain.why.the.work.wasn’t.as.much.as.you.might.expect .

. .12 .. .The.speaker.talks.about.cars.to.show.that.sometimes.technology.is.expensive.and.not.always.effective .


�6 Open Forum 2: Assessment Tests © Oxford University Press Photocopiable

Name: Date: Score:

Look.at.the.title.of.the.news.report.you.are.going.to.listen.to:.“The.Mystery.of.the.Moon.Trees .”.What.do.you.think.the.story.might.be.about?


1. Read questions 1–3. Then listen to the news report and choose the correct answer for each question.

. 1 .. Moon.trees.are.trees.grown.from.seeds.that. .a .. were.planted.on.the.moonb .. have.traveled.to.the.moon.and.back

. 2 .. The.moon.trees.look. .a .. like.regular.treesb .. much.bigger.than.regular.trees

. 3 .. The.moon.trees.were. .a .. distributed.to.many.peopleb .. kept.in.a.laboratory.permanently

2. Read questions 4–9. Then listen to the news report again and choose the correct answer for each question.

. 4 .. Stuart.Roosa.took.tree.seeds.along.on.a.space.mission.because. .a .. the.U .S ..Forest.Service.asked.him.tob .. he.loved.nature.and.trees

. 5 .. The.seeds. .a .. were.carried.onto.the.moonb .. stayed.in.the.space.module.as.it.

orbited.the.moon

. 6 .. The.trees.were.sent.to.places. .a .. around.the.United.States.and.in.

different.countriesb .. only.within.the.United.States

. 7 .. People.sometimes.find.moon.trees. .a .. because.they.are.only.in.parks.or.

nature.areasb .. because.they.usually.have.a.sign..

near.them

. 8 .. Dave.Williams’.list.of.moon.trees..has. .a .. sixty.or.more.trees.on.itb .. less.than.sixty.trees.on.it

. 9 .. Examples.of.other.items.astronauts.carried.into.space.are. .a .. coins,.stamps,.golf.balls,.and.golf.

clubsb .. coins,.stamps,.golf.balls,.and.a.

sandwich

3. Read questions 10–12. Then listen to three extracts from the news report. After listening to each extract, choose the correct answer for each question.

. 10 .. Mutant.probably.means. .a .. a.seed.that.doesn’t.growb .. an.animal.or.plant.with.unexpectedly.

different.characteristics.from.the.parent.animal.or.plant

. 11 .. Scatter.probably.means. .a .. to.drop.or.throw.things.in.different.

directions.over.a.wide.areab .. to.put.things.in.one.place

. 12 .. Germinate.probably.means. .a .. to.dieb .. to.start.to.grow

#602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.�6 #602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.�7

Chapter �

Environmental Studies

2 Listening PracticeC Listening for Main Ideas (p. 3)

Now,.as.you.probably.know,.U .S ..inner.cities.have.been.in.a.bad.state.for.several.decades ..They.tend.to.be.high.crime.areas.with.a.lot.of.vacant.buildings.and.so.on ..Today.we’ll.talk.about.how.this.happened.and.what.is.being.done.about.it ..

Well,.first,.you.can’t.talk.about.the.decline.of.the.inner.cities.without.looking.at.the.growth.of.the.suburbs,.because.the.two.are.connected ..There.was—and.still.is—a.huge.demand.for.suburban.housing.in.the.last.30,.40.years.or.so ..So.what.we’ve.seen.all.over.the.country.is.a.lot.of.development.of.areas.just.outside.of.cities—areas.that.were.once.farmlands—acres.and.acres.of.land.just.given.over.to.suburban.housing ..We.call.it.“suburban.sprawl”.because.of.the.way.the.houses.are.kind.of.spread.out.all.over.the.countryside ..

As.the.suburbs.grew,.the.inner.cities.declined ..Well,.you.can.imagine.how.this.happens ..When.people.move.to.the.suburbs.it’s.more.convenient.for.them.to.shop.at.the.shopping.malls.closer.to.home ..So.the.department.stores.in.the.downtown.area,.they.don’t.get.as.much.business,.and.maybe.eventually.they.have.to.close ..You.see.this.particularly.in.small.and.mid-size.towns ..You.might.have.an.area.that.has.quite.a.large.population,.but.the.downtown.is.dead—especially.at.night ..

As.a.result.of.that,.we’ve.had.growing.crime.rates.and.poverty.in.downtown.areas ..So.people.are.afraid.to.go.there.at.night,.and.there.ends.up.being.less.cultural.life.in.these.towns ..

So.city.planners.have.been.trying.to.attract.people.back.to.the.cities ..It’s.become.a.necessity,.really,.because.you.can’t.keep.building.suburbs.forever,.and.people.don’t.want.to.commute.two.or.more.hours.to.get.to.their.jobs ..They.want.to.come.back.to.live.in.the.cities,.but.you.have.to.make.the.conditions.right ..

So.how.do.you.do.that?.Well,.city.planners.are.using.an.approach.called.“smart.growth”.as.a.way.to.plan.neighborhoods.and.revitalize.inner.cities ..I’ll.explain.some.of.the.main.characteristics.of.smart.growth .

Transcripts

First,.smart.growth.encourages.diversity.of.use ..For.example,.many.planners.believe.now.that.it’s.healthy.to.have.some.light.manufacturing—say,.bakeries.or.printing.presses—mixed.in.with.retail.and.residential.buildings,.all.together.in.the.same.area,.and.one.reason.to.do.this.is.that.a.street.has.people.in.it.all.day.long ..You’ve.got.the.people.who.work.there.during.the.day.and.the.people.who.live.there.coming.back.in.the.evenings ..The.area.is.used.more ..Sidewalks.are.busy ..This.makes.it.possible.for.stores.and.restaurants.to.open.up.to.serve.all.these.people,.which.in.turn.encourages.more.people,.and.then.that.makes.a.neighborhood.more.attractive .

OK,.secondly,.you.want.to.have.diversity.of.housing ..Instead.of.having.streets.and.streets.of.identical.houses,.like.you.have.in.the.suburbs,.you.would.have.a.mix.of.single-family.homes,.townhouses,.and.apartment.buildings.that.would.encourage.a.wider.range.of.people—in.terms.of.ages.and.income.levels—to.live.in.an.area.so.people.can.stay.in.a.community ..They.can.move.up.to.a.larger.house,.or.move.to.a.smaller.house.when.they.get.older,.without.leaving.the.community ..

The.other.big.aspect.of.smart.growth.is.to.make.it.possible.for.people.to.walk.to.schools,.public.libraries,.stores,.and.so.on ..So.you.put.these.things.within.walking.distance.of.residential.neighborhoods ..It’s.also.important.to.have.attractive.places.outside—places.to.gather.or.sit.and.relax ..This.brings.people.out.onto.the.streets ..And.streets.that.have.people.in.them.are.safer.streets ..When.you.have.safer.streets,.you.have.more.people.wanting.to.live.downtown ..And.that.causes.a.demand.for.more.housing,.and.that.in.turn.revitalizes.inner.cities.even.more .

Now.one.city.where.this.kind.of.thing.is.being.done.is.Pittsburgh ..Let’s.have.a.look.at.some.photographs.that.were.taken. .. .. .


A = Host, B = Charles OngA:. Public.spaces.are.the.places.where.we.interact.with.

other.people.in.our.community:.streets,.shopping.malls,.public.parks,.and.so.on ..Public.spaces.have.a.huge.impact.on.the.quality.of.life.of.the.people.who.

Open Forum: Transcripts �7


use.them,.especially.in.cities ..Today.we’re.going.to.talk.about.parks ..Our.guest.is.Charles.Ong.from.the.Parks.Planning.Association,.and.he’s.going.to.tell.us.what.makes.a.good.public.park ..Welcome.to.the.program .

B:. Thank.you .A:. First.of.all,.is.there.such.a.thing.as.a.bad.public.park?.I.

mean,.aren’t.all.parks.good?B:. Well,.no ..I.think.if.you.think.about.it,.some.parks.just.

don’t.work.for.one.reason.or.another ..They’re.not.used,.or.they’re.used.for.criminal.activity ..They’re.usually.empty ..They’ve.got.litter.and.graffiti,.or.they’re.just.a.green.space.put.there.with.nothing.to.attract.people .

A:. Now.that.you.mention.it,.I.can.think.of.a.few.places.like.that!

B:. A.good.public.park.or.any.public.space—doesn’t.have.to.be.a.park—is.above.all,.attractive ..People.want.to.go.there ..

A:. Give.me.an.example.of.a.public.park.that.works .B:. Oh,.there.are.lots ..Central.Park,.in.New.York,.for.

example,.is.a.great.park ..There’s.a.lot.to.do.there ..You’ve.got.several.museums.right.around.it,.and.in.the.park.itself.you.have.the.Children’s.Zoo,.you.have.an.outdoor.theater,.you.have.a.skating.rink,.lots.of.playgrounds,.community.centers,.and.so.on—all.of.that.brings.people.in ..Same.kind.of.thing.with.Boston.Common,.Balboa.Park.in.San.Diego,.the.Lakefront.in.Chicago ..I.could.go.on .

A:. But.what.about.smaller.parks?.You.can’t.always.have.an.art.museum.or.a.zoo .

B:. No,.but.the.principle.is.the.same ..If.you’re.designing.a.smaller.park,.you.still.need.to.provide.enough.activities ..And.what.you.want.to.do.is.connect.the.activities.to.each.other ..For.example,.let’s.say.you.have.a.park.with.a.playground.in.one.corner,.and.a.fountain.in.the.middle ..Well,.that’s.nice,.but.there’s.not.enough.there.to.attract.people ..But.if.you.link.the.two.together—say.you.make.a.water.feature.in.the.playground,.or.you.make.the.fountain.safe.so.that.kids.can.play.in.it.in.the.summer—and.if.you.add.some.good.seating.where.people.can.watch.both.areas,.then.you.provide.more.reasons.for.people.to.go.there ..And.if.you.add.a.food.stand,.then.you’re.getting.somewhere ..Food.always.attracts.people .

A:. Right,.I.get.it .B:. You.want.to.have.it.used.by.different.kinds.of.people ..

You.want.children,.and.older.people,.and.women—and.that,.by.the.way,.is.often.a.good.indicator.of.how.successful.a.city.park.is ..

A:. What?.Women?.B:. Yeah,.women.and.elderly.people ..Women.are.

generally.more.aware.of.their.surroundings ..They’re.much.less.likely.to.sit.down.or.relax.in.public.area.if.they.feel.uncomfortable ..

A:. Right ..Now.that.I.think.of.it,.some.places.don’t.even.provide.places.to.sit .

B:. Yeah,.seating.is.a.big.thing ..A.lot.of.parks.don’t.have.enough.seating,.or.it’s.uncomfortable,.or.the.seats.are.

out.in.the.wind.or.the.sun ..Ideally,.people.should.be.able.to.move.the.seats.around ..You.get.that.in.some.parks.in.Europe ..People.can.pick.up.a.chair.and.move.it.wherever.they.want ..

A:. But.that.raises.some.security.issues .B:. Yes ..It’s.only.possible.where.there’s.a.fairly.good.

security.presence ..A:. What.about.access.to.a.park?.You.know.when.you.

spend.ages.trying.to.find.the.way.in.into.a.park?.I’ve.had.that.experience .

B:. Yeah,.when.you’re.walking.around.and.around.looking.for.the.entrance .

A:. Yeah .B:. That’s.a.problem.sometimes ..But.it’s.not.just.that ..

Even.if.the.entrance.is.visible,.the.interior.has.to.be.visible.too ..You.have.to.be.able.to.see.what’s.inside ..You.don’t.want.people.feeling.afraid.to.go.in.there,.like.they’re.going.to.be.mugged.or.something ..It.has.to.be.welcoming ..

A:. You.need.to.see.where.the.paths.go.too,.right?.So.you.can.say,.“Oh,.I’ll.take.a.shortcut.through.the.park,.and.that.will.take.me.over.there,.or.over.there”?

B:. Right ..And.one.thing.that.drives.me.crazy.in.public.parks.is.paths.that.don’t.lead.to.anywhere,.or.that.don’t.go.where.people.want.to.go ..They’re.just.there.for.the.sake.of.it ..You.want.paths.that.attract.people.and.pull.them.along ..

A:. It.seems.so.obvious .B:. You’d.think.so,.wouldn’t.you?.But.a.lot.of.parks.are.

put.in.with.very.little.consideration.of.how.to.make.them.work .

Chapter 2

Psychology


A = Host, B = Dr. Lynette HanA:. Hello,.and.welcome.to.our.show ..Our.guest.today.is.

Dr ..Lynette.Han,.a.psychologist.who.does.research.into.happiness ..She.spends.a.lot.of.time.studying.people’s.level.of.enjoyment.during.various.activities,.and.she’s.especially.interested.in.something.called.“flow .”.Dr ..Han,.could.you.explain.what.flow.is?

B:. Yes,.it’s.a.concept.described.by.a.psychologist.named.Mihaly.Csikszentmihlayi ..He.talks.about.states.of.optimal.experience,.where.people.say.they.experience.feelings.of.deep.concentration.and.enjoyment.during.activities .

A:. Can.you.give.us.an.example?B:. Of.course ..Do.you.have.an.activity.that.you.really.

enjoy?A:. Well.I.like.a.lot.of.sports.and.I.love.cooking ..B:. OK,.take.cooking ..Think.about.making.a.meal ..If.you.

ever.get.so.absorbed.in.preparing.the.food.that.you.

�8 Open Forum: Transcripts


lose.all.awareness.of.time.and.other.things.around.you—when.you.are.concentrating.so.deeply.that.you.completely.forget.all.your.problems—then.you’re.probably.experiencing.flow ..

A:. Oh,.I’ve.had.that.happen,.especially.when.I’m.trying.a.new.recipe .

B:. Yes,.you’re.more.likely.to.experience.flow.with.a.new.recipe.because.that.challenges.you ..According.to.Dr ..Csikszentmihlayi,.one.of.the.requirements.for.a.state.of.optimal.experience.is.that.the.activity.has.to.be.challenging.and.require.skills ..So,.you.would.use.your.cooking.skills.in.a.new.recipe.and.it.would.be.challenging.because.you.hadn’t.done.it.before ..Other.requirements.are.deep.concentration,.a.merging.of.action.and.awareness,.a.sense.of.control,.clear.goals,.and.immediate.feedback .

A:. Are.there.only.certain.types.of.activities.where.this.can.happen,.or.can.it.happen.with.any.activity?.

B:. Well,.flow.can.happen.with.a.lot.of.different.activities,.from.reading,.to.playing.chess,.to.rock.climbing;.however,.if.you.look.at.the.requirements.we.just.talked.about,.some.activities.wouldn’t.fit ..Think.of.watching.TV,.for.example ..You.might.concentrate.deeply.on.watching.a.TV.program,.but.there’s.really.no.skill.involved.and.it’s.unlikely.to.be.challenging ..Dr ..Csikszentmihlayi.actually.uses.a.chart.to.show.the.relationship.between.challenge.and.skill.that.is.necessary.for.flow.to.happen ..It.involves.low.levels.of.boredom.and.worry,.and.high.but.balanced.levels.of.skill.and.challenge .

A:. OK ..I.was.a.little.surprised.to.see.that.reading.is.an.activity.that.could.create.a.state.of.flow,.but.now.I.understand ..Reading.involves.some.level.of.skill.and.challenge.in.terms.of.understanding.language,.whereas.watching.TV.doesn’t.typically.offer.that .

B:. Yes,.that’s.right ..Really.there.are.so.many.activities.that.can.lead.to.flow:.singing,.skiing,.painting,.and.a.lot.of.games.that.we.play .

A:. Is.experiencing.flow.the.same.as.feeling.happy?.B:. No,.there’s.definitely.a.difference ..If.you’re.in.a.state.

of.flow,.you’re.attention.is.so.focused.that.you.aren’t.even.aware.of.how.you.feel.about.the.situation ..Reflecting.on.whether.you.feel.happy.or.not.would.mean.you.were.out.of.flow ..It’s.only.later,.after.the.state.has.passed,.that.you.can.be.aware.of.the.pleasure.of.that.state ..So,.in.that.way.it’s.different.from.flow ..And.you.can.feel.happy.without.experiencing.flow ..For.example,.sitting.on.a.beach.might.make.you.feel.happy.but.not.necessarily.create.a.state.of.flow .

A:. Why.does.all.this.matter?.B:. Well,.I.believe,.as.Dr ..Csikszentmihlayi.does,.that.

experiences.of.flow.are.pleasurable.for.people.and.contribute.to.quality.of.life ..So,.if.people.are.more.aware.of.which.experiences.produce.this.state,.they.can.work.toward.including.more.of.them.in.their.lives .

A:. Well,.thank.you,.Dr ..Han ..We’re.going.to.take.a.break.right.now .. .. .. .


A = Interviewer, B = JuliaA:. OK,.Julia ..Now,.from.your.responses.it.looks.like,.

of.the.daily.activities.like.housework.and.driving,.you’ve.rated.driving.as.giving.you.quite.high.levels.of.enjoyment,.motivation,.and.concentration .

B:. Yes,.I.was.surprised.when.I.looked.at.my.answers.too ..I.wouldn’t.have.expected.it,.but.now.I.realize.that.driving.is.actually.usually.pleasant.for.me.I.mean,.obviously.not.when.there’s.a.huge.traffic.jam.or.anything,.but.otherwise.I.enjoy.it ..I.concentrate.on.driving,.which.usually.means.that.I.can’t.worry.about.all.my.everyday.concerns.and.problems ..I.have.about.a.half-hour.drive.to.and.from.work,.so.it.allows.me.to.get.ready.for.work.on.the.way.there.and.then.relax.and.wind.down.on.the.way.home ..I’m.by.myself.and.I.usually.listen.to.music.or.interesting.programs.on.the.radio ..So,.I.guess,.all.in.all,.it’s.a.pretty.pleasant.experience.for.me ..

A:. Another.activity.with.high.ratings.was.doing.a.hobby ..You.indicate.that.you.play.the.guitar?

B:. Yes ..I.was.thinking.of.that.when.I.answered.the.questions ..I.usually.play.the.guitar.at.least.three.times.a.week ..I.play.in.a.group.with.friends,.and.I.play.by.myself,.too ..I.have.to.concentrate.when.I.play,.and.I’m.usually.motivated.too—I.don’t.want.to.make.a.lot.of.mistakes.when.I.play.with.my.friends ..I.just.love.playing ..When.we.get.going.on.a.new.song,.I.just.forget.everything.else.that’s.going.on ..

A:. Overall,.doing.housework.didn’t.rate.very.high ..B:. No ..Housework.of.any.kind.isn’t.a.favorite.for.me .B = LeoA:. It.looks.like.working.with.computers.rated.highly.for.

you,.Leo ..Do.you.work.with.computers.at.your.job,.or.is.it.a.hobby?.

B:. Actually,.both ..I.just.love.computers.so.much.that.there.isn’t.really.that.much.difference.between.work.and.play.for.me.when.it.comes.to.computers ..Computer.programming.is.my.job,.but.I.also.play.a.lot.of.computer.games.when.I’m.not.working ..A.friend.and.I.are.actually.working.on.developing.our.own.game.to.sell ..I.guess.some.people.might.see.that.as.work,.but.for.us.it’s.fun ..We.get.together.and.start.discussing.it.or.working.on.it,.and.we.can.go.for.hours.and.hours.without.stopping ..We.sometimes.stay.up.until.three.or.four.in.the.morning.if.we’re.trying.to.solve.a.problem.or.something ..

A:. Well,.speaking.of.friends,.it.also.looks.like.you.rate.socializing.highly.too ..

B:. Yes ..It.might.be.a.little.surprising.since.many.people.think.that.people.who.love.computers.don’t.socialize,.but.my.friends.are.really.important.to.me,.and.we.get.together.a.lot ..Of.course,.we.talk.about.computers.an.awful.lot,.but.we.talk.about.other.things,.too ..

Open Forum: Transcripts �9


B = AnnieA:. OK,.it.seems.like.you.enjoy.really.active.things,.

Annie?B:. Yes,.definitely ..I.like.almost.any.kind.sport,.really,.and.

I.do.them.as.much.as.possible ..Soccer,.tennis,.running,.whatever ..

A:. Do.you.prefer.individual.or.team.sports?B:. Well,.both,.really ..It.depends.on.the.mood.I’m.in ..I.

play.soccer.at.least.once.a.week,.so.that’s.a.team.sport ..But.then,.I.also.run.about.three.times.a.week,.and.that’s.something.I.do.alone ..So.I.guess.it’s.probably.pretty.much.a.mix.of.both .

A:. What.about.your.job?.You’ve.rated.it.in.the.middle .B:. Yeah ..I’m.an.elementary.school.teacher,.and.I.like.

that,.but.then.I.also.coach.some.school.sports.teams:basketball.and.soccer ..I.get.enjoyment.from.teaching,.but.I.think.I.like.coaching.more .

A:. What.about.activities.that.are.less.active?.Do.you.participate.in.any?

B:. Not.very.often ..I’m.home.a.few.evenings.a.week,.and.sometimes.I.sit.down.and.watch.TV,.but.it’s.not.all.that.often .

B = RobertA:. So,.Robert,.a.lot.of.people.don’t.find.pleasure.in.

housework,.but.it.looks.like.you.rate.washing.dishes.pretty.high ..

B:. Yes,.I.know.it.might.seem.a.little.strange ..I’m.an.executive.with.a.high-pressure.job ..I’m.busy.all.the.time,.and.I.like.doing.dishes?.But,.it’s.relaxing.for.me,.and.it.often.turns.out.to.be.good.thinking.time ..I’m.surprised.at.how.often.I.come.up.with.solutions.to.problems.while.I’m.washing.dishes ..Then,.it’s.always.satisfying.when.I.finish.and.everything.is.completely.clean .

A:. It.looks.like.work—your.job—has.a.medium.rating ..B:. Yes ..As.I.said,.I.have.a.pretty.high-pressure.job ..I.like.

it.and.I’m.good.at.it,.but.it’s.challenging,.and.the.stress.gets.to.me ..So.I’m.usually.really.happy.when.the.weekends.come .

A:. And.what.do.you.like.to.do.on.weekends?B:. Well,.I’m.pretty.busy ..I.have.an.old.house.that.I’m.

fixing.up ..I’m.doing.all.the.work.myself,.so.there’s.always.something.to.do.on.that ..I.enjoy.bicycling.too,.and.since.I.don’t.have.a.lot.of.time.during.the.week,.I.try.to.ride.a.lot.on.weekends ..

5 Pronunciationexercise 2 (p. �6)See.underlined.extract.from.the.interview.above.with.Annie .

6 Speaking Skillsexercise � (p. �6)See.underlined.extract.from.the.interview.above.with.Robert .

Chapter 3

Food Science


For.many.years,.scientists.have.believed.in.the.“wisdom.of.the.body,”.the.idea.that.our.bodies.know.what.they.need.to.stay.healthy ..So,.by.this.theory,.when.we’re.hungry.for.a.certain.food,.it’s.just.our.bodies.letting.us.know.that.we.need.a.specific.nutrient ..For.example,.you.might.crave.steak.because.you.need.protein .

But.this.idea.doesn’t.cover.the.reality.of.our.eating.habits ..So.much.of.what.we.love.to.eat—think.of.cookies.or.French.fries—doesn’t.offer.much.nutrition ..And.many.people.don’t.like.foods.that.offer.lots.of.vitamins—think.of.spinach.or.broccoli ..So,.the.idea.that.eating.only.supports.life.doesn’t.really.offer.a.full.explanation.of.our.eating.patterns ..

For.a.long.time,.there.was.a.lot.about.our.eating.habits.that.was.not.fully.understood.by.scientists,.but.in.the.last.few.years,.new.studies.have.given.researchers.more.information .

One.discovery.is.that.humans.are.born.loving.sweetness ..On.its.first.day.of.life,.a.newborn.baby.will.prefer.sweetened.drinks.to.unsweetened.ones ..Sugar.can.even.block.out.pain ..Doctors.have.found.that.babies.won’t.mind.the.pain.of.a.needle.for.an.injection.as.much.if.they.are.given.some.sugar.beforehand ..

Then.there.are.sour.tastes ..It’s.often.surprising.how.much.young.children.love.sour.flavors ..Think.of.how.many.kinds.of.candy.for.children.with.really.sour.flavors.there.are:.lemon,.sour.apple,.and.so.on ..Candy.companies.must.have.realized.this.a.while.ago,.but.it.was.only.recently.that.science.confirmed.it ..A.study.found.that.children.between.the.ages.of.five.and.nine.years.old.actually.enjoy.the.flavor.of.concentrated.citric.acid,.and.citric.acid.makes.things.sour ..

In.contrast,.bitter.flavors.are.mainly.appreciated.by.older.adults ..Children.and.pregnant.women.usually.dislike.bitter.tastes ..This.is.probably.because.bitterness.can.be.a.sign.of.toxicity—that.something.could.be.harmful—which.would.be.more.important.during.times.of.growth.and.development .

However,.as.people.get.older,.they.often.develop.more.of.a.taste.for.foods.with.a.little.bitterness ..Scientists.think.this.could.make.sense.because.foods.like.broccoli.or.dark.chocolate—both.of.which.have.a.slightly.bitter.flavor—usually.also.contain.antioxidants.that.help.fight.diseases.like.cancer ..

20 Open Forum: Transcripts

#602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.20 #602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.2�

So.there.are.similarities.in.taste.preferences,.but.then.why.are.our.individual.preferences.so.different?.One.explanation.is.that.our.preferences.are.shaped.by.our.flavor.experiences.at.a.very.early.age,.including.before.we’re.born ..For.example,.one.study.found.that.if.a.pregnant.woman.drank.carrot.juice.late.in.pregnancy,.her.six-month-old.baby.liked.carrot-flavored.cereal.more.than.other.six-month-old.babies ..

Another.area.of.difference.involves.food.cravings—intense.and.specific.desires.for.a.certain.food ..Scientists.now.believe.these.are.also.probably.more.related.to.childhood.and.culture.than.to.some.kind.of.biological.need.for.vitamins .

A.study.by.psychologists.on.three.continents—in.the.countries.of.Egypt,.Spain,.and.the.United.States—looked.at.cravings.by.both.men.and.women ..Before.the.study,.one.assumption.was.that.women.universally.crave.chocolate,.however,.while.the.study.found.that.women.often.crave.sweeter.food.than.men,.there.were.differences.regarding.chocolate ..In.Spain,.both.men.and.women.were.found.to.crave.chocolate ..But.in.Egypt,.only.six.percent.of.women.named.chocolate.as.a.favorite.food ..So.a.conclusion.is.that.cravings.are.not.universal.or.based.on.biology,.but.are.more.the.result.of.our.cultural.experiences.with.food ..

Now.family.and.culture.don’t.explain.all.of.our.individual.differences.in.food.preferences ..Obviously,.there.are.people.who.have.dramatically.different.preferences.from.their.parents ..So.there’s.still.more.to.learn ..Scientists.are.now.paying.a.lot.more.attention.to.the.psychology.of.food.choice ..They.may.find.that.what.we.think.about.food.could.turn.out.to.be.as.important.as.what.we.actually.put.in.our.mouths.and.eat .

3 Vocabularyexercise � (p. 22)A:. Let’s.go.to.The.Tea.House ..I’d.love.to.have.a.cup.of.

tea .B:. Not.coffee?.I.prefer.drinking.coffee .A:. No,.I.don’t.feel.like.having.coffee.right.now ..I’d.like.to.

have.a.nice.cup.of.tea .B:. OK ..Where.do.you.want.to.go?.Can.we.go.somewhere.

that.has.coffee.too?A:. Sure ..But,.let’s.not.go.to.Coffee.Corner ..It’s.always.

crowded.and.I.can’t.stand.waiting.in.line ..How.about.Zeno’s?

B:. Oh.yes,.that’s.a.good.place—if.you.don’t.mind.sitting.at.small.tables .

A:. That’s.OK .


A = Host, B = Roger SabartaA:. Good.morning ..Today.we’re.going.to.talk.about.one.

of.my.favorite.topics:.food ..It’s.something.we.can’t.live.without,.yet.we.might.take.it.for.granted.in.some.ways ..Have.you.ever.stopped.to.think.about.how.our.appetites.and.eating.habits.have.changed,.or.for.that.matter,.considered.how.these.habits.might.change.in.the.future?.Our.guest.today.is.Roger.Sabarta,.a.food.scientist.who’s.done.a.lot.of.research.in.these.areas ..Welcome.Mr ..Sabarta ..

B:. Thanks.for.having.me ..A:. So.what’s.one.of.the.biggest.changes.in.eating.habits.

that.you’ve.found?.B:. Well,.I’d.say.that.the.biggest.change,.and.really.the.

one.that.also.has.the.most.implications.for.health.and.things.like.that,.is.the.amount.of.eating.out.that.most.of.us.do.nowadays ..In.1955.the.percentage.of.food.budgets.spent.away.from.home.was.19.percent,.and.in.1997.it.was.38.percent. .. .. ..and.it.just.keeps.going.up ..

A:. I’d.never.really.thought.of.it,.but.of.course,.thinking.of.my.parents.and.how.often.they.were.likely.to.eat.out.compared.to.me.in.my.life,.well,.it’s.a.lot.different .

B:. Exactly ..And.then.kids.nowadays.eat.out.even.more.often ..In.the.same.42.years.from.1955.to.1997,.fast.food.consumption.increased.166.percent.for.teenage.boys .

A:. One-hundred.and.sixty-six.percent?.Wow!.So.teenage.boys.are.eating.a.lot.more.fast.food.than.they.used.to!

B:. Yes,.it’s.really.striking ..Now.think.of.some.of.the.effects.of.this.change.in.habit .

A:. I’d.guess.it.probably.isn’t.all.that.healthy .B:. Not.really ..For.example,.there’s.soda.and.soft.drinks.

versus.milk ..Twenty.or.25.years.ago,.people—especially.kids—drank.a.lot.more.milk ..Nowadays,.people.drink.about.twice.as.much.soda.as.they.used.to.and.a.lot.less.milk ..

A:. And.that’s.because.of.eating.out.so.much?.B:. Yes,.at.least.to.some.extent ..Of.course.there.are.other.

factors.contributing.to.this ..The.amount.of.advertising.done.by.the.food.and.drink.industry.goes.up.every.year,.so.that.certainly.has.an.effect.as.well ..

A:. Does.your.research.suggest.that.this.trend.will.continue?.

B:. Pretty.much.so ..The.strongest.influence.that.we.see.on.this.is.income ..If.people.have.more.income,.they.usually.eat.out.more ..However,.one.factor.that.could.affect.this.is.age ..Older.people.typically.eat.out.less.than.younger.people,.and.since.we.expect.the.population.of.older.people.to.increase,.this.could.result.in.smaller.numbers.for.eating.out ..

A:. Unless.of.course.older.people.change.their.habits.and.eat.out.more .

B:. Absolutely ..It’s.certainly.possible ..A:. What.else.does.your.research.predict.for.the.future?B:. Well,.a.demand.for.more.variety.in.foods.is.definitely.

one.thing ..We’ve.already.seen.this.change.and.we.

Transcripts 2�


expect.it.to.continue ..Just.think.of.the.variety.of.types.of.food.available.in.supermarkets.and.restaurants.these.days .

A:. You.mean.like.Mexican.food.or.Chinese.food.and.things.like.that?.

B:. Or.Indian.food,.or.Thai.food,.and.so.on ..A:. Hmm,.yes ..There.are.so.many.different.types.of.

restaurants.in.my.area.compared.to.ten.years.ago ..I.assume.this.is.because.of.immigration?.

B:. Yes,.that’s.right ..As.new.populations.come.to.the.United.States,.of.course.they.bring.food.traditions.and.preferences,.so.this.definitely.influences.food.trends ..And.these.can.be.positive.influences ..For.example,.the.consumption.of.citrus.fruit.is.expected.to.rise.over.the.next.twenty.years.or.so.because.of.consumers.coming.from.places.where.fruit.is.a.big.part.of.the.diet .

A:. Well,.that.would.be.good .B:. Another.aspect.of.this.is.that.people.just.want.variety ..

They.may.love.a.special.new.flavor.of.potato.chip,.but.after.a.while,.it.becomes.a.little.boring.and.they.start.looking.for.another.new.flavor ..So.this.will.also.produce.continued.variety.in.food.options .

A:. It.seems.like.we.already.see.this.a.lot ..There’s.one.flavor.of.something.and.then.they.have.to.make.lots.of.different.flavors ..

B:. Yes,.that’s.right .A:. Were.there.any.surprises.in.your.predictions?B:. Well,.I.was.a.little.surprised.that.we.expect.people.

to.want.quality.more.than.quantity.in.the.future ..You.know.everyone.seems.to.want.quantity.right.now—larger.hamburgers,.more.French.fries,.and.so.on—but.our.analysis.suggests.that.this.will.change,.that.people.will.ask.for.more.quality ..For.example,.they.might.want.a.special.type.of.meat,.rather.than.just.a.hamburger.and.things.like.that .

A:. Yes,.that.is.a.little.surprising ..Well,.we.have.to.stop.here ..Thank.you.very.much,.Mr ..Sabarta .


A = Interviewer, B = IntervieweeA:. So.how.would.you.say.your.eating.habits.have.

changed.in.the.past.year?B:. Hmm,.Let.me.think,.Well,.I’ve.been.trying.to.eat.

healthier.foods,.so.I’ve.been.eating.more.fruits.and.vegetables ..But.I. .. .. ..I.have.to.eat.out. .. .. ..eat.out.a.lot.for.work,.so.it’s.sometimes.a.little.hard .

A:. Is.there.anything.else.that’s.changed?B:. Let’s.see ..I.gave.up.eating.chocolate.for.a.while,.but,.

well,.I.still.do.eat.it.occasionally .

Chapter 4

Visual Art

2 Listening PracticeB Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 28)

A = Host, B = Sandra EllisA:. Today.we’re.going.to.take.a.look.at.the.latest.hot.trend.

among.art.collectors:.Aboriginal.art.from.Australia ..My.guest.today.is.Sandra.Ellis,.who.is.the.owner.and.curator.of.the.Pine.Lake.Museum.of.Aboriginal.Art ..Welcome.to.the.program .

B:. Thank.you .A:. Firstly,.why.do.you.think.Aboriginal.art.has.become.so.

popular?B:. Well,.one.reason.is.that.it’s.very.old ..The.Aboriginal.

people. .. .. ..they’re.the.original.native.Australians ..They.live.far.from.civilization,.and.they’ve.had.very.little.contact.with.outsiders,.so.they’ve.maintained.their.culture—and.their.art—for.generations ..You.can.go.to.remote.areas.in.Australia.and.see.rock.carvings.that.date.back.at.least.thirty. .. .. ..30,000.years ..And.you.can.look.at.the.paintings.today.and.these.are.done.by.the.direct.descendants.of.the.prehistoric.people ..And.you’ll.see.the.same.images,.the.same.symbols.used.in.the.art.today ..They’ve.survived.for.thousands.of.years .

A:. I.understand.the.art.is.connected.to.the.belief.system.of.the.people.in.some.way .

B:. Yes ..To.understand.the.art,.you.need.to.know.a.little.bit.about.the.beliefs.of.the.Aboriginal.people ..All.of.the.paintings.refer.to.what.they.call.“The.Dream.Time .”

A:. And.what.is.that?B:. The.Dream.Time.refers.to.the.time.when—according.

to.the.Aboriginal.people—the.world.was.created.and.mythical.figures,.spirits.and.animals,.wandered.around.the.Earth ..The.people.have.stories.about.these.figures.and.what.they.did ..They.didn’t.have.a.written.language,.so.the.stories.were.passed.down.from.generation.to.generation,.and.the.old.people.used.the.art.as.a.way.of.telling.the.stories.to.the.younger.people ..That’s.why.most.of.the.artists.are.older.people ...They’ve.memorized.the.stories ..Through.the.art,.the.people.kept.the.stories.alive ..

A:. What.does.a.typical.Aboriginal.painting.look.like?B:. Well,.you.have.different.local.styles,.but.what.you.

generally.see.is.lots.of. .. .. ..lots.of.lines.and.dots.and.circles ..So.the.effect.is.quite.abstract.and.usually.quite.colorful ..But.you’ll.notice.shapes.and.symbols.that.recur.again.and.again ..For.example,.there’s.a.snake,.which.may.represent.water,.or.a.river.snaking.through.the.desert ..Other.figures.might.represent.animals.or.people ..Some.paintings.work.almost.like.maps:.they.show.a.particular.place,.with.water.holes,.and.hills,.and.camps.even ..These.kinds.of.paintings.are.about.a.Dream.Time.story.that.happened.in.a.particular.place,.but.some.of.them.also.give.information.about.the.place,.like.the.locations.of.water.holes,.and.trails,.and.so.on .


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A:. I.see .B:. But.the.important.thing.is.that.for.the.artists,.the.

art.itself—the.product—is.really.not.important ..It’s.the.doing.of.the.art—the.process—that’s.important ..Traditionally.the.paintings.were.done.as.part.of.a.ceremony,.and.they.were.done.as.body.painting,.or.on.the.ground,.and.then.they.were.washed.away ..So.they.were.temporary ..It’s.only.recently,.since.the.1970s.in.fact,.that.the.art.has.ever.been.done.on.canvas.or.paper,.so.that.it.can.be.kept.and.collected ..But.it’s.still.the.process,.really,.that.matters.to.the.artists .

A:. And.yet.their.work.now.sells.for.tens.of.thousands.of.dollars .

B:. Hundreds.of.thousands!.Yes ..One.major.painting.sold.for.nearly.$500,000.recently ..There.are.artists’.co-operatives.all.over.Australia,.and.collectors.come.from.all.over.the.world.now ..But.thirty.years.ago,.you.couldn’t.give.the.paintings.away ..It’s.only.been.recently.that.the.art,.and.the.culture.really,.has.come.to.be.recognized.and.valued.for.what.it.is .


Now.here.you’re.looking.at.one.of.the.most.well-known.paintings.in.the.United.States—maybe.the.most.well-known ..Now.if.you.haven’t.seen.the.painting.itself,.you’ve.probably.seen.imitations.of.it.in.advertising.and.popular.culture.in.general ..It’s.been.reproduced.on.posters,.and.T-shirts,.and.cartoons ..And.a.lot.of.famous.people.have.had.their.photograph.taken.in.this.pose ..So.it’s.really.an.American.icon .

American.Gothic:.It.was.painted.in.1930.by.Grant.Wood ..Wood.was.a.self-taught.painter.from.the.Midwest ..He.was.from.Cedar.Rapids—that’s.a.small.town.in.Iowa ..He.was.well.known.locally.and.a.lot.of.his.work.is.landscapes.of.the.local.country,.farming.country ..Wood’s.style.is.kind.of.folksy,.a.bit.like.folk.art,.but.he.was.really.more.sophisticated.than.that ..He.traveled.to.Europe.several.times,.and.he.was.influenced.by.Dutch.and.German.art.that.he.saw.there,.particularly.16th-century.Dutch.portraits,.the.ones.that.showed.people.standing.in.their.homes,.in.their.natural.surroundings,.holding.some.kind.of.significant.object ..And.you.can.see.that.influence.here,.in.this.painting,.where.the.man.is.holding.a.pitchfork .

As.you.can.see,.the.painting.shows.a.couple.standing.in.front.of.a.house.with.a.gothic.window.in.the.background ..Gothic.in.the.title.first.and.foremost.refers.to.the.style.of.the.window.in.the.house. .. .. ..like.a.church ..When.we.think.of.gothic.windows,.we.usually.think.of.the.grand.cathedrals.of.Europe,.but.here.the.windows.are.in.a.very.ordinary.looking.house ..

It’s.actually.not.clear.whether.the.couple.is.supposed.to.be.husband.and.wife ..Some.people.say.that,.and.others.say.they’re.father.and.daughter ..This.is.one.of.the.mysteries.about.this.painting ..Wood.never.said.who.they.were.supposed.to.be ..What.we.do.know.is.that.the.models.for.the.painting.were.Wood’s.sister,.who.was.thirty.at.the.time,.and.his.dentist,.who.was.62 ..At.one.point.Wood.suggested.that.they.were.father.and.daughter,.but.that.might.have.been.to.spare.his.sister’s.feelings,.because.maybe.he.didn’t.want.to.suggest.that.she.was.as.old.as.the.dentist ..We.don’t.actually.know .

The.man.and.woman.are.wearing.old-fashioned.clothes ..Remember.this.painting.was.done.in.1930,.but.the.clothes.are.more.like.what.people.might.have.worn.in.the.1890s ..The.woman.has.a.dress.with.a.pattern.and.with.ruffles.on.it ..You.can.imagine.she.probably.made.it.herself ..And.the.man.is.wearing.a.black.jacket,.farmer’s.overalls,.and.an.old-fashioned.type.of.shirt.without.a.collar ..He’s.holding.a.pitchfork,.which.is.a.symbol.of.an.old-fashioned.kind.of.farming ..In.the.background,.you.can.see.the.house.with.the.gothic.window,.and.there’s.some.plants.on.the.porch.downstairs ..

Now,.if.you.look.at.the.detail.of.the.painting,.you’ll.see.that.the.gothic.lines.in.the.window.are.also.in.the.faces.of.the.people.themselves ..They’re.kind.of.elongated ..And.the.lines.are.sort.of.repeated.in.the.pitchfork.and.in.the.lines.of.the.man’s.shirt ..So.it’s.not.just.the.house ..The.Gothic.theme.is.repeated.in.other.parts.of.the.picture .

For.most.people,.the.interesting.thing.about.the.picture.is.the.expressions.on.the.faces.of.the.couple. .. .. ..because,.although.the.style. .. .. ..of.the.painting.is.like.folk.art.or.something.like.that,.the.people.aren’t.idealized.in.any.way ..They.look.sort.of.unfriendly. .. .. ..you.get.the.feeling.that.you’re.not.welcome ..They’re.kind.of.shutting.you.out ..It’s.like. .. .. ..they’re.defending.their.world.from.outsiders ..The.man.looks.as.if.he’d.use.that.pitchfork.as.a.weapon.if.necessary. .. .. .. ..And.the.woman.looks. .. .. ..kind.of.suspicious. .. .. .. ..It’s.as.if.she’s.worrying.about.somebody.stealing.her.laundry.or.something .

Because.of.the.expressions.on.the.faces.and.because.of.the.title.of.the.painting,.there.was.some.bad. .. .. ..some.negative.reaction.to.it.at.the.time ..The.word.Gothic.has.a.lot.of.kind.of.different.connotations,.but.some.of.the.meanings.are.dark,.a.little.scary ..And.then.other.people.point.out.that.there’s.a.contrast.between.the.marvelous.Gothic.architecture.in.Europe,.where.you.have.all.these.beautiful.cathedrals,.and.the.architecture.of.the.house.here ..

Many.people.think.that.Grant.Wood.was.being.ironic,.poking.fun.at.farmers.or.people.in.small.towns ..He.himself.said.that.that.was.not.his.intention ..But.then,.you.know,.he.had.to.live.there ..He.had.to.live.in.a.small.

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town,.so.he.couldn’t.say.anything.else ..The.painting.went.on.to.become.one.of.America’s.most.famous.paintings,.but.there’s.always.been.this.mystery.about.it ..What.was.the.artist.really.trying.to.say?.Nobody.really.knows.for.sure ..What.do.you.think?

C Listening for More Detailexercise 2 (p. 32)See.underlined.extract.from.the.lecture.on.page.23 .

5 Pronunciationexercise 3 (p. 33). 1 .. He.was.an.American.painter .. 2 .. His.sister.was.probably.the.model .. 3 .. It’s.a.famous.photograph .. 4:. Who.is.the.woman.supposed.to.be?. 5 .. It’s.a.bit.of.a.mystery .

6 Speaking Skillsexercise 2 (p. 34)For.most.people,.the.interesting.thing.about.the.picture.is.the.expressions.on.the.faces.of.the.couple. .. .. ..because,.although.the. .. .. ..style.of.the.painting.is.like.folk.art.or.something.like.that,.the.people.aren’t.idealized.in.any.way ..They.look.sort.of.unfriendly. .. .. ..you.get.the.feeling.that.you’re.not.welcome ..They’re.kind.of.shutting.you.out ..It’s.like. .. .. ..they’re.defending.their.world.from.outsiders ..The.man.looks.as.if.he’d.use.that.pitchfork.as.a.weapon.if.necessary. .. .. .. ..And.the.woman.looks. .. .. .. ..kind.of.suspicious. .. .. .. ..It’s.as.if.she’s.worrying.about.somebody.stealing.her.laundry.or.something .

Chapter 5

Life Science


A = Host, B = Tanya RuizA:. Good.morning.and.welcome.to.Science.World ..Our.

first.story.today.takes.us.into.the.water,.actually.to.the.bottom.of.the.ocean.in.some.cases ..Tanya.Ruiz.has.an.interesting.story.about.oceans.and.medical.research .

B:. Hello ..So.many.of.us.love.the.ocean ..We.love.going.to.the.beach.and.enjoying.the.sun,.sand,.and.water ..But,.how.often.do.you.stop.and.think.about.how.important.oceans.are?.Not.only.do.they.provide.a.place.for.recreation,.but.they.also.give.us.food.and.energy,.and,.more.and.more,.oceans.offer.the.possibility.of.new.information.for.treating.human.disease,.as.well.as.new.medicines ..

. Researchers.have.long.searched.the.natural.world—forests,.swamps.and.rainforests—for.substances.to.use.in.medicine ..In.fact,.more.than.half.of.all.prescription.drugs.are.derived.from.naturally.occurring.products ..And.now.scientists.are.looking.to.the.oceans.for.their.research .

. Did.you.know.that.water.covers.about.71.percent.of.Earth’s.surface?.Yes,.71.percent ..And.97.percent.of.that.water.is.in.the.oceans,.so.it’s.not.surprising.that.oceans.support.the.greatest.variety.of.life.on.the.planet ..And.now.new.technologies.allow.researchers.to.go.deeper.into.the.ocean,.deeper.than.they’ve.ever.been.able.to.go ..And.as.a.result,.it’s.possible.to.study.fish.and.other.sea.life.that.they’ve.never.been.able.to.study.before ..So.scientists.hope.this.will.offer.new,.and.possibly.enormous,.resources.for.the.medical.field ..

. Now,.you.may.not.realize.it,.but.there.are.already.some.medical.substances.in.use.today.that.were.derived.from.the.sea ..The.horseshoe.crab,.a.very.old—actually.ancient—marine.creature,.is.one.of.the.most.famous.examples ..In.the.1950s,.scientists.discovered.that.the.blood.of.the.horseshoe.crab.could.protect.it.from.bacteria,.and.they.realized.that.this.could.be.helpful.in.medical.procedures.for.humans ..As.a.result,.it’s.now.commonly.used.in.hospitals.to.test.for.contamination.that.would.be.harmful.to.humans .Current.research.focuses.on.a.wide.range.of.ocean.life:.from.fish.to.coral,.to.whales,.to.mud.on.the.bottom.of.the.ocean ..

. One.example.is.the.skate.fish ..The.skate.fish.has.unique.eyes.and.can.see.in.total.darkness ..Researchers.are.studying.how.the.eyes.of.this.fish.work.with.the.hope.of.learning.more.about.eye.disease.in.humans,.which.often.leads.to.blindness ..

. Another.fish.that.scientists.want.to.learn.about.is.the.toadfish ..The.toadfish.is.a.very.unattractive.fish,.but.it.interests.scientists.because.it.can.swim.incredibly.fast. .. .. ..about.40.times.faster.than.a.world-class.human.sprinter ..Researchers.are.studying.the.anatomy.of.the.fish.in.the.hopes.of.being.able.to.use.what.they.learn.to.help.with,.among.other.things,.heart.disease.in.humans ..It.makes.sense.that.muscles.that.can.work.as.fast.as.a.toadfish’s.might.give.researchers.clues.about.how.to.help.human.muscles.that.are.failing.from.disease .

. There’s.also.a.snail.that.scientists.believe.will.offer.a.new.painkiller ..And.then.there’s.coral ..There.are.substances.from.coral.that.researchers.hope.might.offer.a.way.to.combat.cancer ..And.finally,.a.possible.innovation.in.washing.clothes:.a.bacteria.from.whales.that.helps.break.down.oily.stains.in.laundry ..Obviously,.this.might.help.make.a.better.laundry.detergent.some.day .


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. So,.there’s.a.lot.of.variety.in.the.research ..Some.scientists.caution.that.this.is.all.a.very.slow.process,.and.that.we.have.to.be.careful ..It.could.take.years.for.any.one.thing.to.be.tested.and.proven.safe.and.useful,.but.many.researchers.are.still.excited.and.hopeful ..And.then,.of.course,.everyone.is.aware.that.it’s.important.to.protect.the.oceans.when.we.do.this.work ..But.this.gives.us.all.a.little.more.to.think.about.next.time.we’re.lying.on.a.beach.in.the.sun ..This.is.Tanya.Ruiz.for.Science.World .

D Focus on the Listening Skillexercise 2 (p. 40). 1 .. In.the.1950s,.scientists.discovered.that.the.blood.

of.the.horseshoe.crab.could.protect.it.from.bacteria,.and.they.realized.that.this.could.be.helpful.in.medical.procedures.for.humans ..As.a.result,.it’s.now.commonly.used.in.hospitals.to.test.for.contamination.that.would.be.harmful.to.humans .

. 2 .. .. .. ..with.the.hope.of.learning.more.about.eye.disease.in.humans,.which.often.leads.to.blindness .

. 3 .. It.makes.sense.that.muscles.that.can.work.as.fast.as.a.toadfish’s.might.give.researchers.clues.about.how.to.help.human.muscles.that.are.failing.from.disease .

. 4 .. There.are.substances.from.coral.that.researchers.hope.might.offer.a.way.to.combat.cancer .

. 5 .. .. .. ..a.bacteria.from.whales.that.helps.break.down.oily.stains.in.laundry .


Hello.everyone ..Welcome.to.the.condor.station ..I’d.like.to.give.you.a.little.bit.of.history.and.background.for.our.condor.recovery.program,.and.then.I’ll.answer.any.questions.you.might.have ..

I’ll.start.with.some.history ..In.1987,.the.U .S ..Fish.and.Wildlife.Service.captured.the.last.condor.in.the.wild.and.put.it.into.a.breeding.program ..Imagine,.that.was.the.last.wild.condor,.and.no.one.knew.if.the.species.could.recover ..Fortunately,.the.surviving.condors.mated.and.produced.offspring ..Now.after.more.than.17.years,.there.are.149.condors.living.in.captivity.and.99.flying.free.in.California,.Arizona,.and.Baja,.Mexico ..More.birds.are.being.released.into.the.wild.whenever.possible,.and.we.know.that.at.least.five.pairs.of.birds.are.mating.in.the.wild ..So.that’s.good.news ..

Now.you.can.guess.that.we’d.want.to.keep.track.of.the.birds.in.the.wild ..So.how.do.we.do.that?.We’ve.

used.different.tracking.systems,.but.now.GPS—global.positioning.systems—attached.to.the.birds.give.us.our.best.information ..Just.so.you.can.appreciate.our.work,.think.of.trying.to.attach.one.of.the.units.to.a.bird.with.a.nine-foot.wingspan ..Those.wings.could.come.close.to.knocking.you.out,.and.the.beak.is.as.sharp.as.the.sharpest.knife.in.your.kitchen ..This.part.of.the.job.can.be.challenging ..

Anyway,.GPS.gives.us.a.lot.of.data:.geographic.coordinates.within.14.feet.for.up.to.16.hours.a.day ..This.is.very.specific.and.useful.information ..One.thing.we’ve.learned.is.that.condors.fly.a.lot.more.distance.in.any.day.than.we.ever.knew ..

We’ve.also.discovered.something.that.is.very.interesting.and.potentially.even.more.helpful ..We’ve.found.that.the.species.is.intelligent.and.much.more.complicated.than.we.thought ..Until.now,.we.hadn’t.really.known.how.much.condors.actually.have.to.learn.to.survive.in.the.wild,.but.we.now.know.that.they.do.indeed.have.to.learn.to.survive ..

An.example.of.this.comes.from.one.of.the.mistakes.we.made.in.the.early.days.of.raising.baby.condors ..We.had.humans.taking.care.of.the.babies ..The.people.wore.puppets.on.their.hands.that.looked.like.adult.condors,.but.they.didn’t.act.like.parent.condors ..They.just.used.the.puppets.to.give.the.babies.food ..Then,.those.babies.were.put.together.with.other.babies.and.had.no.contact.with.adult.condors ..

Now.what.we.realized.later.was.that,.because.of.this.approach,.the.baby.condors.didn’t.learn.to.be.afraid.of.people ..After.they.were.released,.they.would.approach.people.without.any.fear.at.all,.begging.for.food.at.campgrounds.and.things.like.that ..They.acted.like.pets.instead.of.wild.animals ..Obviously,.this.wasn’t.good ..After.watching.adult.condors.with.babies,.we.realized.that.the.parent.condors.taught.the.babies.a.lot.about.being.cautious.and.defending.themselves ..The.parent.condors.spent.a.lot.of.time.harassing.their.babies—pecking.at.them.and.pushing.them.away.when.they’re.too.curious—and.this.teaches.them.to.be.careful.and.to.protect.themselves ..

So.now.we.consider.this.in.raising.baby.condors ..All.the.babies.in.the.program.are.raised.either.by.an.adult.condor.or.by.a.human.wearing.a.puppet.that.looks.like.a.condor ..The.humans.are.trained.to.act.like.a.parent.condor—as.I.said,.pecking.and.harassing.the.babies ..We’ve.found.that.baby.condors.raised.in.this.way—actually.taught.to.be.cautious—are.much.more.likely.to.avoid.humans ..



Another.area.we’ve.learned.a.lot.about.because.of.the.GPS.monitoring.is.the.way.groups.of.condors.relate.and.work.together ..Condors.are.scavengers,.so.they.need.to.look.for.dead.animals.to.eat ..Now.you’ve.probably.never.thought.of.it,.but.that’s.not.the.same.as.an.animal.that.hunts.for.food ..Think.about.it ..A.scavenger.is.dependent.on.finding.a.dead.animal.to.eat.at.the.right.time,.or.it.goes.hungry ..So.what.we.found.is.that.condors.actually.share.information.about.good.locations.for.food ..There’s.actually.a.kind.of.apprenticeship.where.condors.work.together ..A.more.experienced.bird.helps.a.less.experienced.bird.learn.where.to.find.food ..It’s.not.really.something.you’d.imagine.birds.doing,.is.it?

Another.surprising.point.is.how.social.these.birds.are ..Through.the.information.from.GPS.units,.we’ve.found.that.birds.actually.do.like.to.socialize ..One.group.of.birds.will.travel.about.160.miles.down.the.coast.to.visit.another.group.and.hang.out ..That’s.something.many.of.us.can.relate.to,.although.we.might.not.travel.160.miles.all.that.often,.even.to.visit.a.good.friend .

So.that’s.some.background.on.the.condors ..Why.is.this.work.important?.Well,.first.of.course.we’d.like.to.have.wild.condors.living.without.interference.from.us ..But.in.a.broader.sense,.we.can.always.learn ..As.I’ve.mentioned,.we’ve.found.that.condors.are.very.intelligent,.and.their.lives.are.more.complex.than.we’d.realized ..So.we.never.know.what.else.we.might.learn,.or.how.this.information.might.apply.to.other.animals’.problems,.or.even.people’s.problems,.for.that.matter .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 43). 1 .. Fortunately,.the.surviving.condors.mated.and.

produced.offspring .. 2 .. We.had.humans.taking.care.of.the.babies ..The.

people.wore.puppets.on.their.hands.that.looked.like.adult.condors,.but.they.didn’t.act.like.parent.condors ..They.just.used.the.puppets.to.give.the.babies.food .

. 3 .. The.parent.condors.spent.a.lot.of.time.harassing.their.babies—pecking.at.them.and.pushing.them.away.when.they’re.too.curious .

. 4 .. Condors.are.scavengers,.so.they.need.to.look.for.dead.animals.to.eat .

5 Pronunciationexercise � (p. 44). 1 .. They’re.monitoring.the.condors .. 2 .. The.GPS.unit.gives.us.data .. 3 .. They.learn.a.lot.about.condors .

exercise 2 (p. 44). 1 .. We’ve.learned.that.the.birds.fly.long.distances ..

. 2 .. These.wings.could.come.close.to.knocking.you.out ..

. 3 .. Parent.condors.spend.a.lot.of.time.harassing.their.babies ..

. 4 .. This.teaches.them.to.be.careful .

. 5 .. We.consider.this.in.raising.baby.condors ..

. 6 .. The.condors.socialize.together .


Q = Question, A = Answer (Biologist). Q1:..How.many.condors.did.you.say.are.living.in.the.

wild?.. A:. I.said. .. .. ... Q2:..Could.you.explain.again.how.you.attach.the.GPS.

units.to.the.condors?.It.sounds.dangerous ... A:. Yes,.of.course. .. .. ... Q3:..Can.you.give.another.example.of.how.the.birds.

learn?.. A:. Oh.yes. .. .. .. Q4:..What.did.you.mean.when.you.said.the.species.

is.more.intelligent.and.complicated.than.you.thought?

. A:. Well. .. .. ...

Chapter 6

Social Studies


OK,.today.we’re.going.to.look.at.the.differences.between.the.United.States.and.Europe.in.terms.of.working.hours.and.time.off ..As.you’ve.seen.from.the.figures,.there’s.a.substantial.difference ..Europeans,.on.average,.work.less.than.we.do.in.the.United.States ..They.have.a.shorter.workweek.and.better,.longer.vacations,.and.this.does.not.seem.to.be.changing.in.the.near.future ..I’m.going.to.suggest.two.reasons.for.this.and.then.we’ll.open.it.up.for.discussion ..

OK,.first.I’d.like.to.point.out.that.it.wasn’t. .. .. ..it.hasn’t.actually.always.been.like.this ..In.fact,.it’s.a.fairly.recent.trend ..It.was.American.companies.that.introduced.the.two-week.vacation.first ..And.the.40-hour.work.week,.in.fact ..Also,.in.the.1930s.they.introduced.a.40-hour.week.at.Henry.Ford’s.motor.plants,.and.that.was.before,.well,.before.most.European.countries ..A.lot.of.Europeans.didn’t.get.all.Saturdays.off.until.the.1960s.or. .. .. ..even.the.’70s ..So.it’s.only.been.in.the.last.30.or.40.years,.in.fact,.that.you.see.Europeans.with. .. .. ..passing.us.in.terms.of.leisure.time .


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So.what.happened.to.cause.this?.Well,.there.are.two.factors.that.I’d.like.to.talk.about,.to.do.with.European.attitudes,.and.the.other.one.to.do.with.the.American.workplace ..Oh,.and.when.I.say.American.here,.I.mean.the.United.States ..I’m.not.talking.about.Canada.here ..Anyway,.first.the.Europeans.have.legislation ..They’ve.introduced.laws.around.leisure.time ..For.example,.in.the.1990s.the.French.government.reduced.the.work.week.to.35.hours ..The.European.Union.actually.requires.now.four.weeks.paid.leave.every.year.for.all.employees ..Many.countries.have.more.than.that ..Workers.have.bargained.for.five.weeks,.in.countries.like.Germany.and.Italy ..And.that.time.is.very.important.to.European.workers ..If.you.ever.go.to.Europe.in.August,.you.notice.it.immediately:.almost.everything.is.shut.down,.and.everyone’s.on.vacation ..

Now.if.you.look.at.the.countries.that.have.not.had.legislation,.these.are.precisely.the.places.where.people.tend.to.work.longer.hours ..Britain.is.an.example ..They.work.longer.hours.there.than.in.the.rest.of.Europe ..But.they.still.work.less—much.less—than.Americans.do ..They.expect.their.four-week.vacation.in.the.summer,.and.if.you.took.that.away,.people.would.get.very.upset .

Compare.that.to.the.United.States ..Well,.here.it’s.up.to.the.employer.to.provide.or.not.provide.that.vacation.time ..So.while.some.employers.do.indeed.provide.excellent.benefits.of.all.kinds,.including.vacation.time.for.their.employees,.the.majority.stick.to.the.standard.two.weeks ..And.something.like.twenty-two.and.a.half.million.private.sector.employees.don’t.get.any.paid.vacation.at.all .

Now.let’s.turn.to.the.other.factor.in.all.of.this,.and.that’s.the.American.workplace ..The.situation.here.is.that.there’s.less.job.security.and.workplaces.are.more.competitive ..So.companies.can.demand.more ..It’s.not.unusual.to.see. .. .. ..for.companies.to.demand.more.than.50.hours.a.week.from.top.people ..And.workers.are.afraid.of.losing.their.jobs,.so.they.want.the.boss.to.see.them.working.hard ..So.in.some.cases.even.though.they’re.getting.the.vacation.time,.they.don’t. .. .. ..they’re.not.taking.it ..There’s.too.much.pressure,.and.that’s.happening.at.all.income.levels ..European.workers.tend.to.have.more.job.security ..

So.I’ve.described.the.main.reasons.for.the.differences.between.Europe.and.the.United.States.in.terms.of.working.hours.and.leisure.time ..But.really.what.it.really.comes.down.to.is,.I.think,.the.Europeans.have.made.a.choice ..Both.Europe.and.the.United.States.have.become.more.prosperous,.but.the.Europeans.have.chosen.to.take.their.prosperity.in.time,.whereas.Americans.seem.to.just.want.to.work.harder.and.harder .


A = Host, B = Man, C = Woman, D = Jenny HuangA:. Good.morning,.and.welcome.to.the.program ..

According.to.a.report.out.this.week,.the.United.States.is.still.a.nation.of.entrepreneurs:.the.number.of.single-person.businesses,.or.people.who.are.self-employed,.has.increased.to.seventeen.and.a.half.million,.up.from.seventeen.million.last.year,.according.to.the.U .S ..Census.Bureau ..This.morning,.we.look.at.the.trend.towards.self-employment.and.freelancing.that’s.happening.all.over.the.United.States ..But.first,.let’s.go.out.on.the.street.and.talk.to.some.people.who.are.on.the.front.lines ..What.do.you.do?

B:. I.have.three.different.jobs ..I’m.a.substitute.teacher,.I.write.for.a.web.site,.and.I.volunteer.at.an.art.museum .

A:. Wow ..How.do.you.juggle.all.that?B:. Well,.it’s.not.all.that.bad ..I.only.teach.for.a.couple.of.

days.a.week,.two.or.three.days.a.week,.usually ..And.I.do.the.web.site.work.at.home. .. .. ..often.during.the.evenings ..So.there’s.not.that.much.conflict ..You.could.call.it.variety .

A:. So.you.enjoy.working.in.three.different.places?B:. Right.now,.yeah ..I. .. .. ..I.really.do ..Especially.with.

the.teaching ..When.you’re.a.sub,.you.don’t.get. .. .. ..you.don’t.get.involved.in.the.day-to-day.stuff,.or.the.paperwork,.or.the.politics ..You.just.go.in.and.do.the.job,.and.then.you.go.home ..And.it’s.flexible ..If.I.don’t.want.to.work,.I.don’t.have.to ..But.if.I.feel.that.I.need.to.work.more,.I.ask.for.more.teaching.hours ..If.I.had.a.full-time.job,.I.think.I’d.get.burned.out ..And.I.wouldn’t.be.able.to.do.the.other.work,.which.I.really.enjoy .

A:. What.about.health.benefits?B:. Well,.I.get.health.insurance.through.my.wife’s.job,.so.I.

don’t.have.to.worry.about.that ..A:. Tell.me.about.your.job .C:. I’ve.just.set.up.my.own.baking.business ..I.make.cakes.

for.special.occasions—weddings.and.that.sort.of.thing .A:. Really?.Why.did.you.do.that?.C:. Well,.I.had.a.full-time.job,.but.I.got.laid.off ..So.I.

decided.to.go.out.on.my.own ..A:. And.how’s.it.going?C:. Well,.I.don’t.have.very.many.expenses.because.I’m.

living.and.working.at.my.parents’.house,.so.I.don’t.have.to.pay.rent ..It’s.going.OK ..I’m.getting.by ..It.takes.a.while,.you.know,.to.get.known ..It’s.been.a.learning.experience ..I’ve.learned.a.lot.about.managing.a.business .

A:. What.are.your.plans.for.the.future?C:. Well,.I.need.to.work.on.marketing—getting.out.there.

and.selling.myself ..I’m.not.very.good.at.that.part.of.it ..Ideally.I’d.like.to.work.with.a.partner.that.could.do.that ..Maybe.I’d.like.to.have.my.own.place.some.day,.but.right.now.I’m.just.taking.it.a.day.at.a.time .

A:. Back.to.the.studio.now,.and.if.you’ve.just.joined.us,.the.subject.is.the.recent.report.that.shows.seventeen.


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and.a.half.million.self-employed.people.in.the.United.States ..We’re.talking.to.labor.specialist.Jenny.Huang ..Welcome.to.the.program,.Jenny .

D:. Thank.you .A:. Jenny,.can.you.tell.us.who.these.seventeen.and.a.half.

million.people.are?.D:. Well,.there.are.different.types.of.people.in.this.

category ..There.are.the.entrepreneurs,.like.the.young.lady.that.you.interviewed,.the.ones.that.have.their.own.one-person.business ..They’re.the.ones.we.usually.think.of.when.we.think.of.self-employment ..But.then.there.are.freelancers,.who.might.go.to.work.in.different.places,.or.work.on.a.contract.basis ..And.there.are.the.people.who.are.employees.but.who.also.work.for.themselves.part-time,.like.the.first.person.you.spoke.to .

A:. What.kind.of.work.do.these.people.do?D:. Well,.the.greatest.rise.in.self-employment.has.

been.in.professional.and.business.services ..That.would.include.people.like.freelance.Web.designers,.marketing.consultants,.and.so.on ..The.second.biggest.category.is.construction.workers ..That.would.include.carpenters,.painters,.electricians,.and.so.on,.who.work.for.themselves ..

A:. And.why.do.you.think.self-employment.is.on.the.rise?.Are.we.really.a.nation.of.entrepreneurs,.or.is.there.something.else.going.on.here?

D:. Well,.some.of.it’s.economic ..There.are.people.who’ve.been.laid.off,.so.they’ve.decided.to.go.out.on.their.own ..Another.reason.is.the.growth.of.the.software.industry.and.the.media,.where.they’ve.always.used.a.lot.of.freelancers:.writers,.and.programmers,.and.so.on ..There.are.a.lot.of.people.working.in.those.areas.now ..But.there’s.also.been.a.change.in.attitudes ..There.are.more.people.who.want.the.advantages.of.self-employment ..They’re.finding.it.preferable,.being.able.to.manage.their.own.time,.for.example .

A:. They.want.to.have.more.control.over.their.own.schedules .

D:. Exactly .A:. What.are.the.downsides.to.self-employment?D:. Well,.a.lot.of.people.underestimate.the.amount.of.

time.you.have.to.put.into.the.business.side.of.things,.especially.marketing,.and.especially.at.the.beginning ..It’s.not.enough.to.be.good.at.something ..You.have.to.be.able.to.sell.yourself ..Some.people.should.just.never.go.into.self-employment.because.marketing.isn’t.their.strength ..

A:. Uh-huh .D:. The.other.thing.is.to.be.organized,.especially.with.

your.time ..You.have.to.be.able.to.manage.your.time ..You.need.a.business.plan,.and.you.really.have.to.be.very.organized.to.be.a.successful.freelancer .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 52). 1 .. This.morning,.we.look.at.the.trend.towards.self-

employment.and.freelancing.that’s.happening.all.over.the.United.States ..But.first,.let’s.go.out.on.

the.street.and.talk.to.some.people.who.are.on.the.front.lines .

. 2 .. B:. .I.have.three.different.jobs!.I’m.a.substitute.teacher. .. .. ..I.write.for.a.web.site. .. .. ..and.I.volunteer.at.an.art.museum .

. . A:. Wow ..How.do.you.juggle.all.that?

. 3 .. B:. .I’ve.just.set.up.my.own.baking.business ..I.make.cakes.for.special.occasions. .. .. ..weddings.and.that.sort.of.thing .

. . A:. Really?.Why.did.you.do.that?.

. . B:. .Well,.I.had.a.full-time.job,.but.I.got.laid.off ..So.I.decided.to.go.out.on.my.own ..

. 3 .. A:. And. .. .. ..how’s.it.going?

. . B:. .Well,.I.don’t.have.very.many.expenses.because.I’m.living.and.working.at.my.parents’.house.so.I.don’t.have.to.pay.rent ..It’s.going.OK. .. .. ..I’m.getting.by ..It.takes.a.while. .. .. ..you.know. .. .. ..to.get.known .

. 4 .. D:. .Well,.there.are.different.types.of.people.in.this.category ..There.are.the.entrepreneurs,.like.the.young.lady.that.you.interviewed. .. .. ..the.ones.that.have.their.own.one-person.business ..They’re.the.ones.we.usually.think.of.when.we.think.of.self-employment .


Extract 1.Well,.I.don’t.have.very.many.expenses.because.I’m.living.and.working.at.my.parents’.house.so.I.don’t.have.to.pay.rent ..It’s.going.OK ..I’m.getting.by ..It.takes.a.while,.you.know,.to.get.known ..It’s.been.a.learning.experience ..I’ve.learned.a.lot.about.managing.a.business .

Extract 2.Well,.some.of.it’s.economic ..There.are.people.who’ve.been.laid.off,.so.they’ve.decided.to.go.out.on.their.own ..Another.reason.is.the.growth.of.the.software.industry.and.the.media,.where.they’ve.always.used.a.lot.of.freelancers:.writers,.and.programmers,.and.so.on ..There.are.a.lot.of.people.working.in.those.areas.now,.but.there’s.also.been.a.change.in.attitudes .


A = Rosa, B = SamA:. I.think.the.most.important.thing.is.to.have.a.job.that.

you.love,.and.do.work.that.you.enjoy ..B:. Yeah ..But.not.everybody.can.do.that ..Some.people.

aren’t.in.a.position.to.. .. .. ..you.know. .. .. ..follow.their.dream.or.whatever ..Some.people.just.have.to.take.


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whatever.job.they.can.find .A:. Yeah ..I.realize.that ..But.it’s.important.to.try.to.find.

work.that.is.meaningful.to.you .B:. I.don’t.know ..I.think.job.security.is.more.important.

to.some.people ..They.just.want.a.paycheck.they.can.depend.on. .. .. ..especially.if.they.have.a.family .

Chapter 7

Language and Communication


A = Lecturer, B = Audience Member 1, C = Audience Member 2A:. Good.afternoon,.today’s.lecture.is.about.different.

languages.spoken.in.the.United.States ..The.Modern.Language.Association.has.put.together.data.on.the.numbers.of.speakers.and.the.locations.of.the.thirty.most.commonly.spoken.languages.in.the.United.States .

. Let.me.first.explain.how.the.information.was.gathered ..The.data.came.from.U .S ..census.information ..In.addition.to.the.usual.census.questions.about.number.of.family.members.and.age,.people.were.asked.about.language—if.a.language.other.than.English.was.spoken.at.home ..If.the.answer.was.“Yes,”.then.the.person.was.asked.to.name.the.language .

. You.might.be.surprised.at.how.many.different.languages.were.reported:.300 ..Yes,.300.different.languages.are.spoken.in.the.United.States ..The.Modern.Language.Association.focuses.on.the.thirty.most.common.languages ..Of.course,.English.is.the.number.one.language,.Spanish.is.the.second.most.common,.Chinese.is.the.third,.and.French.is.the.fourth .

. Now.the.Modern.Language.Association.has.put.all.this.information.together.in.different.ways,.so.for.example,.you.can.look.up.a.particular.language,.let’s.say,.Korean,.and.see.how.many.speakers.there.are.throughout.the.United.States ..There.are.almost.900,000.Korean.speakers.in.the.United.States ..Then,.you.can.see.how.that.compares.to.the.total.number.of.speakers.of.languages.other.than.English ..So.of.the.people.who.speak.another.language,.2.percent.are.Korean.speakers ..It’s.also.possible.to.see.how.many.Korean.speakers.there.are.in.different.areas ..Two.main.areas.of.concentration.are.Southern.California.and.Washington.State ..

. Now.another.way.you.can.look.at.the.information.is.by.starting.with.place.the.entire.United.States,.a.state,.a.county,.or.a.city,.so,.for.example,.looking.at.the.state.of.Texas. .. .. ..in.Texas,.English.is.spoken.at.home.by.just.

over.68.percent.of.people ..Of.the.people.who.speak.another.language,.86.percent.speak.Spanish,.and.it’s.only.1.or.2.percent.for.any.of.the.other.languages ..So.Spanish.really.is.the.predominant.language.other.than.English.in.Texas ..Now,.you.can.then.compare.that.information.to.other.states ..For.example,.looking.at.the.state.of.New.York. .. .. ..in.New.York,.a.little.over.72.percent.of.people.speak.English.at.home ..Of.the.speakers.of.other.languages,.49.percent.speak.Spanish,.and.then.8.percent.speak.Chinese,.6.percent.speak.Italian,.and.4.percent.speak.Russian,.and.4.percent.speak.French ..So.you.can.see.that.there.are.a.lot.of.Spanish.speakers.in.New.York,.but.there.are.also.other.languages.spoken—more.so.than.in.Texas .

. OK ..so.there.are.different.ways.to.look.at.this.data ..Let’s.talk.about.possible.ways.this.information.could.be.used.or.why.it’s.important ..I’d.like.to.open.this.up.for.discussion ..Do.you.have.any.ideas?.Yes,.in.the.front.row?

B:. I.think.this.could.be.important.for.educational.purposes ..You.know,.so.people.know.what.kinds.of.classes.might.be.needed.in.the.schools.and.things.like.that ..And.I.think.it’s.also.important.to.understand.the.cultural.make-up.of.the.United.States .

A:. Yes,.definitely ..Anyone.else?.Yes?C:. Isn’t.it.also.important.to.be.aware.of.possible.language.

change. ..You.know,.if.one.language.is.being.used.less.or.more.over.time?

A:. Yes,.absolutely ..OK,.we’re.out.of.time,.but.we’re.going.to.talk.about.language.change.next.week,.so.we’ll.discuss.it.more.then .

D Focus on the Listening Skillexercise � (p. 58)

See.underlined.extract.from.the.lecture.above .

3 Vocabularyexercise 3 (p. 59). 1 .. In.Michigan,.almost.92.percent.of.people.speak.

English.at.home ... 2 .. Just.over.72.percent.of.people.speak.English.at.

home.in.New.York ... 3 .. A.language.other.than.English.is.spoken.by.just.

under.40.percent.of.people.in.California ... 4 .. There.are.less.than.100.students.at.the.school.right.

now ... 5 .. Many.people.believe.that.more.than.half.of.all.

languages.in.the.world.could.be.lost ... 6 .. There.are.something.like.91,000.speakers.of.

Chinese.in.Texas .




A = Claudia, B = AlanA:. Our.presentation.today.is.on.language.change.and.

language.loss.in.the.world ..First.we’ll.talk.about.what.the.situation.is,.and.then.we’ll.give.some.examples.of.programs.being.implemented ..Alan,.do.you.want.to.begin?

B:. OK ..First,.some.background.on.the.situation ..There.are.actually.differing.views.on.how.many.languages.exist.in.the.world.today ..Most.estimates.say.that.there.are.somewhere.between.6,000.and.6,800.languages.still.in.use ..Unfortunately,.many.of.these.languages.are.in.danger.of.disappearing.of.becoming.extinct ..Now,.it’s.hard.to.find.an.exact.estimate.on.how.many,.but.some.people.believe.that.as.many.as.half.of.the.languages.still.in.use.could.be.lost.by.the.end.of.the.century ..Think.of.it:.half.of.the.languages.that.exist .

A:. Here’s.a.more.specific.example.of.how.languages.are.being.lost ..An.article.in.the.magazine.Nature.in.2003.stated.that.there.are.46.different.people.around.the.world.who.are.the.last.remaining.speakers.of.their.language .

B:. Wow ..Imagine.if.you.were.the.only.speaker.of.your.language.left .

A:. Yes ..Now.one.of.the.problems.with.all.this.is.that.it’s.very.difficult.to.get.complete.agreement.on.actual.language.numbers.and.then.it’s.also.hard.to.find.agreement.on.the.number.of.languages.that.are.at.risk.of.disappearing ..One.of.the.big.reasons.for.this.is.that.the.criteria.used.are.often.very.different ..

B:. Let’s.look.at.an.example ..For.instance,.some.researchers.might.consider.a.language.in.danger.if.there.are.less.than.10,000.speakers.of.it.left.while.other.researchers.might.not.consider.a.language.in.danger.until.there.are.only.500.speakers.left ..The.point.is.that.different.researchers.have.different.ideas.about.when.they.might.say.that.a.language.is.really.in.danger.of.disappearing,.so.it’s.a.problem ..

A:. But.for.the.most.part.they.all.agree.that.languages.are.in.fact.disappearing ..

B:. Oh.yes,.that’s.true ..And.most.agree.that.it’s.happening.quite.quickly .

A:. So,.then.the.question.is.why.is.this.important?.Should.we.be.concerned.about.language.loss?.Obviously,.people.might.have.differing.opinions.on.this ..Some.people.might.say.that.it.doesn’t.matter.too.much ..that,.in.fact,.fewer.languages.could.make.it.easier.to.communicate .

B:. Another.viewpoint.is.that.it.is.important,.that.we.don’t.actually.know.what.information,.traditions,.or.things.like.that.we’re.losing.when.a.language.disappears .

A:. So.that’s.the.situation.in.terms.of.language.loss ..The.good.news.is.that,.there.are.some.actions.that.appear.to.help ..And.there.are.some.examples.of.languages.that.are.in.a.better.state.than.they.were ..For.example,.

Welsh,.the.language.spoken.in.Wales ..There.were.fewer.and.fewer.speakers.of.Welsh.in.Wales.as.more.people.started.speaking.English.exclusively ..But.the.country.started.working.very.hard.to.increase.the.number.of.speakers.of.Welsh:.teaching.and.using.Welsh.in.the.schools.and.encouraging.the.use.of.Welsh.in.public.forums,.and.there.has.been.some.progress ..

B:. Native.American.languages.in.North.America.are.another.example ..There.were.once.more.than.250.languages.spoken.by.Native.Americans ..Unfortunately,.experts.now.estimate.that.there.are.only.about.150.language.still.in.use,.and.even.more.unfortunate,.experts.think.that.very.few.of.these.are.likely.to.exist.in.60.years ..But,.there.are.some.interesting.programs.being.used.to.try.to.keep.some.of.the.languages.alive ..Claudia,.can.you.give.some.examples?.

A:. Yes ..One.typical.problem.is.that.in.many.cases.the.remaining.speakers.are.elderly ..So.they’re.trying.to.take.advantage.of.the.older.people’s.knowledge.while.they.still.can ..They.tape-record.the.older.people.who.can.speak.the.language,.in.order.to.have.an.audio.record.of.the.language ..In.some.cases,.they.also.might.have.a.linguist.work.with.the.older.people.to.get.information.about.grammar.and.vocabulary ..It’s.a.little.sad,.but.obviously,.having.all.that.information.recorded.gives.the.possibility.that.they.can.still.work.on.the.language.even.after.these.remaining.speakers.are.gone .. .. .. ..Another.way.they.use.the.knowledge.that.the.elders.have.is.by.having.the.older.people.work.with.the.children ..They.baby-sit,.or.help.with.preschool,.and.speaking.the.language ..They’re.doing.this.with.the.Navajo.language.in.the.Southwest ..

B:. It’s.interesting.because.in.some.places.distance.is.a.real.problem .

A:. Like.in.Alaska?.B:. Yes,.Alaska.is.a.good.example ..People.might.not.be.

able.to.get.together.to.speak.because.of.distance,.so.they.teach.and.learn.over.the.phone ..

A:. Now.as.Alan.mentioned,.with.some.of.the.Native.American.languages.there.are.actually.no.longer.any.living.speakers ..So.there.are.also.some.examples.where.people.are.trying.to.learn.the.language.of.their.ancestors.by.studying.old.records ..Obviously,.this.would.be.a.very.difficult.process ..

B:. Yes,.and.it.is.important.to.say.that.these.kinds.of.programs.are.difficult,.and.slow ..In.the.end,.they.may.not.be.enough .

A:. Yes,.true ..Are.there.any.questions?

5 Pronunciationexercise 3 (p. 62). 1 .. My.French.book.cost.sixty.dollars .. 2 .. I.have.about.forty.CDs .. 3 .. Thirteen.thousand.people.went.to.the.concert .. 4 .. Seventy.people.work.in.my.office .



. 5 .. It.was.eighteen.degrees.Fahrenheit.outside.yesterday .

. 6 .. Fifteen.million.people.watched.that.TV.program.last.night .

Chapter 8

Technology

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main ideas (p. 65)

A = Presenter, B = WriterA:. Can.you.tell.us.a.little.bit.about.your.current.project?.

What.are.you.working.on.now?B:. I’m.writing.a.book.about.some.of.the.most.important.

technological.inventions.of.the.19th.and.early.20th.centuries ..It’s.about.how.things.like.the.typewriter.or.the.fax.machine.were.developed,.and.so.on .

A:. That.sounds.really.interesting .B:. It.is ..It’s.fascinating ..The.personalities.behind.the.

inventions.are.particularly.fun.to.read.about ..Like. .. .. ..a.lot.of.inventors.were.amateurs,.and.some.of.them.were.considered.to.be.nuts. .. .. ..crazy!.But.they.had.this. .. .. ..incredible.determination ..They.believed.absolutely.in.what.they.were.doing .

A:. Umm .B:. Take.George.Eastman,.for.example ..He.was.a.keen.

photographer,.and.he.was.about.to.go.on.vacation.to.the.Caribbean,.to.take.pictures ..But.then.the.night.before.he.was.supposed.to.leave,.he.looked.at.all.of.this.photo.gear.and.in.the.1870s.the.photo.gear.was.incredibly.cumbersome,.all,.you.know,.glass.plates.and.chemicals.and. .. .. ..equipment.and.so.on—and.he.said.to.himself,.“I’m.not.carrying.all.this.stuff .”.There’s.got.to.be.an.easier.way.to.take.photographs!.So.he.canceled.his.vacation,.quit.his.job,.stayed.home,.and.invented.film.instead .

A:. That’s.great!B:. The.guy.was.a.bank.clerk,.twenty-four.years.old!.But.

that.was.the.mood.at.the.time,.you.know?.Talk.about.a.positive.attitude!.It.was.a.real.can-do.spirit ..People.were.asking.questions:.“Hmmm ..I.wonder.if.we.could.have.a.machine.that.does.this?”.or,.you.know,.“Why.can’t.we.do.that?”.And.then.they.would.set.out.to.do.it,.and.they.wouldn’t.give.up .

A:. But.then.they.also.discovered.things.by.accident?B:. Oh.yes,.like.the.microwave.oven ..The.microwave.

oven.was.actually.developed.from.the.magnetron. .. .. ..that’s.the.power.tube.that.drives.a.radar.machine ..One.day,.this.scientist—Percy.Spencer.was.his.name—was.standing.next.to.a.magnetron,.and.he.had.a.chocolate.bar.in.his.pocket ..And.the.chocolate.melted ..So.he.said,.“Huh ..That’s.interesting .”.So.the.next.day.he.came.in.with.popcorn,.and.guess.what.happened?

A:. Pop .B:. Yes ..And.that.essentially.was.where.the.idea.of.the.

microwave.came.from. .. .. ..just.by.chance,.really ..It.was.called.a.“Radarange”.because.of.the.radar ..Of.course,.it.took.a.while.to.be.developed,.and.so.on,.but. .. .. ..

A:. But.that.happened.too,.didn’t.it?.A.lot.of.things.didn’t.take.off.immediately,.didn’t.necessarily.find.a.market,.right?

B:. Right ..Some.products.were.just.not.in.the.right.place.at.the.right.time ..The.classic.example.of.that.was.the.fax.machine ..I.bet.you.didn’t.know.we.had.fax.machines.before.we.had.telephones .

A:. Really?B:. Yes ..The.French.were.using.very.effective.fax.

machines.in.the.1860s,.before.the.telephone,.in.fact ..But.the.idea.never.took.off ..At.that.time,.people.were.more.interested.in.the.telegraph ..

A:. That’s.amazing ..B:. Yes ..People.have.to.be.ready.for.a.new.thing.before.

they’ll.accept.it ..It.took.Remington.years.to.convince.people.to.use.a.typewriter ..Everybody.said,.“Oh,.it’s.great,.it’s.the.wave.of.the.future,.it’s.a.wonderful.machine,”.but.they.wouldn’t,.you.know. .. .. ..for.ten.years.it.didn’t.sell ..And.that.was.because.letters.were.handwritten ..That.was.what.you.did ..There.was.a.whole.art.to.writing.letters ..People.didn’t.think.it.was.appropriate.to.type.them,.because.what.was.typeset.was.mainly.used.for.advertising ..So.if.people.got.a.typewritten.letter,.they.were.either.offended,.or.they.thought.it.was.junk.mail ..

A:. I.guess.you.had.to.convince.enough.people.at.one.time .

B:. Right!.Eventually.businesses.started.using.them ..And.then.everyone.had.to.have.one ..But.it.took.about.ten.years.for.the.typewriter.to.become.really.popular .

D Focus on the Listening Skillexercise � (p. 66)

A = Writer, B = PresenterA:. A.lot.of.inventors.were.amateurs,.and.some.of.them.

were.considered.to.be.nuts. .. .. ..crazy!.But.they.had.this. .. .. ..incredible.determination ..They.believed.absolutely.in.what.they.were.doing .

B:. Umm .A:. Take.George.Eastman,.for.example. .. .. .. A:. So.he.canceled.his.vacation,.quit.his.job,.stayed.home,.

and.invented.film.instead .B:. That’s.great!A:. The.guy.was.a.bank.clerk,.twenty-four.years.old!.But.

that.was.the.mood.at.the.time,.you.know?.Talk.about.a.positive.attitude!.It.was.a.real.can-do.spirit .

exercise 3 (p. 67)

A = Presenter, B = WriterA:. But.then.they.also.discovered.things.by.accident?B:. Oh.yes,.like.the.microwave.oven ..The.microwave.

oven.was.actually.developed.from.the.magnetron. .. .. ..

Open Forum: Transcripts 3�


that’s.the.power.tube.that.drives.a.radar.machine ..One.day,.this.scientist—Percy.Spencer.was.his.name—was.standing.next.to.a.magnetron,.and.he.had.a.chocolate.bar.in.his.pocket ..And.the.chocolate.melted ..So.he.said,.“Huh ..That’s.interesting .”.So.the.next.day.he.came.in.with.popcorn,.and.guess.what.happened?

A:. Pop .B:. Yes ..And.that.essentially.was.where.the.idea.of.the.

microwave.came.from. .. .. ..just.by.chance,.really .

exercise 4 (p. 67)

A = Presenter, B = WriterB:. Yes ..People.have.to.be.ready.for.a.new.thing.before.

they’ll.accept.it ..It.took.Remington.years.to.convince.people.to.use.a.typewriter ..Everybody.said,.“Oh,.it’s.great,.it’s.the.wave.of.the.future,.it’s.a.wonderful.machine,”.but.they.wouldn’t,.you.know. .. .. ..for.ten.years.it.didn’t.sell ..And.that.was.because.letters.were.handwritten ..That.was.what.you.did ..There.was.a.whole.art.to.writing.letters ..People.didn’t.think.it.was.appropriate.to.type.them,.because.what.was.typeset.was.mainly.used.for.advertising ..So.if.people.got.a.typewritten.letter,.they.were.either.offended,.or.they.thought.it.was.junk.mail ..

A:. I.guess.you.had.to.convince.enough.people.at.one.time .

B:. Right ..Eventually.businesses.started.using.them ..And.then.everyone.had.to.have.one ..But.it.took.about.ten.years.for.the.typewriter.to.become.really.popular .


A = Guide, B = Visitor 1, C = Visitor 2, D = Visitor 3A:. Good.morning.everybody!.Welcome.to.the.Museum.

of.Technology!.My.name.is.Greg,.and.I’ll.be.your.tour.leader.today ..Now,.if.you’d.like.to.step.this.way. .. .. ..we’re.going.to.look.at.this.machine.over.here. .. .. .. ..Now,.first.of.all,.can.anybody.guess.what.this.is?

B:. It.looks.like.something.for.writing,.or.printing .A:. Yes ..This.is.actually.the.first.photocopy.machine .All:. Aha!.Oh.yes!A:. This.was.one.of.the.most.important.inventions.of.the.

twentieth.century ..Fortune.magazine.called.it.“the.most.successful.product.ever.marketed.in.America .”. .. .. ..And.this.technology.is.essentially.the.same.technology.that.is.used.in.laser.printers.today!. .. .. ..Just.think.for.a.moment.how.often.you.use.a.photocopy.machine,.or.a.laser.printer .

. And.this.is.Chester.Carlson,.the.inventor.of.the.photocopy.machine ..He.invented.the.process.of.xerography—that’s.basically.what.happens.in.a.photocopy.machine—in.1937 .. .. .. ..First.I’m.going.to.tell.you.a.little.bit.about.him,.and.then.we’ll.look.at.how.xerography.works ..OK?.

All:. OK .A:. Chester.Carlson.was.born.in.Seattle,.and.he.was.the.

only.child.of.a.barber ..His.father.was.sick.and.couldn’t.work,.and.the.family.was.very.poor ..His.mother.died.when.he.was.a.teenager,.so.he.had.to.support.his.father ..At.one.point.the.two.of.them.lived.in.a.chicken.coop.with.a.bare.concrete.floor!

. But.he.was.a.good.student,.and. .. .. ..and.he.was.very.interested.in.science ..He.put.himself.through.college,.first.junior.college.and.then.the.California.Institute.of.Technology ..All.the.time.he.did.odd.jobs.to.support.himself.and.his.father ..He.always.knew.that.he.wanted.to.be.an.inventor,.because.he.figured.that.if.he.invented.something,.it.would.be.a.way.out.of.poverty ..

. He.kept.notebooks. .. .. ..full.of.all.kinds.of.ideas ..One.of.his.ideas.was. .. .. ..a.raincoat.with.like,.gutters.on.it.to.keep.water.off.your.pant.legs. .. .. .. ..Another.idea.that.he.had.was. .. .. ..a.toothbrush.with.bristles.that.you.could.replace ..He.was.an.inventive.type.of.guy .

. Anyway,.when.he.graduated.he.got.a.job.in.New.York,.and.got.married,.but.he.still.wanted.to.invent.something,.so.he.went.to.law.school.to.find.out.about.the.legal.aspects.of.inventions ..He.wound.up.spending.a.lot.of.time.in.the.New.York.Public.Library,.and.he.had.to.copy.pages.longhand.from.law.books.because.he.couldn’t.afford.to.buy.them ..It’s.hard.for.us.to.imagine.that.nowadays,.but.without.photocopiers,.you.either.had.to.copy.everything.by.hand. .. .. ..or.had.to.buy.the.book ..There.wasn’t.any.other.option!

. So.Carlson.started.thinking.about.a.machine.that.would.duplicate.documents ..He.came.up.with.the.idea.for.this.machine,.which.basically.uses.photoconductivity ..It’s.a.process.whereby.you.use.electricity.and.light.to.create.an.image ..This.machine.was.his.prototype,.and.it.was.made.in.1938 ..

. He.used.his.own.money.to.make.it,.because.he.couldn’t.convince.anyone.that.it.would.work ..He.knew.he.had.a.good.idea,.but.nobody.would.invest.in.it ..He.was.turned.down.by.more.than.twenty.companies!.Finally,.in.1944,.he.got.some.money.from.a.research.company. .. .. ..to.do.more.research ..And.then.in.1947.a.small.company.in.Rochester.New.York—it.was.called.Haloid—agreed.to.develop.the.machines ..

. But.the.process.was.so.complicated,.that.it.took.a.long.time. .. .. ..and.a.lot.of.money.to.get.the.process.right ..A.lot.of.the.scientists.at.the.company.wanted.to.drop.it.altogether ..But.Carlson.kept.pushing.them,.and.finally.in.1960—that’s.years.later!—they.sold.the.first.automated.copier ..It.weighed.650.pounds!. .. .. ..But.as.soon.as.it.got.into.offices,.you.can.imagine.what.happened .

C:. They.liked.it .A:. They.loved.it ..It.sold.like.hot.cakes ..Think.about.how.

often.the.average.office.uses.a.photocopier.today ..Haloid.changed.its.name,.and.I.think.you.can.guess.the.new.name .



D:. Xerox?A:. Yes ..Haloid.became.The.Xerox.Corporation .B:. What.about.Carlson?A:. He.became.very.rich!.He.earned.about.two.hundred.

million.dollars.from.his.invention ..And.that.was.in.the.1950s,.so.the.money.was.worth.a.lot.more.than.it.is.today ..But.he.was.very.modest.about.it ..He.only.ever.had.one.car ..People.said,.if.you.met.him,.you’d.never.know.he.was.so.rich ..He.actually.gave.away.most.of.the.money .

C:. Really?A:. He.gave.millions.of.dollars.to.charity. .. .. ..paid.for.

schools. .. .. ..libraries ..And.he.never.allowed.his.name.to.be.mentioned ..He.donated.a.lot.of.money.for.a.building.at.the.university.where.he.had.studied,.but.he.named.the.building.after.the.teacher.who.had.inspired.him.the.most .

C:. That’s.an.incredible.story .A:. It.is,.isn’t.it?.Now,.let’s.look.at.the.machine ..Does.

anybody.know.how.a.photocopy.is.made?.D:. Is.it.some.kind.of.photographic.process?A:. No,.it’s.not.photographic ..As.I.said,.it.uses.electricity,.

and.light,.basically,.to.create.an.image .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 70). 1 .. But.he.was.a.good.student,.and. .. .. ..and.he.was.

very.interested.in.science ..He.put.himself.through.college,.first.junior.college.and.then.the.California.Institute.of.Technology ..All.the.time.he.did.odd.jobs.to.support.himself.and.his.father .

. 2 .. It’s.hard.for.us.to.imagine.that.nowadays,.but.without.photocopiers,.you.either.had.to.copy.everything.by.hand.or.had.to.buy.the.book ..There.wasn’t.any.other.option ..So.Carlson.started.thinking.about.a.machine.that.would.duplicate.documents .

. 3 .. He.used.his.own.money.to.make.it,.because.he.couldn’t.convince.anyone.that.it.would.work ..He.knew.he.had.a.good.idea,.but.nobody.would.invest.in.it ..He.was.turned.down.by.more.than.twenty.companies .

. 4 .. But.the.process.was.so.complicated.that.it.took.a.long.time.and.a.lot.of.money.to.get.the.process.right ..A.lot.of.the.scientists.at.the.company.wanted.to.drop.it.altogether ..But.Carlson.kept.pushing.them,.and.finally.in.1960—that’s.years.later—they.sold.the.first.automated.copier .

. 5 .. He.became.very.rich ..He.earned.about.$200,000,000.from.his.invention ..And.that.was.in.the.1950s,.so.the.money.was.worth.a.lot.more.than.it.is.today ..But.he.was.very.modest.about.it ..He.only.ever.had.one.car ..People.said,.if.you.met.him,.you’d.never.know.he.was.so.rich .


A = Ron, B = FrancineA:. Hey.Francine,.can.you.help.me?B:. Sure,.Ron ..What’s.the.problem?A:. I’m.trying.to.figure.out.how.to.make.this.double-

sided .B:. OK,.well.first.you.need.to.put.your.original.in.this.

way .A:. Oh,.OK .B:. And.now.let’s.check.the.settings ..You.want.“two.side.

to.two.side:”.this.button.here ..So.we’ll.press.this .A:. Uh-huh .B:. How.many.copies.do.you.want?A:. Umm,.let’s.say.five .B:. OK,.so.then.you.press.five.here ..And.then.after.that,.

you.press.the.big.green.button.to.make.the.copies ..OK?

A:. Yeah,.I.think.so ..Put.the.paper.in.here,.check.the.settings,.enter.the.number.of.copies,.and.press.the.green.button .

B:. That’s.it .A:. OK ..Thanks,.Francine .

Chapter 9

Marketing and Advertising


A = Host 1, B = Host 2 C = Edna Sullivan, D = Victor RodriguezA:. Time.now.to.look.at.our.mailbox.for.some.of.the.

reactions.to.last.week’s.show ..B:. If.you.were.watching.last.week,.you.will.remember.

that.the.show.looked.at.advertising:.how.much.of.it.there.is,.where.it’s.done,.and.who.is.being.targeted ..In.particular,.we.looked.at.the.growing.trend.towards.advertising.in.schools ..

A:. We.had.a.lot.of.e-mails.and.phone.calls.in.response.to.that.program ..Here’s.Edna.Sullivan,.from.Huntington,.West.Virginia:

C:. I.don’t.mind.advertising.on.billboards.and.bus.shelters,.and.I’ve.gotten.used.to.seeing.ads.on.lampposts,.and.trashcans,.and.supermarket.floors.and.elevators.and.all.the.rest.of.it ..But.I.was.very.upset.by.some.of.the.advertising.that.you.showed.in.places.of.natural.beauty,.like.the.billboards.in.the.desert ..It.looks.awful.to.have.advertising.in.places.like.that ..Our.landscape.is.a.precious.resource,.and.I.don’t.think.it.should.be.spoiled.by.advertising ..

B:. For.a.different.point.of.view,.let’s.read.an.e-mail.we.received.from.Robert.Bianchi.in.New.York ..He.said,.“Companies.have.to.attract.customers.in.order.to.



survive ..That.is.the.nature.of.our.economy ..Successful.businesses.are.the.ones.that.know.how.to.do.that ..No.matter.how.good.your.product.is,.if.you.can’t.attract.customers.you.won’t.succeed ..We.should.remember.that.without.advertising,.many.companies,.and.the.jobs.that.they.provide,.would.simply.not.exist,.and.we’d.all.pay.a.lot.more.for.the.products.and.services.we.take.for.granted .”.

A:. The.segment.on.advertising.in.schools.generated.a.lot.of.responses ..Here’s.Victor.Rodriguez,.from.Albany,.New.York .

D:. I.am.shocked.at.how.much.marketing.is.geared.toward. .. .. ..purposely.geared.toward.young.children.that.are.just.too.young.to.know.that. .. .. ..that.they’re.being.marketed.to ..I’m.a.parent,.and.I.can’t.even.allow.my.children.to.watch.network.TV.stations.because.of.all.the.commercials ..It.just.encourages.them.to.want.the.latest.toy.or.whatever ..Another.thing,.I.am.concerned.about.the.advertising.that’s.turning.up.in.our.local.elementary.school ..It’s.in.my.kids’.schoolbooks,.posters.on.the.walls,.and.school.lunches,.for.example ..I.think.it’s.wrong ..School.is.not.the.place.for.advertising .

B:. Laura.Wellman,.a.high.school.student.from.Boulder.Colorado,.disagrees ..She.says.in.an.e-mail,.“I.don’t.have.a.problem.with.advertising.in.schools ..As.a.teenager,.I’m.surrounded.by.advertising.all.the.time,.but.I.don’t.necessarily.buy.the.products.that.are.advertised ..A.couple.of.extra.ads.on.the.drink.machines.or.on.the.school.bus.really.wouldn’t.make.any.difference.to.me ..I.probably.wouldn’t.even.notice.them ..If.a.company.wants.to.sponsor.our.soccer.team.in.exchange.for.their.name.on.our.shirts,.that’s.fine.with.us .”

A:. Finally,.here’s.an.e-mail.from.Sarah.Cohen.from.Baltimore ..She.says,.“I.would.like.to.have.seen.more.specific.guidelines.for.parents.on.how.to.help.children.deal.with.the.thousands.of.commercial.messages.that.they.face.every.day ..Teenagers.in.particular.are.very.influenced.by.advertising ..They.should.be.taught.to.be.more.critical.of.the.advertising.that.they.encounter,.to.ask.pointed.questions.about.the.products,.and.above.all.not.to.believe.everything.that.they.see.in.an.ad .”

B:. And.with.that.thought,.we’ll.leave.you.until.next.week ..Thank.you.for.watching,.and.remember.to.send.your.comments.on.this.week’s.program. .. .. ..

D Focus on the Listening Skillexercise � (p. 75). 1 .. I.am.shocked.at.how.much.marketing.is.geared.

toward. .. .. ..purposely.geared.toward.young.children,.that.are.just.too.young.to.know.that. .. .. ..that.they’re.being.marketed.to .

. 2 .. I’m.a.parent,.and.I.can’t.even.allow.my.children.to.watch.network.TV.stations.because.of.all.the.commercials. .. .. ..it.just.encourages.them.to.want.the.latest.toy.or.whatever .

. 3 .. Another.thing,.I.am.concerned.about.the.advertising.that’s.turning.up.in.our.local.elementary.school ..It’s.in.my.kids’.schoolbooks,.posters.on.the.walls,.and.school.lunches,.for.example ..I.think.it’s.wrong ..School.is.not.the.place.for.advertising .

exercise 3 (p. 75). 1 .. Companies.have.to.attract.customers.in.order.to.

survive ..That.is.the.nature.of.our.economy .. 2 .. Successful.businesses.are.the.ones.that.know.how.

to.do.that ..No.matter.how.good.your.product.is,.if.you.can’t.attract.customers,.you.won’t.succeed .

. 3 .. We.should.remember.that.without.advertising,.many.companies,.and.the.jobs.that.they.provide,.would.simply.not.exist,.and.we’d.all.pay.a.lot.more.for.the.products.and.services.we.take.for.granted .


A = Sam, B = NicoleA:. I.can’t.believe.it ..Every.time.I.go.to.the.supermarket.to.

get.milk,.I.have.to.walk,.like,.all.the.way.to.the.back.of.the.store.to.get.it ..You.know,.why.can’t.they.put.the.milk.near.the.front.of.the.store?

B:. I.know ..I.was.running.late.the.other.day.and.just.wanted.to.run.in.for.some.ice.cream,.but.I.had.to.go.all.the.way.to.the.other.side.of.the.store,.too ..

A:. It.drives.me.crazy .B:. Well,.they.do.it.on.purpose,.you.know .A:. On.purpose?.What.do.you.mean?B:. Well,.they.put.things.like.milk.and.ice.cream.at.the.

back.of.the.store,.so.that.you’ll.have.to.go.through.most.of.the.store.and.pass.a.whole.bunch.of.other.stuff.just.to.get.to.it .

A:. Why.would.they.do.that?B:. To.make.you.stop.and.look.at.the.other.stuff,.of.

course ..You.go.in.for.milk,.but.you.might.buy.something.else .

A:. Really?.You.mean,.they.plan.this.kind.of.thing?.I.thought.it.was.just.a.practical.thing .

B:. Well,.I.think.there.are.practical.reasons,.too,.but.marketing.people.do.look.at.all.of.that.kind.of.thing ..They.do.research.on.what.people.buy.at.particular.stores.and.how.often ..And.they.look.at.how.people.move.through.supermarkets,.and.that’s.how.they.work.out.where.to.put.things,.to.their.advantage,.of.course .

A:. Wow ..That.never.occurred.to.me ..B:. Oh.yeah ..I.read.an.article.about.it.in.the.paper.a.while.

ago ..There’s.a.whole.science.to.it ..Like,.you.know.how.the.gourmet.stuff—the.deli,.the.fancy.bakery,.the.fresh.food—all.that.stuff.is.near.the.front.of.the.store?.It.smells.good ..All.that.baking.bread.and.fresh.food—the.



smell.draws.people.in.and.tempts.them,.and.then.they.buy.other.things.they.didn’t.come.for .

A:. Oh,.I.know ..I.do.that.all.the.time ..My.supermarket.has.a.great.deli.counter ..I.often.stop.there.and.get.a.sandwich.for.later .

B:. Yeah,.even.if.you.didn’t.intend.to,.right?A:. I.guess.so .B:. Supermarkets.love.people.like.you ..They’re.trying.to.

get.you.to.buy.something.extra,.something.you.didn’t.plan.to.get ..

A:. Uh-huh .B:. All.the.special.offers.and.the.food.samples,.they’re.

always.around.the.sides.of.the.store,.because.most.people.go.around.the.sides .

A:. Oh.yeah ..I.always.go.around.the.side ..It.seems.like.it’s.the.fastest.way.to.get.to.the.things.I.need ..I.hardly.ever.go.in.the.aisles .

B:. Except.for.when.you.want.cleaning.products.and.dog.food.and.things.like.that .

A:. That’s.right .B:. Well,.they.know.that.if.you.need.that.stuff,.you’ll.go.

and.look.for.it.anyway,.so.they.put.cleaning.stuff.in.the.aisles.because.people.will.go.get.it.anyway,.and.they.put.it.on.a.low.shelf .

A:. Yeah,.that’s.right!.It.is!B:. ‘Cause.there’s.a.whole.thing.about.which.shelf.it’s.on ..

Companies.pay.more.for.their.products.to.be.put.on.middle.shelves .

A:. Really?.I.had.no.idea .B:. Yeah ..It’s.important.to.have.stuff.at.eye.level.if.you.

can .A:. I.guess.it.is ..Huh ..Well ..They.get.me,.all.right ..And.I.

always.check.out.the.food.samples .B:. So.do.I ..But.do.you.buy.the.food.they’re.selling?A:. Yeah ..And.then.I.take.it.home.and.don’t.use.it .B:. You’re.being.marketed.to ..They.love.you!A:. You’re.right ..I’ll.have.to.think.about.this.more ..Maybe.

I.should.shop.more.carefully .B:. Sounds.like.it .A:. I.guess.that’s.why.they.have.all.the.candy.at.the.

check-out.counter,.too .B:. Same.thing ..Yeah ..It’s.hard.to.say.no.when.you.have.

to.stand.right.next.to.it.for.five.minutes,.or.however.long.it.takes .

A:. Just.a.little.chocolate.to.eat.on.the.way.home!


A = Susan, B = Jeff, C = MarkA:. I.think.we.need.to.advertise.in.a.more.exciting.way,.

like.maybe.use.a.balloon.or.something .B:. A.balloon?.What.do.you.mean,.Susan?A:. You.know.those.hot.air.balloons .C:.. Oh!.You.mean.we.put.the.company.name.on.a.big.

balloon.and.we.sail.it.around,.like.over.football.games.or.something?.

A:. Something.like.that,.yes .B:.. I.don’t.get.it ..How.would.that.attract.people.to.the.

business?A:. Well,.it.would.put.the.name.out.there ..People.would.

see.the.name.and.remember ..C:. Wait.a.minute ..You’re.saying.that.we.use.up.the.whole.

budget.on.a.hot.air.balloon?.A:. No ..Not.the.whole.budget!.I’m.talking.about.maybe.a.

few.thousand

Chapter �0

Education

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideasexercise � (p. 84)

Part 1Do.you.want.to.learn.something.new.and.improve.your.job.possibilities?.Are.you.looking.for.a.degree.program.that.will.recognize.all.your.unique.life.experience?.Consider.Westside.College ..We.design.programs.around.your.busy.life,.and,.more.importantly,.give.you.credit.for.your.life.experience,.because.you.shouldn’t.have.to.waste.precious.time.and.money.in.unnecessary.classes ..We’ll.use.our.“Life.and.Learning.Assessment”.to.evaluate.your.experience ..Based.on.this.assessment,.we’ll.be.able.to.see.how.you.can.apply.your.experience.to.the.requirements.for.your.course.of.study ..Call.today.and.make.an.appointment.to.meet.with.one.of.our.advisors ..You.won’t.regret.it ..Our.number.is. .. .. .

exercise 2 (p. 84)

A = Mona, B = BenPart 2A:. Do.they.really.do.that.now?.B:. What?A:. Give.you.credit.in.college.for.life.experience?.B:. Yes,.they.do ..Not.all.colleges.and.universities.do,.of.

course,.but.more.and.more.are.starting.to.do.it ..I.think.it.makes.a.lot.of.sense ..

A:. Really?.B:. Yes,.don’t.you?.A:. Well,.maybe,.but.I.think.there.are.a.lot.of.issues.

around.it ..For.example,.how.can.they.really.evaluate.your.life.experience?.

B:. Like.they.said,.they.have.an.assessment ..I.think.there.are.different.ways.they.assess ..Students.often.have.to.take.a.test.to.prove.they.have.a.certain.level.of.knowledge ..Some.places.also.use.something.like.a.portfolio.of.previous.learning ..That’s.something.that.a.student.has.to.put.together.with.examples.and.documentation.to.show.that.he.or.she.has.learned.



certain.things ..A:. But.couldn’t.something.like.that.be.falsified ..It.seems.

like.it.would.be.pretty.easy.to.make.some.things.up ..B:. Maybe,.but.I.don’t.think.it’s.as.easy.as.you’d.think ..

My.aunt.works.at.the.community.college ..They.accept.life.experience.for.credit,.and.she.says.that.they’re.really.strict.in.deciding.who.gets.credit ..The.students.have.to.put.a.lot.into.these.portfolios.of.previous.learning ..It.seems.like.it.would.be.a.lot.of.work.to.falsify.something.like.that ..It.could.be.almost.as.much.work.as.doing.the.class!

A:. I.don’t.agree ..It.seems.so.subjective ..How.can.you.compare.and.evaluate.different.experiences ..For.example,.what.if.one.person.has.lots.of.work.experience.in.computer.programming.and.another.person.has.a.lot.of.experience.in.taking.care.of.little.children?.Could.you.get.credit.for.both.experiences?.And.if.so,.would.you.get.the.same.amount.of.credit,.or.what?.

B:. Well,.I.doubt.that.two.people.like.that.would.be.trying.to.get.the.same.amount.of.credit.in.exactly.the.same.situation ..You.know,.the.standards.for.testing.and.evaluation.for.regular.courses.aren’t.completely.objective.either ..There.is.always.some.level.of.subjectivity.when.teachers.mark.and.give.grades.and.things.like.that ..

A:. Yes,.but.the.system.itself.is.pretty.objective ...And.it.just.seems.a.little.unfair ..It.takes.discipline.to.go.to.college ..You.have.to.attend,.do.the.work,.take.exams,.and.pass.classes.in.order.to.get.credit—and.then.some.people.get.around.that.with.“life.experience”?.It.seems.like.an.easy.way.out.to.me .

B:. I.don’t.know ..Think.about.how.many.people.say.they.didn’t.really.learn.anything.in.college ..For.many.people,.college.is.mainly.social,.and.then.they.really.start.learning.after.they.graduate.from.college ..That.was.certainly.true.for.me ..And,.if.you.have.to.consider.that.people.who.enroll.in.college.later.in.life.are.in.a.different.situation,.they’ve.often.had.a.lot.of.work.experience.and.they.usually.don’t.have.time.to.take.every.class.from.the.beginning ..That.doesn’t.seem.fair .

A:. I.see.your.point,.but.it.still.seems.vague.and.subjective.to.evaluate.something.like.life.experience.and.then.give.credit ..

B:. Well,.I.guess.it’s.a.good.thing.neither.one.of.us.is.considering.going.back.to.college ..

A:. Yes,.you’re.probably.right!

D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 85). 1 .. Maybe,.but.I.don’t.think.it’s.as.easy.as.you’d.

think ..My.aunt.works.at.the.community.college ..They.accept.life.experience.for.credit,.and.she.says.that.they’re.really.strict.in.deciding.who.gets.credit ..The.students.have.to.put.a.lot.into.these.portfolios.of.previous.learning ..It.seems.like.it.would.be.a.lot.of.work.to.falsify.something.like.

that ..It.could.be.almost.as.much.work.as.doing.the.class!

. 2 .. I.don’t.agree ..It.seems.so.subjective ..How.can.you.compare.and.evaluate.different.experiences?.For.example,.what.if.one.person.has.lots.of.work.experience.in.computer.programming.and.another.person.has.a.lot.of.experience.in.taking.care.of.little.children?.Could.you.get.credit.for.both.experiences?.And.if.so,.would.you.get.the.same.amount.of.credit,.or.what?

. 3 .. Yes,.but.the.system.itself.is.pretty.objective ..And.it.just.seems.a.little.unfair ..It.takes.discipline.to.go.to.college ..You.have.to.attend,.do.the.work,.take.exams,.and.pass.classes.in.order.to.get.credit—and.then.some.people.get.around.that.with.“life.experience”?.It.seems.like.an.easy.way.out.to.me .

. 4 .. I.don’t.know ..Think.about.how.many.people.say.they.didn’t.really.learn.anything.in.college ..For.many.people,.college.is.mainly.social,.and.then.they.really.start.learning.after.they.graduate.from.college ..That.was.certainly.true.for.me .


Speaker 1: TomI.guess.you.could.say.I.was.a.late.developer!.My.grades.weren’t.good.enough.for.a.four-year.college ..I.didn’t.work.hard.enough.in.high.school ..So.I.wound.up.at.the.community.college,.and.I.didn’t.study.very.hard.there.either,.at.least.not.for.the.first.year ..I.just.really.wasn’t.interested.in.anything ..But.in.my.second.year.there. .. .. ..one.day.I.had.to.do.a.project.on.the.computer ..Of.course,.computers.were.quite.new.in.those.days ..And.I.got.interested,.really.interested ..It.was.fun.messing.around.on.computers,.trying.to.figure.things.out ..Eventually.I.changed.my.major.to.computer.science ..It.was.a.new.field.but.it.was.growing.fast.and.it.was.obvious.there.was.a.huge.future.there ..I.started.working.. .. .. ..transferred.to.a.four-year.college.and.graduated.with.honors ..After.I.graduated,.my.friend.got.me.a.job.at.a.software.company ..I.worked.there.for.a.few.years.and,.eventually,.I.went.out.on.my.own ..Now.I.have.a.very.stable.business.with.more.than.twenty.employees.and.I.guess.you.could.say.I’m.quite.successful ..So.I.don’t.think.it.makes.a.bit.of.difference.which.school.you.go.to.or.how.much.you.pay.for.it ..It’s.what.you.do.with.it.that’s.important .

Speaker 2: TracyI.got.an.undergraduate.degree.from.the.local.state.university ..My.family.didn’t.have.a.lot.of.money.so.that.was.my.only.option.at.that.point,.really ..My.dream.


#602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.�6 #602076-O.U.P.-Open Forum Answer Key and Test Booklet P.�7

had.always.been.to.go.to.an.Ivy.League.school,.like.Harvard.or.Yale,.but.we.just.couldn’t.afford.it ..I.had.to.work.part-time.while.I.was.studying,.and.then.I.worked.two.jobs.during.the.summer.to.pay.for.school ..I.was.pretty.happy.at.the.state.school. .. .. ..I.got.good.grades,.and.I.felt.like.I.was.getting.a.good.education ..But.I.still.wished.I.could.have.gone.to.a.school.like.Harvard ..Then,.one.of.my.professors.suggested.that.I.think.about.going.to.grad.school.and.getting.a.master’s.degree ..I’d.never.really.considered.it.before,.but.I.decided.to.apply.anyway ..My.professor.suggested.different.schools.to.apply.to,.including.Harvard,.and.I.thought,.well,.it’s.worth.a.try ..I.didn’t.know.if.I’d.get.accepted,.and.I.really.didn’t.know.how.I’d.pay.for.it,.but.I.decided.to.try.anyway ..Well,.I.was.accepted.and.it.was.very.hard. .. .. ..hard.in.terms.of.studying,.and.hard.financially ..But,.I.did.it ..I.honestly.don’t.know.if.doing.my.master’s.at.an.Ivy.League.school.made.all.that.much.difference.in.the.end. .. .. ..in.what.I.learned.or.the.jobs.I’ve.gotten,.but.I’m.glad.I.did.it .

Speaker 3: EdI.went.to.a.very.small.state.college,.but.it.was.kind.of.unusual ..There.was.a.big.emphasis.on.hands-on.learning,.group.work,.seminars,.debates,.discussions ..It.was.really.active.and.you.were.expected.to.participate ..I.don’t.think.it.would.be.for.everyone,.but.I.really.loved.it ..Like,.you.couldn’t.just.sit.there.and.take.notes ..You.were.expected.to.engage.with.the.information.and.ask.questions ..I.was.always.getting.in.trouble.in.regular.school.for.asking.questions,.so.I.loved.it ..You.might.think.it.was.easier,.but.I.think.they.asked.more.of.you.than.they.do.in.a.regular.university ..You.had.to.write.your.own.academic.plan.at.the.beginning.of.every.year.and.discuss.it.with.the.teachers,.and.this.is.the.part.that.really.is.different:.you.wrote.your.own.self-evaluation.at.the.end.of.every.semester ..They.didn’t.give.grades ..They.gave.narrative.evaluations,.like.each.professor.wrote.a.paragraph.about.your.strengths.and.weaknesses ..You.know,.it’s.amazing ..Those.evaluations.meant.a.lot.more.to.us.than.grades.would.have,.and.they.were.a.lot.more.informative,.actually ..Some.people.didn’t.like.them.at.all ..They.wanted.an.A.or.a.B.or.whatever. .. .. ..But.that.wasn’t.the.way.they.did.it ..

Speaker 4: AliciaMy.parents.and.my.grandparents.immigrated.to.this.country.from.Mexico.when.I.was.twelve,.and.they.never.had.much.education ..But.that.was.the.big.thing.they.wanted.for.me—the.most.important.thing.was.education ..They.were.pushing.me.all.through.school,.always.checking.my.homework,.putting.me.in.summer.school.and.things.like.that ..They.were.so.happy.when.I.got.accepted.to.college ..But.college.was.tough.for.

me ..High.school.was.pretty.easy,.but.you’re.expected.to.be.a.lot.more.independent.in.college,.to.study.and.work.on.your.own,.and.I.didn’t.really.understand.that.at.the.beginning ..And.I.felt.really.insecure.because.English.isn’t.my.first.language.and.I.had.to.write.a.lot.of.papers.in.English ..It.was.really.hard.at.first.and.my.grades.weren’t.always.so.good ..But.I.made.it.in.the.end ..Nobody.in.our.family.had.ever.graduated.from.college.before,.so.it.was.a.big.deal—for.the.whole.family .

5 Pronunciationexercise 2 (p. 89). 1 .. I.went.back.to.school.because.I.wanted.to.do.

something.for.myself .. 2 .. I’ve.made.your.coffee ..Do.you.want.it.now.or.

later?. 3 .. You.can.have.my.cake ..I.don’t.want.it .. 4 .. My.mother.always.wanted.a.large.house .

exercise 3 (p. 90). 1 .. I’ve.enrolled.in.a.swim.class,.and.I’m.going.to.

start.it.next.week .. 2 .. The.class.has.already.started .. 3 .. The.professor.predicted.that.I’d.get.an.A .. 4 .. You.might.get.an.A,.but.I.really.can’t.predict.it .. 5 .. I.didn’t.hear.the.announcement ..Could.you.please.

repeat.it?. 6 .. My.daughter.repeated.third.grade .. 7 .. Wish.me.good.luck!.I’ll.need.it!. 8 .. I.needed.better.grades.to.get.into.that.school .. 9 .. My.teacher.suggested.that.I.take.a.math.class .. 10 .. I.think.Ben.should.drop.physics,.but.I.didn’t.

suggest.it .

6 Speaking Skillsexercise � (p. 90). 1 .. And.I.got.interested,.really.interested .. 2 .. I.was.pretty.happy.at.the.state.school ..I.got.

good.grades.and.I.felt.like.I.was.getting.a.good.education .

. 3 .. Well,.I.was.accepted.and.it.was.very.hard. .. .. ..hard.in.terms.of.studying.and.hard.financially .



Chapter ��

Astronomy


A = Host, B = Craig Doss, C = Danielle, D = Edward, E = Rita, F = LouisA:. Hello.and.welcome.to.“Science.Now .”.We’re.talking.

about.the.moon.today,.and.our.guest.is.Craig.Doss,.a.scientist.who.spends.his.life.considering.the.mysteries.of.the.moon ..Hello,.Craig ..

B:. Hi,.thanks.for.having.me.on.the.show ..A:. Now.Craig,.this.is.a.weekly.call-in.show.where.people.

can.ask.questions.about.our.topic. .. .. ..and.our.expert—that’s.you—will.answer.the.questions ..OK,.are.you.ready?.

B:. Yes .A:. OK,.let’s.get.started ..Our.first.question.comes.from.

Danielle.in.New.Jersey ..Hi.Danielle,.what’s.your.question?.

C:. Hi,.I’m.wondering.about.water.on.the.moon ..Is.there.actually.water?.I’ve.heard.about.the.seas.on.the.moon,.but.are.they.really.filled.with.water?.

A:. Craig?B:. That’s.a.good.question ..They.are.called.seas,.but.

they’re.not.filled.with.water ..They’re.actually.filled.with.lava ..The.only.water.we.know.of.is.in.ice.at.the.poles.of.the.moon ..

C:. Oh,.OK ..Thank.you ..A:. Our.next.caller.is.Edward.from.New.Mexico ..What’s.

your.question,.Edward?.D:. Hello,.can.you.tell.me.if.scientists.know.how.the.

moon.was.formed?.B:. That’s.an.interesting.one ..There.have.been.different.

theories.on.this ..One.theory.is.that.the.moon.was.actually.part.of.Earth,.but.it.broke.off.and.became.separate.in.early.formation. .. .. ..Another.idea.is.that.the.moon.was.an.object.out.in.space.that.was.captured.or.pulled.in.by.Earth’s.gravity ..In.other.words,.that.it.came.near.enough.to.Earth.and.then.couldn’t.get.away.because.of.gravity ..And.then.there.is.the.theory.that.a.huge.rock.crashed.into.Earth.and.knocked.a.large.piece.of.it.loose,.and.then.this.piece.formed.into.the.moon ..It’s.this.last.theory.that.most.scientists.prefer.now,.but.we.don’t.really.know.for.sure ..

D:. Do.you.think.scientists.will.ever.know.for.sure?.B:. Hmm,.good.question ..Maybe,.maybe.not ..A:. OK,.our.next.caller.is.Rita.from.Missouri ..Hi.Rita .E:. Hi,.thanks.for.taking.my.call ..Did.research.about.the.

moon.help.scientists.figure.out.how.or.why.dinosaurs.disappeared?.

A:. Hmm,.what.can.you.tell.us.about.that.Craig?.B:. There.actually.is.a.connection ..Scientists.studied.how.

craters.on.the.moon.might.have.been.formed. .. .. ..how.something.might.have.crashed.into.the.moon.and.made.craters ..This.research.was.then.used.by.other.

scientists. .. .. ..They.came.up.with.a.theory.that.a.huge.rock.crashing.into.Earth.could.have.killed.all.the.dinosaurs ..

A:. So.there.is.a.connection ..And.it’s.interesting.because.this.is.also.an.example.of.one.of.the.benefits.of.studying.the.moon.and.sending.astronauts.there ..That’s.something.that.people.sometimes.question .

B:. Yes,.that.is.true ..A:. OK,.our.last.question.is.from.Louis.in.Maryland ..Hi.

Louis ..F:. Hi ..My.question.is.more.about.astronauts.on.trips.to.

the.moon ..I’ve.heard.that.they’ve.taken.some.unusual.things.into.space ..Is.this.true?.

B:. Yes,.it.is ..A.lot.of.people.don’t.know.about.this,.but.astronauts.have.carried.golf.balls,.and.coins,.and.even.tree.seeds.to.space ..They’ve.carried.a.lot.of.other.things.as.well ..It.started.to.get.a.little.out.of.hand,.though,.so.nowadays.there.are.much.tighter.regulations ..On.shuttle.missions,.astronauts.aren’t.allowed.to.carry.so.many.things ..But.in.the.early.days.there.weren’t.regulations.and.the.astronauts.carried.things.like.the.golf.balls.and.coins ..

F:. Wow,.do.you.think.it.would.help.my.golf.game.to.use.a.ball.that.had.been.to.the.moon?

A:. It.seems.like.there’s.a.fascination.with.objects.that.have.been.in.space .

B:. Yes,.there.really.is ..People.think.there.must.be.something.special.about.these.things ..In.fact,.there.were.problems. .. .. ..some.people.sold.some.of.the.objects.to.make.a.profit.afterwards,.which.is.one.reason.the.regulations.have.come.about .

A:. OK,.well.thanks.for.your.question,.Louis ..We’re.going.to.take.a.quick.break. .. .. .

D Focus on the Listening Skillexercise � (p. 94). 1 .. Q:. .Hi,.I’m.wondering.about.water.on.the.moon ..

Is.there.actually.water?.I’ve.heard.about.the.“seas”.on.the.moon,.but.are.they.really.filled.with.water?.

. . A:. .That’s.a.good.question ..They.are.called.seas,.but.they’re.not.filled.with.water ..They’re.actually.filled.with.lava ..The.only.water.we.know.of.is.in.ice.at.the.poles.of.the.moon ..

. 2 .. Q:. .Hello,.can.you.tell.me.if.scientists.know.how.the.moon.was.formed?.

. . A:. .That’s.an.interesting.one ..There.have.been.different.theories.on.this ..One.theory.is.that.the.moon.was.actually.part.of.Earth,.but.it.broke.off.and.became.separate.in.early.formation ..Another.idea.is.that.the.moon.was.an.object.out.in.space.that.was.“captured”.or.pulled.in.by.Earth’s.gravity—in.other.words.that.it.came.near.enough.to.Earth.and.then.couldn’t.get.away.because.of.gravity ..And.then.there.is.the.theory.that.a.huge.rock.



crashed.into.Earth.and.knocked.a.large.piece.of.it.loose.and.then.this.piece.formed.into.the.moon .

. 3 .. Q:. .Hi,.thanks.for.taking.my.call ..Did.research.about.the.moon.help.scientists.figure.out.how.or.why.dinosaurs.disappeared?.

. . A:. .There.actually.is.a.connection ..Scientists.studied.how.craters.on.the.moon.might.have.been.formed,.how.something.might.have.crashed.into.the.moon.and.made.craters ..This.research.was.then.used.by.other.scientists ..They.came.up.with.a.theory.that.a.huge.rock.crashing.into.Earth.could.have.killed.all.the.dinosaurs .


A = Host, B = Sharon LeeA:. OK,.now.we.have.Sharon.Lee.here.to.talk.about.

people.in.astronomy ..Hello.Sharon ..B:. Hi.Nicky ..A:. What,.or.should.I.say,.who,.are.you.going.to.tell.us.

about.today?.B:. We’re.going.to.look.at.amateur.astronomers.today ...

Many.people.don’t.realize.that.some.amateurs.have.been.pretty.important.in.astronomy ..Some.significant.discoveries.have.been.made.by.amateurs ..

A:. Really?.B:. Yes ..The.two.main.areas.of.discovery.are.identifying.

new.comets.and.hunting.for.supernovas ..A:. What.are.supernovas?.B:. If.you’ll.let.me.come.back.to.that.in.a.second,.I.want.

to.add.that.astronomy.is.really.one.of.the.few.fields.where.amateurs.actually.make.a.lot.of.discoveries. .. .. ..Think.about.biology.or.physics,.there.just.aren’t.as.many.examples.of.someone,.who.is.not.a.professional.or.expert,.making.some.kind.of.significant.discovery.in.those.fields ..

A:. Hmm,.I.see.what.you.mean ..B:. Now,.back.to.supernovas ..A.supernova.is.a.giant.

dying.star—and.when.I.say.“giant,”.I.mean.larger.than.our.sun—and.this.dying.star.explodes.and.produces.an.enormous.amount.of.energy .

A:. And,.amateurs.can.see,.or.find.these?.B:. Yes,.but.they.are.extremely.rare ..Something.like.eighty.

have.been.recorded.since.they.were.discovered.in.the.1930s ..And.it’s.not.an.easy.task.to.see.them .

A:. Why.is.that?B:. Well,.let.me.tell.you.about.the.person.who.is.probably.

the.most.successful.amateur.looking.for.supernovas,.and.that.will.give.you.a.better.idea .

A:. OK .B:. Robert.Evans.is.a.retired.minister.who.lives.in.

Australia ..He.began.looking.for.supernovas.in.1980,.and.he’s.found.at.least.35.of.them ..

A:. Thirty-five.out.of.the.total.of.about.80?.That.seems.impressive .

A:. It.definitely.is ..He.doesn’t.use.particularly.fancy.equipment,.and.he.observes.from.the.back.deck.of.his.home ..Now.the.most.amazing.part.of.this.is.his.memory ..He.has.an.extraordinary.ability.to.memorize.patterns.of.stars,.and.this.is.what.has.enabled.him.to.find.so.many.supernovas ..

B:. What.do.you.mean.when.you.say.“extraordinary”?A:. Well,.the.writer.Bill.Bryson.included.a.chapter.on.

Evans.in.a.recent.book.called.A Short History of Nearly Everything .

B:. That’s.an.intriguing.title!A:. Yes,.isn’t.it?.Anyway,.he.explains.Evans’s.ability.to.

memorize.this.way:.he.says.to.imagine.a.standard.dining.room.table.with.a.black.cloth.on.it,.then.throw.a.handful.of.salt.across.it ..The.handful.of.salt.would.be.like.a.galaxy ..A.galaxy.is.a.large.group.of.stars,.and.there.are.a.lot.of.them .

A:. OK,.so.a.table.with.a.handful.of.salt.represents.a.galaxy .

B:. Right ..Bryson.then.says.to.imagine.1,500.tables,.each.with.a.handful.of.salt.across.them ..

A:. And,.each.handful.of.salt.on.the.1,500.tables.would.be.a.galaxy?.

B:. Exactly ..Now.Bryson.says.to.imagine.one.grain.of..salt—that’s.one.grain—put.anywhere.on.one.of.the.tables ..Then.have.Robert.Evans.walk.among.the.tables,.and.he.would.be.able.to.find.the.one.new.grain.of.salt ..

A:. Wow ..That’s.really.something ..So.he.basically.memorizes.the.patterns.of.stars.in.all.those.different.galaxies?

B:. Yes,.and.then.he.can.notice.something.new.and.that’s.how.he’s.been.able.to.identify.supernovas ..

A:. That.really.is.extraordinary!.He.must.spend.a.lot.of.time.searching.for.these.things .

B:. Yes,.but.remember.he’s.an.amateur ..This.isn’t.his.job,.so.he.does.this.in.addition.to.his.daily.life ..

A:. I.can’t.imagine.how.many.hours.he’s.spent.at.night.looking.at.the.sky ..

B:. I.know ..It.truly.is.a.passion.for.these.amateurs. .. .. .. ..Now,.in.addition.to.his.amazing.ability.to.memorize.star.patterns,.Robert.Evans.has.had.two.other.advantages ..First,.he.lives.in.Australia,.and.for.quite.a.while.he.was.pretty.much.the.only.amateur.astronomer.looking.in.the.Southern.Hemisphere ..All.the.other.amateurs.were.in.the.Northern.Hemisphere ..

A:. And.what.was.the.other.advantage?.B:. It.was.actually.that.he.had.a.smaller.telescope.than.the.

professionals.use ..That,.combined.with.his.memory,.meant.that.he.could.move.his.telescope.a.lot.faster.than.other.people’s.and.observe.more.galaxies.in.one.night,.which.made.it.more.likely.that.he.might.see.one.of.these.rare.dying.stars ..Things.have.changed..though. .. .. ..professionals—and.now.even.amateurs—now.use.something.like.a.digital.camera.on.the.telescope.that.can.take.thousands.of.pictures ..Then,.



they.use.a.computer.to.analyze.the.photos ..They’ve.been.able.to.find.a.lot.more.supernovas.as.a.result.of.this.technology ..

A:. And.what.about.Robert.Evans. .. .. ..does.he.use.this.technology.now?

B:. No,.apparently.he.says.he.doesn’t.want.to.use.it ..He.says.he.wants.to.continue.using.his.method ..I’m.sure.he.realizes.that.he.may.have.fewer.finds,.but.I.guess.he.must.still.find.it.satisfying ..

A:. Hmm ..Well,.that.was.fascinating,.Sharon ..Thank.you.very.much.for.coming.in.today ..

B:. You’re.welcome .

5 Pronunciationexercise � (p. 99). 1 .. That.will.give.you.a.better.idea ... 2 .. Amateurs.can.actually.make.important.

discoveries ... 3 .. He.would.be.able.to.find.a.dying.star ... 4 .. He.could.move.his.telescope.faster.than.other.

people .

exercise 2 (p. 99). 1 .. With.new.technology,.astronomers.can.find.more.

supernovas ... 2 .. Do.you.think.they.will.discover.anything.new?.. 3 .. What.technology.would.help.scientists?.. 4 .. It’s.amazing.that.he.can.memorize.the.patterns.of.

the.stars ... 5 .. Do.you.think.you.could.do.that?

6 Speaking Skillsexercise � (p. 99)See.underlined.extract.from.the.radio.interview.on.page.39 .

Chapter �2

International Studies


I.had.just.begun.an.appointment.as.a.visiting.professor.of.psychology.at.a.university.in.Brazil,.near.Rio.de.Janeiro ..I.arrived.anxious.to.observe.just.what.characteristics.of.this.alien.culture.would.require.the.greatest.readjustment.from.me ..From.my.past.travel.experiences,.I.anticipated.difficulties.with.such.issues.as.language.and.privacy ..But.these.turned.out.to.be.a.piece.of.cake.compared.to.the.distress.that.Brazilians’.ideas.of.time.and.punctuality.caused.me .

My.lessons.began.soon.after.arriving.in.Brazil ..As.I.left.home.for.my.first.day.of.teaching,.I.asked.someone.the.time ..It.was.9:05.a .m .,.allowing.me.plenty.of.time.to.get.to.my.ten.o’clock.lecture ..After.what.I.judged.to.be.half.an.hour,.I.glanced.at.a.clock.I.was.passing ..It.said.10:20 ..In.panic,.I.broke.for.the.classroom,.followed.by.gentle.calls.of.“Alo,.professor!”.from.unhurried.students,.many.of.whom,.I.later.realized,.were.my.own ..I.arrived.breathless—only.to.find.an.empty.room .

Frantically,.I.asked.a.passerby.the.time ..“9:45”.came.the.answer ..No,.that.couldn’t.be ..I.asked.someone.else ..“9:55 .”.Another.squinted.down.at.his.watch.and.called.out.proudly,.“Exactly.9:43 .”.The.clock.in.a.nearby.office.read.3:15 ..I.had.received.my.first.two.lessons.about.time.and.punctuality ..Brazilian.timepieces.are.consistently.inaccurate,.and.nobody.seemed.to.mind.but.me .

My.class.was.scheduled.from.10.until.noon ..Many.students.came.late ..Several.arrived.after.10:30 ..A.few.showed.up.closer.to.11 ..Two.came.after.that ..All.of.the.latecomers.wore.the.relaxed.smiles.I.later.came.to.enjoy ..Each.one.greeted.me,.and.although.a.few.apologized.briefly,.none.seemed.terribly.concerned.about.being.late ..They.assumed.that.I.understood .

That.Brazilians.would.arrive.late.was.no.surprise,.although.it.was.certainly.a.new.personal.experience.to.watch.students.casually.enter.a.classroom.more.than.one.hour.late.for.a.two-hour.class ..The.real.surprise.came.at.noon.that.first.day,.when.the.class.came.to.a.close .

Back.home.in.California,.I.never.need.to.look.at.a.clock.to.know.when.the.class.hour.is.ending ..The.shuffling.of.books.is.accompanied.by.strained.expressions.screaming.“I’m.hungry,.I’m.thirsty,.I’ve.got.to.go.to.the.bathroom,.I’m.going.to.suffocate.if.you.keep.us.here.one.more.second .”.The.pain,.I.find,.usually.becomes.unbearable.at.two.minutes.to.the.hour.for.undergraduates.and.at.about.five.minutes.to.the.hour.for.graduate.students .

But.when.noon.arrived,.only.a.few.students.left.right.away ..Others.slowly.drifted.out.during.the.next.15.minutes,.and.some.continued.asking.me.questions.long.after.that ..Several.remaining.students.kicked.off.their.shoes.at.12:30 ..I.could.not,.with.any.honesty,.say.that.this.was.due.to.my.superb.teaching.style ..I.had,.in.fact,.just.spent.two.hours.lecturing.on.statistics.in.halting.Portuguese .



D Focus on the Listening Skillexercise 3 (p. �04)

From.my.past.travel.experiences,.I.anticipated.difficulties.with.such.issues.as.language.and.privacy ..But.these.turned.out.to.be.a.piece.of.cake.compared.to.the.distress.that.Brazilians’.ideas.of.time.and.punctuality.caused.me .

exercise 5 (p. �04)

Back.home.in.California,.I.never.need.to.look.at.a.clock.to.know.when.the.class.hour.is.ending ..The.shuffling.of.books.is.accompanied.by.strained.expressions.screaming,.“I’m.hungry,.I’m.thirsty,.I’ve.got.to.go.to.the.bathroom,.I’m.going.to.suffocate.if.you.keep.us.here.one.more.second .”


Today.I’m.going.to.talk.a.little.about.culture.shock,.and.what.I.mean.by.that.is.the.kind.of.psychological.problems.a.person.may.have.while.living.in.a.different.culture. .. .. ..someone.who.moves.to.a.different.culture,.in.particular,.and.the.new.culture.doesn’t.have.to.be.all.that.different,.problems.can.happen.between.people.who.come.from.similar.cultures.or.who.speak.the.same.language:.the.United.States.and.Britain,.for.example ..So.anyway,.we’ll.look.at.the.stages.of.culture.shock.and.then.we’ll.discuss.some.strategies.for.dealing.with.it ..

First.of.all,.the.expression.“culture.shock”.was.invented.in.1954.by.an.American.anthropologist,.Dr ..Kalvero.Oberg ..Oberg.described.four.different.stages.of.culture.shock ..Other.psychologists.have.added.more ..There’s.a.fifth.stage.that.I’ll.describe ..I’m.sure.those.of.you.who.have.had.experience.in.a.different.culture.will.recognize.some.of.these.stages .

The.first.stage.is.often.called.the.honeymoon.period:.it’s.kind.of.a.euphoric.stage ..When.you.first.arrive. .. .. ..hey,.new.country!.Everything.is.exotic.and.exciting ..You.notice.all.the.differences,.and.you.delight.in.them,.like.a.tourist ..If.you.have.friends.there,.they.may.go.out.of.their.way.to.make.you.feel.at.home ..They.treat.you.like.a.special.guest,.and.it’s.a.very.positive.experience ..Maybe.you.have.a.few.problems,.but.they.don’t.bother.you.that.much ..It’s.all.fun ..It’s.all.part.of.the.new.experience .

But.honeymoons.don’t.last.forever ..And.if.you’re.going.to.live.in.a.new.place,.you.have.to.come.to.terms.with.the.day-to-day.realities.of.life.there ..You.have.to.open.a.bank.account,.perhaps.find.an.apartment,.find.a.job ..

Often,.you.don’t.speak.the.language,.and.you.don’t.really.know.how.to.go.about.doing.things ..That’s.when.you.realize.that.the.support.systems.that.you.had.in.your.old.country,.and.the.ways.that.you.got.things.done.there,.may.not.be.the.same.here.in.the.new.country ..You’re.like.a.fish.out.of.water. .. .. ..out.of.your.own.environment,.and.you.don’t.know.how.things.work,.or.you.get.irritated.at.the.different.ways.that.things.work. .. .. ..and—and.this.is.often.a.big.part.of.it—nobody.seems.to.care ..

That’s.when.you’re.moving.into.the.second.stage,.which.is.the.stage.most.people.think.of.when.they.talk.about.culture.shock ..It’s.a.kind.of.rejection.stage ..The.stores.aren’t.open.when.you.want.them.to.be ..The.taxi.drivers.aren’t.helpful ..You’re.fed.up.with.the.food ..You’re.sick.of.seeing.movies.with.subtitles ..You’re.trying.to.learn.the.language,.but.nobody.appreciates.your.efforts ..When.you.go.out.with.people,.everyone.ignores.you ..All.of.this.kind.of.adds.up,.and.it.can.make.you.feel.pretty.miserable ..People.even.experience.physical.symptoms .

Now.most.people.go.through.this.stage.to.some.extent ..And.how.you.deal.with.this.stage.is.really.important ..Because.it’s.a.challenge,.and.you.just.have.to.accept.it.and.work.through.it ..Unfortunately,.a.lot.of.people.move.into.a.third.stage.from.here,.a.kind.of.a.superiority.phase ..That’s.when.you.start.feeling.superior.to.the.new.culture ..You.tend.to.get.together.with.friends.from.your.home.culture.and.complain.about.the.country.you’re.in ..Everything.about.the.new.place.is.bad;.everything.about.the.old.place.is.good ..You’re.romanticizing.your.own.country.or.your.own.culture .

Stage.four.is.where.you.begin.to.adjust.to.the.new.country ..Some.time.passes,.and.you’re.getting.used.to.things ..Maybe.you.speak.the.language.a.little ..Maybe.your.job.becomes.more.interesting ..Maybe.you’ve.met.some.new.friends.and.they’re.helping.you.to.adjust ..For.whatever.reason,.you’re. .. .. ..you’re.starting.to.feel.a.little.more.at.home ..You.realize.that.there.are.things.that.you.actually.like.about.the.new.country ..This.is.called.the.adjustment.period,.and.it’s.a.more.mature.stage,.when.you.begin.to.realize.that.there.are.good.things.and.bad.things.everywhere.you.go .

Some.people.talk.about.a.fifth.stage:.reverse.culture.shock,.which.is.when.you.finally.return.to.the.culture.you.came.from ..Often.you’re.actually.disappointed.at.things.there,.and.then.you.realize.that.you.have.changed,.and.that.there.are.some.things.that.you.like.better.in.the.new.culture ..

So.that’s.the.stages.of.culture.shock ..Now.if.you’re.going.to.study.or.work.overseas,.it.really.helps.to.know.about.culture.shock,.so.you.can.prepare.yourself.in.advance ..

Open Forum: Transcripts 4�


And.if.you.know.about.it,.you.can.anticipate.it,.and.maybe.not.avoid.it.completely,.but.take.action.to.deal.with.it ..So.what.are.some.things.that.you.could.do. .. .. .. .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 107). 1 .. The.first.stage.is.often.called.the.honeymoon.

period ..It’s.kind.of.a.euphoric.stage ..When.you.first.arrive. .. .. ..hey,.new.country!.Everything.is.exotic.and.exciting .

. 2 .. If.you.have.friends.there,.they.may.go.out.of.their.way.to.make.you.feel.at.home ..They.treat.you.like.a.special.guest,.and.it’s.a.very.positive.experience .

. 3 .. But.honeymoons.don’t.last.forever ..And.if.you’re.going.to.live.in.a.new.place,.you.have.to.come.to.terms.with.the.day-to-day.realities.of.life.there ..You.have.to.open.a.bank.account,.perhaps.find.an.apartment,.find.a.job .

. 4 .. You’re.like.a.fish.out.of.water. .. .. ..out.of.your.own.environment,.and.you.don’t.know.how.things.work,.or.you.get.irritated.at.the.different.ways.that.things.work. .. .. ..and—and.this.is.often.a.big.part.of.it—nobody.seems.to.care .

. 5 .. It’s.a.kind.of.rejection.stage ..The.stores.aren’t.open.when.you.want.them.to.be ..The.taxi.drivers.aren’t.helpful ..You’re.fed.up.with.the.food ..You’re.sick.of.seeing.movies.with.subtitles .

. 6 .. Everything.about.the.new.place.is.bad;.everything.about.the.old.place.is.good ..You’re.romanticizing.your.own.country.or.your.own.culture .

5 Pronunciationexercise � (p. �08). 1 .. At.first.it.was.a.positive.experience ... 2 .. I.felt.at.home.in.England .. 3 .. I.opened.a.bank.account .. 4 .. But.I.didn’t.have.a.job .. 5 .. In.the.end.I.worked.it.out .. 6 .. But.it.took.a.lot.of.time .


A = Male 1, B = Female 1, C = Female 2, D = Male 2A:.. OK,.so.are.we.all.clear.about.what.we.have.to.do?.

Let’s.go.to.the.first.point ..If.you’re.going.to.live.overseas,.it’s.important.to.learn.about.the.country.in.advance ..Any.specific.examples.of.that?

B:. You.could.read.about.the.culture .A:.. Right ..Any.other.ideas?.C:. What.about.the.language?.You.should.try.to.learn.

some.of.the.language.too,.right?B:. Absolutely .A:.. Let.me.get.that.down. .. .. ..language. .. .. ..right ..What.else.

could.we.say?.Oliver,.what.do.you.think?D:.. Maybe. .. .. ..I.don’t.know. .. .. ..try.to.meet.people.from.

the.particular.country,.for.example .C:. Yeah .A:.. Good.point ..Great ..Does.anyone.have.anything.to.add.

to.that?.OK.then,.can.we.move.on?

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