open source intro for startups

Making Open Source WorkJ Aaron Farr

HKSUA FOR

YOU!

Aaron馮傑仁

farra @ apache . org

DirectorApache Software

Foundation

Co-Founder

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Hong Kong

www.cubiclemuses.com

http://www.cubiclemuses.com


Free & Open Source Software

Licenses

Community

Code

Relevance

The argument has been won. It is now generally accepted that the future will involve a

blend of both proprietary and open-source software.

- "Unlocking the cloud”, The Economist, 28 May 2009

http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13740181



It’s “impossible to avoid”- Garner 2007 Study

- Open source impossible to avoid, Gartner says”, Network World

http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/092007-open-source-unavoidable.html



By 2011, 80% of all commercial software

will contain open source code.

- Open source impossible to avoid, Gartner says”, Network World




Commercial Support

Commercial Support

• IBM

• Sun

• Intel

• Apple

• HP

• Dell

• Novell

• Oracle

• Motorola

• Google

• Yahoo

•

Commercial Support

• IBM

• Sun

• Intel

• Apple

• HP

• Dell

• Novell

• Oracle

• Motorola

• Google

• Yahoo

• Microsoft

`

SourceForge

180,000+

What is Open Source?

Open Source describes a software license that

ensures certain freedoms.

• Free Distribution

• Source Code

• Integrity of Author’s Code

• No Discrimination

• Distribution of License

• Not specific to a product

• Not restrict other software

• Technology Neutral

Open Source Definition

Free Software Definition

• run the program, for any purpose

• study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs

• redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor

• improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits

自由免費

Who’s freedom?What freedom?

Free vs Open Source

FREE SOFTWARE

• Freedom of the code

• Source code will ALWAYS be available and can never be restricted.

OPEN SOURCE

• Freedom of the developer

• Code CAN be included in proprietary works, sealing the code off

Licenses

Academic Free LicenseAdaptive Public LicenseApache Software LicenseApache License, 2.0Apple Public Source LicenseArtistic licenseArtistic license 2.0Attribution Assurance LicensesNew BSD licenseComputer Associates Trusted Open Source License 1.1Common Development and Distribution LicenseCommon Public Attribution License 1.0 (CPAL)Common Public License 1.0CUA Office Public License Version 1.0EU DataGrid Software LicenseEclipse Public LicenseEducational Community License, Version 2.0Eiffel Forum LicenseEiffel Forum License V2.0Entessa Public LicenseFair LicenseFrameworx LicenseGNU General Public License (GPL)GNU General Public License version 3.0 (GPLv3)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License (LGPL)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License version 3.0 (LGPLv3)Historical Permission Notice and DisclaimerIBM Public LicenseIntel Open Source LicenseJabber Open Source LicenseLucent Public License (Plan9)Lucent Public License Version 1.02

Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL)MIT licenseMITRE Collaborative Virtual Workspace License (CVW License)Motosoto LicenseMozilla Public License 1.0 (MPL)Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL)NASA Open Source Agreement 1.3Naumen Public LicenseNethack General Public LicenseNokia Open Source LicenseOCLC Research Public License 2.0Open Group Test Suite LicenseOpen Software LicensePHP LicensePython license (CNRI Python License)Python Software Foundation LicenseQt Public License (QPL)RealNetworks Public Source License V1.0Reciprocal Public LicenseRicoh Source Code Public LicenseSleepycat LicenseSun Industry Standards Source License (SISSL)Sun Public LicenseSybase Open Watcom Public License 1.0University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source LicenseVovida Software License v. 1.0W3C LicensewxWindows Library LicenseX.Net LicenseZope Public Licensezlib/libpng license

OSI ApprovedAcademic Free LicenseAdaptive Public LicenseApache Software LicenseApache License, 2.0Apple Public Source LicenseArtistic licenseArtistic license 2.0Attribution Assurance LicensesNew BSD licenseComputer Associates Trusted Open Source License 1.1Common Development and Distribution LicenseCommon Public Attribution License 1.0 (CPAL)Common Public License 1.0CUA Office Public License Version 1.0EU DataGrid Software LicenseEclipse Public LicenseEducational Community License, Version 2.0Eiffel Forum LicenseEiffel Forum License V2.0Entessa Public LicenseFair LicenseFrameworx LicenseGNU General Public License (GPL)GNU General Public License version 3.0 (GPLv3)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License (LGPL)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License version 3.0 (LGPLv3)Historical Permission Notice and DisclaimerIBM Public LicenseIntel Open Source LicenseJabber Open Source LicenseLucent Public License (Plan9)Lucent Public License Version 1.02


Academic Free LicenseAdaptive Public LicenseApache Software LicenseApache License, 2.0Apple Public Source LicenseArtistic licenseArtistic license 2.0Attribution Assurance LicensesNew BSD licenseComputer Associates Trusted Open Source License 1.1Common Development and Distribution LicenseCommon Public Attribution License 1.0 (CPAL)Common Public License 1.0CUA Office Public License Version 1.0EU DataGrid Software LicenseEclipse Public LicenseEducational Community License, Version 2.0Eiffel Forum LicenseEiffel Forum License V2.0Entessa Public LicenseFair LicenseFrameworx LicenseGNU General Public License (GPL)GNU General Public License version 3.0 (GPLv3)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License (LGPL)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License version 3.0 (LGPLv3)Historical Permission Notice and DisclaimerIBM Public LicenseIntel Open Source LicenseJabber Open Source LicenseLucent Public License (Plan9)Lucent Public License Version 1.02


OSI Approved

67

3 Kinds

Give Me CreditGive Me Code

Give Me Everything

- Dave Johnsonhttp://rollerweblogger.org/page/roller?entry=gimme_credit_gimme_fixes_gimmem

Give Me Credit

• Software “Commons”

• Derivative works can re-license

• May have some conditions

• No warranty

• Credit to original authors

• Apache License, BSD, MIT

Give Me Code

• File or derivative based conditions

• Original author may have special rights

• Differentiate between source and binary

• Larger works may be re-licensed

• LGPL, Mozilla (MPL), Eclipse (EPL/CPL)

Give Me Everything

• Copyleft

• Share and Share Alike

• Derivative works remain under original license

• GPL

License ScopeVirus Index

License Scope

AL MPL GPL

Virus Index

Can I Relicense?

AL MPL GPL

Why is that important?

Most developers don’t read licenses.

Open source developers need to be aware of the licenses

they use.

The right license depends on the code and the community.

Licenses encourage certain behaviors, discourage others.

community

Cathedral vs Bazaar

Cathedral

Bazaar

Community Culture

Cathedral Bazaar

Users Developers

Contributors

Path to Contribution

Developer

Contributor

User

Public

Involvement

Decisions in Apache

Decisions in Apache

• Email discussion

Decisions in Apache


• Proposal on the wiki

Decisions in Apache



• More email

Decisions in Apache



• More email

• If necessary, vote

Decisions in Apache



• More email


• Can veto a technical change

Decisions in Apache



• More email


• Can veto a technical change

• Did I mention email?

Apache Voting

• Usually limited to

• Releases

• Inviting a new committer

• If you have to resort to votes often, something is wrong

Commit Bits

• When? It depends.

• In Apache, when contributor shows consistent commitment

• The ASF averages 15 new committers a month, but most of that is through new projects entering.

• Many projects only add 2 committers a year

A Note on Size

• Most developer communities are small

• Even with large developers, most of the development is usually by a small number of developers

• Apache requires minimum of 3 independent votes for a release

Apache’s Long Tail

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Number of individuals

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Fraction of Delta

Fraction of Lines Added

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Feilding, Herbleb & Mockus, 2000

http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/mockusapache.pdf



Linux 2.6.20

50% of the changes where made by2.5% of the developers

Who Wrote 2.6.20?http://lwn.net/Articles/222773/

by corbet

http://lwn.net/Articles/222773/






What Does That Mean?

It means a huge number of contributors (741) who made thousands of small contributions

Community > Code

Why Community

Factorof

Success

Time

Why Community

Factorof

Success

Time

Code

Why Community

Factorof

Success

Time

Code

Community

Code Characteristics

• Directly useful to developers (itch)

• Common standards

• Composable

• Consistent

• Improvable

Composability

The Architecture of Participation: Does Code Architecture Mitigate Free Riding in the

Open Source Development ModelBaldwin and Clark, 2005

http://www.people.hbs.edu/cbaldwin/DR2/BaldwinArchPartAll.pdf

... codebases that are more modular or have more option value increase developers’ incentives to join and to remain involved in an open source development effort; and decrease the amount of free-riding in equilibrium.



release earlyrelease often

Tools shape the code and the community.

The Secret Sauce

Secret Sauce

• Website or Wiki

• Source Code Repository

• Bug Tracker

• Mailing List

Secret Sauce

“Every successful open source project I know uses [these tools]. Every closed source project I know, doesn't. ... People wonder how open source projects manage to create high-quality products without managers or accountability. The answer: we're accountable to our infrastructure.

- Ted Hustedhttp://jroller.com/TedHusted/entry/prim

http://jroller.com/TedHusted/entry/prim

http://jroller.com/TedHusted/entry/prim

Source Code Repository

• Controls access to source code

• Keeps track of all changes

• Allows for branching and merging of changes

• Allows multiple people to work on the same code at the same time


• CVS

• Subversion (svn)

• Git

• Bazaar (bzr)

• Mercurial


SVNCVS

GitBzr

Mercurial


Centralization

SVNCVS

GitBzr

Mercurial

Subversion

Remote Repository

Local Repositories

Subversion

Subversion

‣ svn co https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/felix/trunk felix

https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/felix/trunk


Subversion


‣ emacs



Subversion


‣ emacs

‣ svn status



Subversion


‣ emacs

‣ svn status

‣ svn commit -m “fixed test cases”



The Secret Sauce is Free

code.google.comsourceforge.net

github.comtrac

Making Open Source Work

Making Open Source Work

• Using open source tools

• Including or extended open source code

• Contributing to open source project

• Releasing your own open source code

Using Open Source Tools

• Best tools available

• Lowest cost

• Community support

• Widely popular

• Examples: IDEs, Editors, OS, Servers, ...

Include Open Source

• Reuse common code

• Add proprietary features

• Use Apache or LGPL license

Contributing

• Lower cost than forking

• Get community feedback and support

• Gain recognition and good will

Release Open Source

• Grow or control market share

• Collaborate with partners or competitors

• Lower total cost of ownership

• Create your own community

• Get feedback/help from contributors

Open Source Business

Open Source Business• Infrastucture

• Google


• Google

• Sell support and services

• Red Hat, Spring Source, consultants


• Google



• Embrace and extend

• IBM


• Google



• Embrace and extend

• IBM

• GPL monopoly

• MySQL, Sun, Alfresco, Sugar CRM

Learning More

STARTUP SCHOOLJULY 18

startupschool.hksua.com.hk

http://hkstartups.ning.com

http://hkstartups.ning.com

Hong Kong barcampSeptember 2009

http://barcamp.org/BarCampHongKong



Thank you

Resources

• [email protected]

• www.cubiclemuses.com

• Cathedral and the Bazaar by ESR• www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/

• Producing Open Source Software by Karl Fogel

• www.producingoss.com

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

