Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College

Laboratory Manual

OPEN SOURCE LAB

FOR

Second Year Students

(Information Technology)

Author JNEC, Aurangabad

FORWARD

It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for Second year engineering students for

the subject of Open source lab.

As a student, many of you may be wondering with some of the questions in your mind regarding

the subject and exactly what has been tried is to answer through this manual.

As you may be aware that MGM has already been awarded with ISO 9000 certification and it is

our endurance to technically equip our students taking the advantage of the procedural aspects of

ISO 9000 Certification

Faculty members are also advised that covering these aspects in initial stage itself, will greatly

relived them in future as much of the load will be taken care by the enthusiasm energies of the

students once they are conceptually clear.

Dr. S. D. Deshmukh

Principal

Vision of JNEC

College seeks to be the engineering college of choice in Maharashtra that can provide the

best learning experience, the most productive learning community, and the most creative

learning environment in Engineering Education and will be recognized as one of the best

Engineering Colleges in India.

Mission of JNEC

To develop innovative engineers with human values, well equipped to solve complex

technical problems, address the needs of modern society and pursue lifelong learning, by

providing them competent, caring and committed faculty.

IT Vision:

IT department is committed to ensure the quality education to students‟ by providing

innovative resources & continuous up-gradation of the department. To achieve “Heights

of Excellence” in the world we strive to organize regular interaction with Industry and

Alumni.

IT Mission:

To impart core technical competency & knowledge in students through curriculum and

certification programs to fulfill the industry requirements which ultimately benefits

society at large.

Program Educational Objectives:

I. Preparation: To prepare students to excel in PG program or to succeed in Industry

/Technical profession through global, rigorous education.

II. Core Competence: To provide students with a solid foundation in mathematical,

scientific and engineering fundamentals required to solve engineering problems and

also to pursue higher studies.

III. Breadth: To train students with good scientific and engineering breadth so as to

comprehend, analyze, design and create novel product and solution for the real life

problems.

IV. Professionalism: To inculcate in students‟ professional and ethical attitude, effective

communication skills, team work skills, multi-disciplinary approach and an ability to

relate engineering issues to broader social context.

Learning Environment: To provide students with academic environment aware of excellence,

leadership, written ethical codes and guidelines and lifelong learning needed for successful

professional career.

LABORATORY MANUAL CONTENTS

This manual is intended for the Second year students of IT branch in the subject of Open source

lab. This manual typically contains practical/Lab Sessions related to open source software‟s like

PHP, MYSQL,APACHE,LINUX covering various aspects related the subject to enhanced

understanding.

We have made the efforts to cover various aspects of the subject covering Operating System

concepts and programming aspects will be complete in itself to make it meaningful, elaborative

understandable concepts and conceptual visualization.

Students are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics mentioned in

the syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and conceptual visualization of

theoretical aspects covered in the books.

Good Luck for your Enjoyable Laboratory Sessions.

Supriya Wanegaonkar

Asst. Prof.,IT dept

DOs and DON’Ts in Laboratory:

1. Make entry in the Log Book as soon as you enter the Laboratory.

2. All the students should sit according to their roll numbers starting from

their left to right.

3. All the students are supposed to enter the terminal number in the logbook.

4. Do not change the terminal on which you are working.

5. Strictly observe the instructions given by the teacher/Lab Instructor.

Instruction for Laboratory Teachers::

1. Submission related to whatever lab work has been completed should be

done during the next lab session. The immediate arrangements for printouts related to

submission on the day of practical assignments.

2. Students should be taught for taking the printouts under the observation

of Lab teacher.

3. The promptness of submission should be encouraged by way of marking

And evaluation patterns that will benefit the sincere students.

SUBJECT INDEX

1. Installation, configuration and testing of mysql and also study basic DDL,DML

commands.

2. To study aggregate functions in mysql.

3. To study concept of arrays and functions.

4. Create a Registration form using GET and POST method‟s of form.

5. Write a program in php to explain concept of cookies and sessions.

6. To write a PHP program for connecting with a database, creating a table and retrieving

the data.

7. To study the GCC & CC Compiler.

8. Linux Administration.

9. Use of text processing commands: GREP and CUT.

10. Mini Project

1. Installation, configuration and testing of mysql and also study basic DDL, DML

commands.

Aim: Installation, configuration and testing of mysql and also study

basic DDL,DML commands.

Theory:

What is DDL, DML?

Data Definition Language deals with database schemas and descriptions of how the data

should reside in the database, therefore language statements like CREATE TABLE or ALTER

TABLE belong to DDL. DML deals with data manipulation, and therefore includes most

common SQL statements such SELECT, INSERT, etc. Data Control Language includes

commands such as GRANT, and mostly concerns with rights, permissions and other controls of

the database system.

DDL :

Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database structure or schema.

CREATE - to create objects in the database

ALTER - alters the structure of the database

DROP - delete objects from the database

TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for

the records are removed

COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary

RENAME - rename an object

DML:

Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used for managing data within schema

objects.

SELECT - retrieve data from the a database

INSERT - insert data into a table

UPDATE - updates existing data within a table

DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain

MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)

CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram

EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data

LOCK TABLE - control concurrency

2. To study aggregate functions in mysql.

Aim: To study aggregate functions in mysql.

Theory:

Introduction to MySQL aggregate functions:

The data that you need is not always stored in the tables. However, you can get it by

performing the calculations of the stored data when you select it. For example, you cannot get

the total amount of each order by simply querying from the orderdetails table because

theorderdetails table stores only quantity and price of each item. You have to select the quantity

and price of item for each order and calculate the order‟s total. To perform such calculations in a

query, you use aggregate functions.

By definition, an aggregate function performs a calculation on a set of values and returns

a single value.

MySQL provides many aggregate functions

including AVG, COUNT, SUM, MIN , MAX, etc. An aggregate function ignores NULL values

when it performs calculation except for the COUNT function.

1. AVG function :

The AVG function calculates the average value of a set of values. It ignores NULL values in the

calculation.

Syntax

AVG(expression)

You can use the AVG function to calculate the average buy price of all products in

the products table by using the following query:

Example :

SELECT AVG(buyPrice) average_buy_price

FROM products;

2. COUNT function:

The COUNT function returns the number of the rows in a table. For example, you can

use the COUNTfunction to get the number of products in the products table as the following

query:

SELECT COUNT(*) AS Total

FROM products

The COUNT function has several forms such as COUNT(*) and COUNT(DISTINCT

expression).

3. SUM function:

The SUM function returns the sum of a set of values. The SUM function

ignores NULL values. If no matching row found, the SUM function return NULL.

To get the total sales of each product, you can use the SUM function in conjunction

with the GROUP BY clause as follows:

SELECT productCode,sum(priceEach * quantityOrdered)

total

FROM orderdetails

GROUP by productCode

4. MAX function :

The MAX function returns the maximum value in a set of values.

MAX(expression)

For example, you can use the MAX function to get the most expensive product in

the products table as the following query:

SELECT MAX(buyPrice) highest_price,

FROM Products

5. MIN function:

The MIN function returns the minimum value in a set of values.

MIN(expression)

For example, the following query uses the MIN function to find the product with the lowest price

in the products table:

SELECT MIN(buyPrice) lowest_price,

FROM Products

Conclusion: In this way we study aggregate function in detail.

3. To study concept of arrays and functions.

Aim: To study concept of arrays and functions.

Theory:

What is an Array ?

A variable is a storage area holding a number or text. The problem is, a variable will hold only

one value.

An array is a special variable, which can store multiple values in one single variable.

If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the cars in single variables

could look like this:

$cars1="Saab";

$cars2="Volvo";

$cars3="BMW";

However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? And what if you had

not 3 cars, but 300?

The best solution here is to use an array!

An array can hold all your variable values under a single name. And you can access the values by

referring to the array name.

Each element in the array has its own index so that it can be easily accessed.

In PHP, there are three kind of arrays:

Numeric array - An array with a numeric index

Associative array - An array where each ID key is associated with a value

Multidimensional array - An array containing one or more arrays

1. Numeric Arrays

A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric index.

There are two methods to create a numeric array.

1. In the following example the index are automatically assigned (the index starts at 0):

$cars=array("Saab","Volvo","BMW","Toyota");

2. In the following example we assign the index manually:

$cars[0]="Saab";

$cars[1]="Volvo";

$cars[2]="BMW";

$cars[3]="Toyota";

2. Associative Arrays

An associative array, each ID key is associated with a value.

When storing data about specific named values, a numerical array is not always the best way to

do it.

With associative arrays we can use the values as keys and assign values to them.

Example 1

In this example we use an array to assign ages to the different persons:

$ages = array("Peter"=>32, "Quagmire"=>30, "Joe"=>34);

Example 2

This example is the same as example 1, but shows a different way of creating the array:

$ages['Peter']="32";

$ages['Quagmire']="30";

$ages['Joe'] = "34";

PHP Functions

A function accepts values, processes them, and then performs an action, returns a new value

or both. To keep the script from being executed when the page loads, you can put it into a

function.

A function is a self contained block of statement that can be called by your script. When

called the functions code is executed and performs a particular task. You can pass values to a

function which then uses the values appropriately –storing them, transforming them, displaying

them whatever the function is told to do. When finished a function can also pass a value back to

the original code that called it into action.

Create a PHP Function

A function will be executed by a call to the function. You may call a function from

anywhere within a page. Function are comes in 2 flavors those built in to the language and those

you define yourself.PHp has100 built in functions.

For ex.

Srtoupper(“Hello web”);

This function automatically convert the given string into upeer case letter.

Syntax

for ex.

<?php

$num=-321;

$newnum=abs($num);

Echo $newnum;

//prints “321”

?>

PHP function guidelines:

Give the function a name that reflects what the function does

The function name can start with a letter or underscore (not a number)

PHP Functions - Adding parameters

To add more functionality to a function, we can add parameters. A parameter is just like a

variable.Parameters are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses.

FOR EX. Function that requires an argument

<?php

Fuction printBR($txt)

{ echo $txt.”<br>”;

}

printBR(“this is a line”);

printBR(“This is new line”);

?>

Output:

this is a line

this is a new line

function function Name(argument list)

{

code to be executed;

}

Returning values from user defined function:

It is possible to create functions that accept different values form the main program and

operate on those values to return different more pertinent results on each invocation .A function

can return a value using the return statement in conjunction with a value. The return statement

stops execution of the function and sends the value back to the calling code.

<?php

//define function

Function gettrianglearea($base,$height)

{

$area=$base*$height *0.5;

Return $area;

}

//invoke a function

Echo “the area of triangle is”.gettrianglearea(10,50);

?>

Defining Global and local variables

The variables used within a function are local that is the values assigned, and the

changes made to them are restricted to the functionspace alone.To use a variable from the main

variable name inside the function definition.

<?php

//define 2 variables

$itemcount=65;

$empcount=125;

//write function

Function addItem()

{

Global $itemcount;

$itemcount=$itemcount + 100;

}

Function addemployees()

{

$emcount=2000;

}

//return 65

Echo “initial no. of items:$itemcount”;

Additem();

//returns 165

Echo “items after additem():$itemcount”;

//returns 125

Echo “initial number of employyes:$empcount”;

?>

Conclusion: In this way we have studied how to create arrays and functions in php.

4. Create a Registration form using GET and POST method’s of form.

Aim: Create a registration form using GET and POST method‟s of form.

Theory:

Dealing with forms:

Forms are the best way of gathering data from visitors. Forms can be as small as login

form or as large as a membership subscription form asking for the lot of input obviously, bigger

the form the more information there is to process and greater the challenge.

<Form action=”some.action” method=”GET/POST”>

…..Form entities…

</form>

Two important elements move up this enclosure:

1. ACTION : The value passed to the keyboard action specifies which script should process at

the server side.

2. METHOD : The method specifies how the data captured by you will be sent to the script.

1. The get method sends all the form info embedded into the URL. This method is rarely

used due to various lang. and length restriction.

2. The post method send all of the form information in the request body. This method is

usually preferred over get.

The $_GET Function : The built-in $_GET function is used to collect values from a form sent

with method="get". Information sent from a form with the GET method is visible to

everyone (it will be displayed in the browser's address bar) and has limits on the amount of

information to send (max. 100 characters).

Example

<form action="welcome.php" method="get">

Name: <input type="text" name="fname" />

Age: <input type="text" name="age" />

<input type="submit" />

</form>

When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL sent to the server could look something like

this:

http://localhost/welcome.php?fname=Peter&age=37

The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_GET function to collect form data (the names of the

form fields will automatically be the keys in the $_GET array):

Welcome <?php echo $_GET["fname"]; ?>.<br />

You are <?php echo $_GET["age"]; ?> years old!

When to use method="get"?

When using method="get" in HTML forms, all variable names and values are displayed in the

URL.

Note: This method should not be used when sending passwords or other sensitive information!

However, because the variables are displayed in the URL, it is possible to bookmark the page.

This can be useful in some cases.

Note: The get method is not suitable for large variable values; the value cannot exceed 100

characters.

The $_POST Function

The built-in $_POST function is used to collect values from a form sent with method="post".

Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible to others and has no limits on

the amount of information to send.

Note: However, there is an 8 Mb max size for the POST method, by default (can be changed by

setting the post_max_size in the php.ini file).

Example

<form action="welcome.php" method="post">

Name: <input type="text" name="fname" />

Age: <input type="text" name="age" />

<input type="submit" />

</form>

When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL will look like this:

http://localhost/welcome.php

The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_POST function to collect form data (the names of the

form fields will automatically be the keys in the $_POST array):

Welcome <?php echo $_POST["fname"]; ?>!<br />

You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old.

When to use method="post"

Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible to others and has no limits on

the amount of information to send.

However, because the variables are not displayed in the URL, it is not possible to bookmark the

page.

The PHP $_REQUEST Function

The PHP built-in $_REQUEST function contains the contents of both $_GET, $_POST, and

$_COOKIE.The $_REQUEST function can be used to collect form data sent with both the GET

and POST methods.

Example

Welcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["fname"]; ?>!<br />

You are <?php echo $_REQUEST["age"]; ?> years old.

Form Validation

User input should be validated on the browser whenever possible (by client scripts). Browser

validation is faster and reduces the server load.

You should consider server validation if the user input will be inserted into a database. A good

way to validate a form on the server is to post the form to itself, instead of jumping to a different

page. The user will then get the error messages on the same page as the form. This makes it

easier to discover the error.

Write program for registration form.

Reg.html

<html>

<title> Registration form</title>

<body>

<form action=”registration.php” method=”POST”>

Name: <input type=”text” name=”n1”>

Middle Name: <input type=”text” name=”n2”>

Last Name: <input type=”text” name=”n3”>

City : <input type=”text” name=”n4”>

Gender :<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male">Male<br>

<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female

<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike">I have a bike<br>

<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car">I have a car

<input type="submit" value="submit">

</form></body></html>

Registration.php

<?php

echo “ your name is”.$_POST[“n1”];

echo “your city is”.$_POST[“n4”];

echo “You are “.$_POST[“sex”];

echo “you have”.$_POST[“vehicle”];

?>

Conclusion: In this way we have studied how to create forms in php .

5. Write a program in php to explain concept of cookies and sessions.

Aim: Write a program in php to explain concept of cookies and sessions.

Theory:

Cookies:

You can most easily think of cookies as text files, which are saved to your computer. On the

request of a webserver, your browser creates such a file. After this happens, the webserver can

read and write content from and to this file. Although this seems like a dangerous feature – after

all, no one likes other people writing files to their computer, there are a few restrictions in place

to make this process as safe as possible.

Web servers can only access cookies which are set to their own domain. This domain is

set by the browser when a new cookie is requested by the web server, and can only be the

domain or a subdomain of the web server (the web server can choose a subdomain if it

wants to). This means that cookies which were set by, for example, google.com can‟t be

read by mozilla.com, and vice versa.

According to the HTTP protocol, cookies can‟t be larger than 4096 Bytes (4KB) each.

There is a limit to the number of cookies per domain. The number differs per browser,

however, the generally used limit is twenty cookies. This is to prevent a single domain

from hogging the disk space of the client.

There is a limit to the total number of cookies on the client‟s harddrive. This number also

differs per browser, but is usually limited to around three hundred cookies. When this

number is exceeded, an older cookie is deleted before a new one is created.

Cookies have an expiration date. This date is set so the browser can delete old cookies

when they are no longer needed by the webserver. If the expiration date is empty, the

cookie will be deleted when the connection with the server is closed. This occurs when

the site‟s window or tab is closed by the user, or when the user closes the entire browser.

These cookies, sometimes called session cookies, are mostly used for storing temporary

settings.

How to create cookie:

Cookies are transfered via the HTTP protocol. This is the protocol used by browsers to

retrieve and send files to the server. After a cookie has been requested, it is sent to the server

every time a new item on the web page is fetched by the browser. Below, we can see a snippet of

a server requesting a new cookie (this snippet is a part of a HTTP response).

Set-Cookie: Name=content data; expires=Fri, 31-Dec-

2010 23:59:59 GMT; path=/; domain=.example.net

1. Set-Cookie: is to let the browser know that the server would like to create a new cookie.

2. Name: is the name of the cookie. Each cookie in a domain must have a different name, so the

browser can keep all the cookies apart. After the name comes the =content data where „content

data‟ is the data which is to be contained in the cookie. This data can be a text string or a

number, and, as said, can be up to 4KB in size.

3. expires: is the command for the expiration date. The expiration date is in the “Wdy, DD-Mon-

YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT” format (Don‟t ask me why it was defined to this rediculous format,

because I don‟t know either. No user ever sees the expiration date, so why waste memory, hard

disc space, and bandwith on long dates?). Don‟t worry about it though, because most

programming languages have easy to use functions available to you. The browser automatically

deletes cookies with an expiration date in the past.

4. The domain and path require some deeper explanation. The domain is the domain in which

the cookie will be active. If the domain is „ads.google.com,‟ the cookie will only be sent to the

server of that domain, and if the domain is „google.com,‟ the cookie will be sent to any server of

any of the subdomains of Google, including google.com itself.

The path is the path of the domain to which the cookie is sent. This means that, if the

path is set to „/images/,‟ and the domain is set to „ads.google.com,‟ the cookie will only be sent

to the server if the browser requests a file from „ads.google.com/images/‟. If the path is set to „/‟,

the cookie will be sent to the server regardless of the location of the requested file on the server.

Example

You can also set the expiration time of the cookie in another way. It may be easier than using

seconds.

<?php

$expire=time()+60*60*24*30;

setcookie("user", "Alex Porter", $expire);

?>

<html>

.....

In the example above the expiration time is set to a month (60 sec * 60 min * 24 hours * 30

days).

How to Retrieve a Cookie Value?

The PHP $_COOKIE variable is used to retrieve a cookie value.

In the example below, we retrieve the value of the cookie named "user" and display it on a page:

<?php

// Print a cookie

echo $_COOKIE["user"];

// A way to view all cookies

print_r($_COOKIE);

?>

In the following example we use the isset() function to find out if a cookie has been set:

<html>

<body>

<?php

if (isset($_COOKIE["user"]))

echo "Welcome " . $_COOKIE["user"] . "!<br>";

else

echo "Welcome guest!<br>";

?>

</body>

</html>

How to Delete a Cookie?

When deleting a cookie you should assure that the expiration date is in the past.

Delete example:

<?php

// set the expiration date to one hour ago

setcookie("user", "", time()-3600);

?>

PHP Session:

A PHP session variable is used to store information about, or change settings for a user session.

Session variables hold information about one single user, and are available to all pages in one

application.

PHP Session Variables

When you are working with an application, you open it, do some changes and then you close it.

This is much like a Session. The computer knows who you are. It knows when you start the

application and when you end. But on the internet there is one problem: the web server does not

know who you are and what you do because the HTTP address doesn't maintain state.

A PHP session solves this problem by allowing you to store user information on the server for

later use (i.e. username, shopping items, etc). However, session information is temporary and

will be deleted after the user has left the website. If you need a permanent storage you may want

to store the data in a database.

Sessions work by creating a unique id (UID) for each visitor and store variables based on this

UID. The UID is either stored in a cookie or is propagated in the URL.

Starting a PHP Session

Before you can store user information in your PHP session, you must first start up the session.

Note: The session_start() function must appear BEFORE the <html> tag:

<?php session_start(); ?>

<html>

<body>

</body>

</html>

The code above will register the user's session with the server, allow you to start saving user

information, and assign a UID for that user's session.

Storing a Session Variable

The correct way to store and retrieve session variables is to use the PHP $_SESSION variable:

<?php

session_start();

// store session data

$_SESSION['views']=1;

?>

<html>

<body>

<?php

//retrieve session data

echo "Pageviews=". $_SESSION['views'];

?>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Pageviews=1

In the example below, we create a simple page-views counter. The isset() function checks if the

"views" variable has already been set. If "views" has been set, we can increment our counter. If

"views" doesn't exist, we create a "views" variable, and set it to 1:

<?php

session_start();

if(isset($_SESSION['views']))

$_SESSION['views']=$_SESSION['views']+1;

else

$_SESSION['views']=1;

echo "Views=". $_SESSION['views'];

?>

Destroying a Session

If you wish to delete some session data, you can use the unset() or the session_destroy() function.

The unset() function is used to free the specified session variable:

<?php

session_start();

if(isset($_SESSION['views']))

unset($_SESSION['views']);

?>

You can also completely destroy the session by calling the session_destroy() function:

<?php

session_destroy();

?>

Note: session_destroy() will reset your session and you will lose all your stored session data.

Conclusion: In this way we have studied how to create cookies and sessions in php.

6. To write a PHP program for connecting with a database, creating a table and

retrieving the data.

Aim: To write a PHP program for connecting with a database, creating a table

and retrieving the data.

Theory:

To successfully use the php functions to talk to mysql, you must have mysql running at a location

to which your web server can connect.ypu also must have created a user with a password and

you must know the name of the database to which you want to connect.If you are using PHP and

MYSQL as a part of hosting package at a an Internet service provider make sure that you have

the correct user name, password, and a database name from your system administrator before

proceding.

The mysql API built into PHP is designed to accomplish 4 primary goals:

1. Manage adatabase connection

2. Execute a queries

3. Process query results

4. Provide debugging diagnostic information

Making a Connection :

The basic syntax for a connection to mysql is

$mysqli=mysqli_connect(“hostname”,”username”,”password”,”database”);

PROGRAM: Simple connection script

<?php

$mysqli=mysqli_connect(“localhost”,”joeuser”,”somepass”,”testdb”);

If(mysqli_connect_errno())

{

Printf(“connect failed:%s”,mysqli_connect_errno());

Exit();

}

Else

{

Printf(“Host information:%s”,mysqli_get_host_info($mysqli));

}

Mysqli_close($mysqli);

?>

Save this script as mysqlconnect.php and place it in the document root folder of web server.

Access the script with your web browser and you will see something like that, if connection was

successful.

Host information: localhost via tcp/ip

If the connection fails an error message is printed. Mysqli_connect_error() function generate an

error message.for ex.

Connect failed: Access denied for user „joeuser‟@‟localhost‟ (using password:YES)

Although the Conn. Closes when the script finishes its execution. It‟s a good idea to explicitly

close a connection by using mysqli_close()function.

Excuting a Queries :

The mysqli_query()function in the pHP is used to send your SQL query to MYSQL.In

your script first make the connection and then execute a query.for ex.

PROGRAM: Simple script to create a table

<?php

$myServer = "";

$myUser = "root";

$myPass = "";

$myDB = "d1";

//connection to the database

$dbhandle = mysql_connect($myServer, $myUser, $myPass)

or die("Couldn't connect to SQL Server on $myServer");

//select a database to work with

$selected = mysql_select_db($myDB, $dbhandle)

or die("Couldn't open database $myDB");

$query="create table jnec1(reg_no int,name varchar(10))";

$result=mysql_query($query);

if($result==true)

{ echo "table created successfully";

}

else{

echo "table not created";

}

mysql_close($dbhandle);

?>

Inserting Data with PHP :

You can easily insert data in to table by simply writing insert command.

PROGRAM: Simple script to insert a record

<?php

$myServer = "";

$myUser = "root";

$myPass = "";

$myDB = "d1";

//connection to the database

$dbhandle = mysql_connect($myServer, $myUser, $myPass)

or die("Couldn't connect to SQL Server on $myServer");

//select a database to work with

$selected = mysql_select_db($myDB, $dbhandle)

or die("Couldn't open database $myDB");

$query="insert into stud values('sss',5)";

$result=mysql_query($query);

if($result==true)

{

echo "Record inserted successfully";

}

else

{

echo "not inserted";

}

mysql_close($dbhandle);

?>

And suppose you want insert records from your form then you have to write down script for it

PROGRAM: An insert form

<html>

<title> Record insertion form</title>

<body>

<form action=”insert.php” method=”POST”>

First name<input type=”text” name=”n1” size=”30”>

Phone no<input type=”text” name=”n2” size=”30”>

<p><input type=”submit” name=”submit” value=”insert record”></p>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Save this file as ins.html and put it in the document root of your web server. Next create

insert.php script. The values entered in the form will replace the hard coded values in the sql

query with a variable called $_POST[“testfield”].

<?php

$myServer = "";

$myUser = "root";

$myPass = "";

$myDB = "d1";

//connection to the database

$dbhandle = mysql_connect($myServer, $myUser, $myPass)

or die("Couldn't connect to SQL Server on $myServer");

//select a database to work with

$selected = mysql_select_db($myDB, $dbhandle)

or die("Couldn't open database $myDB");

$query="insert into stud values('".$_POST["first"]."','".$_POST["phone"]."')";

$result=mysql_query($query);

if($result==true)

{

echo "Record inserted successfully";

}

else

{

echo "not inserted";

}

mysql_close($dbhandle);

?>

Retrieving data with PHP :

You can also write a PHP script to retrieve that data .

PROGRAM: Php program to retrieve data and display results

<?php

$myServer = "";

$myUser = "root";

$myPass = "";

$myDB = "d1";

//connection to the database

$dbhandle = mysql_connect($myServer, $myUser, $myPass)

or die("Couldn't connect to SQL Server on $myServer");

//select a database to work with

$selected = mysql_select_db($myDB, $dbhandle)

or die("Couldn't open database $myDB");

//declare the SQL statement that will query the database

$query = "select name,roll from stud where name='xyz'";

//execute the SQL query and return records

$result = mysql_query($query);

//display the results

while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))

{

echo "<li>" . $row["name"] . $row["roll"] . "</li>";

}

//close the connection

mysql_close($dbhandle);

?>

Conclusion:

Thus the PHP program for connecting with a database, creating a table and retrieving the

data was executed successfully.

7. To study the GCC & CC Compiler.

Aim: To study the GCC and CC Compiler in linux.

Theory:

The GNU compiler collection (usually shortened to gcc) is a set of compiler produced for

various programming languages by the GNU project .GCC is a key component of the GNU tool

chain as well as being the official compiler of the GNU system. GCC has been adopted as the

standard compiler by most other modern UNIX like computer operating systems, including

linux, mac osx.

GCC has been ported to a wide variety of computer architectures & is widely deployed as

a tool in commercial, proprietary and closed source software developments environments.

USES : GCC is often compiler of choice for developing software that is required to

execute on a wide variety of hardware.Differences in a native compilers lead to difficulties in

developing code that will compile correctly on all the compilers and built scripts that will run for

all platforms. By using GCC the same parser is used for all platforms so, if the code compiles on

one character chances are high that it compiles on all.

GCC is now maintained by a varied group of programmers from around the world. It has

been ported to more kinds of processors and operating systems than any other compiler.

The standard compiler release 4.2 includes front ends for : C,C++(G++),java(GCI),

Ada(GMAI).

STRUCTURE:

GCC‟s external interface is generally standard for a Unix compiler. Users invoke a driver

program named gcc. Which interrupts command arguments, decides which language compilers

to use for each input file, runs the assembler on their output and then possibly runs the linker to

produce a compiler complete executable binary.

Each of the language compilers is a separate program that takes in source code &

produces assembly language.

DEBUGGING GCC PROGRAMS:

The primary tool for debugging GCC code is GNU debugger(GDB). Among more

specialized tools are grid for finding memory errors & leaks.

The GNU profiler (gprof) can be used to find out how much time is spent in which

routines and how often they are called, this requires compiling programs with special profiling

options.

PROGRAM: Simple program to find factorial of given number.

#include<stdio.h>

int main(){

int i=1,f=1,num;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d",&num);

while(i<=num){

f=f*i;

i++;

}

printf("Factorial of %d is: %d",num,f);

return 0;

}

Sample output:

$gcc f.c (for compiling)

./a.out (to run)

Enter a number: 5

Factorial of 5 is: 120

Conclusion: IN this way we have studied the how to run c programs using

GCC compiler.

8. Linux Administration.

Aim:Linux Administration.

Theory:

Basic Linux Commands

• File Handling

• Text Processing

• System Administration

• Process Management

• Archival

• File Systems

Editor Commands

• Advanced Commands

Primary – man(manual) pages.

man <command> ­ shows all information about the

command

<command> ­­help ­ shows the available options

for that command

1. File Handling Commands:

mkdir – make directories

Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...

eg. mkdir prabhat

ls – list directory contents

Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

eg. ls, ls ­l, ls prabhat

cd – changes directories

Usage: cd [DIRECTORY]

eg. cd prabhat

pwd ­ print name of current working directory

Usage: pwd

vim – Vi Improved, a programmers text editor

Usage: vim [OPTION] [file]...

eg. vim file1.txt

cp – copy files and directories

Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST

eg. cp sample.txt sample_copy.txt

cp sample_copy.txt target_dir

mv – move (rename) files

Usage: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST

eg. mv source.txt target_dir

mv old.txt new.txt

rm ­ remove files or directories

Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...

eg. rm file1.txt , rm ­rf some_dir

find – search for files in a directory hierarchy

Usage: find [OPTION] [path] [pattern]

eg. find file1.txt, find ­name file1.txt

history – prints recently used commands

Usage: history

2. Text Processing Commands:

cat – concatenate files and print on the standard output

Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]...

eg. cat file1.txt file2.txt

cat ­n file1.txt

echo – display a line of text

Usage: echo [OPTION] [string] ...

eg. echo I love India

echo $HOME

grep ­ print lines matching a pattern

Usage: grep [OPTION] PATTERN [FILE]...

eg. grep ­i apple sample.txt

wc ­ print the number of newlines, words, and bytes in files

Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...

eg. wc file1.txt

wc ­L file1.txt

sort – sort lines of text files

Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...

eg. sort file1.txt

sort ­r file1.txt

3. System Administration

chmod – change file access permissions

Usage: chmod [OPTION] [MODE] [FILE]

eg. chmod 744 calculate.sh

chown – change file owner and group

Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[:[GROUP]] FILE...

eg. chown remo myfile.txt

su – change user ID or become super­user

Usage: su [OPTION] [LOGIN]

eg. su remo, su

passwd – update a user‟s authentication tokens(s)

Usage: passwd [OPTION]

eg. Passwd

who – show who is logged on

Usage: who [OPTION]

eg. who , who ­b , who ­q

4. Process Management

ps – report a snapshot of the current processes

Usage: ps [OPTION]

eg. ps, ps ­el

kill – to kill a process(using signal mechanism)

Usage: kill [OPTION] pid

eg. kill ­9 2275

5. Archival

tar – to archive a file

Usage: tar [OPTION] DEST SOURCE

eg. tar ­cvf /home/archive.tar /home/original

tar ­xvf /home/archive.tar

zip – package and compress (archive) files

Usage: zip [OPTION] DEST SOURSE

eg. zip original.zip original

unzip – list, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive

Usage: unzip filename

eg. unzip original.zip

6. File System

fdisk – partition manipulator

eg. sudo fdisk ­l

mount – mount a file system

Usage: mount ­t type device dir

eg. mount /dev/sda5 /media/target

umount – unmount file systems

Usage: umount [OPTIONS] dir | device...

eg. umount /media/target

7. Editor Commands

kate – KDE Advanced Text Editor

Usage: kate [options][file(s)]

eg. kate file1.txt file2.txt

vim – Vi Improved, a programmers text editor

Usage: vim [OPTION] [file]...

eg. vi hello.c

gedit ­ A text Editor. Used to create and edit files.

Usage: gedit [OPTION] [FILE]...

eg. gedit

8. Advanced Commands:

reboot – reboot the system

Usage: reboot [OPTION]

eg. reboot

poweroff – power off the system

Usage: poweroff [OPTION]

eg. poweroff

Conclusion:In this way we have studied different linux commands.

9. Use of text processing commands: GREP and CUT.

Aim:Use of text processing commands:GREP and CUT

Theory:

CUT command:

Prints the selected parts of lines from each file to standard output

cut [option] ... [file] ...

Description

Cut out (that is, print) selected columns or fields from one or more files. The source file is not

changed. This is useful if you need quick access to a vertical slice of a file. By default, the slices

are delimited by a tab.

Frequently used options

-b list

Print bytes in list positions.

-c list

Print characters in list columns.

-d delim

Set field delimiter for -f.

-f list

Print list fields.

Examples

Show usernames (in the first colon-delimited field) from /etc/passwd:

$ cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd

Show first column of /etc/passwd:

$ cut -c 1 /etc/passwd

Paste command:

Syntax

paste [options] files

Description

Paste together corresponding lines of one or more files into vertical columns.

Frequently used options

-d'n'

Separate columns with character n in place of the default tab.

-s

Merge lines from one file into a single line. When multiple files are specified,

their contents are placed on individual lines of output, one per file.

For the following three examples, file1 contains:

1

2

3

and file2 contains:

A

B

C

Example 1

A simple paste creates columns from each file in standard output:

$ paste file1 file2

1 A

2 B

3 C

GREP command:

The name grep means "general regular expression parser", but you can think of the grep

command as a "search" command for Unix and Linux systems: it's used to search for text strings

and more-complicated "regular expressions" within one or more files.

Searching for a text string in one file

This first grep command example searches for all occurrences of the text string 'fred' within the

"/etc/passwd" file. It will find and display all of the lines in this file that contain the text

string fred, including lines that contain usernames like "fred", and also other strings like "alfred":

grep 'fred' /etc/passwd

In a simple example like this, the quotes around the stringfred aren't necessary, but they are

needed if you're searching for a string that contains spaces, and will also be needed when you get

into using regular expressions (search patterns).

Searching for a string in multiple files

Our next grep command example searches for all occurrences of the text string joe within all

files of the current directory:

grep 'joe' *

The '*' wildcard matches all files in the current directory, and the grep output from this command

will show both (a) the matching filename and (b) all lines in all files that contain the string 'joe'.

As a quick note, instead of searching all file with the "*" wildcard, you can also use grep to

search all files in the current directory that end in the file extension ".txt", like this:

grep 'joe' *.txt

Using the Linux grep command to search for multiple patterns at one time (egrep)

You can use a different version of the grep command to search for multiple patterns at one time.

To do this, just use the "egrep" command instead of grep, like this:

egrep 'score|nation|liberty|equal' gettysburg-address.txt

This Unix egrep command searches the file named gettysburg-address.txt for the four strings

shown (score, nation, liberty, and equal). It returns any lines from the file that contain any of

those words.

I should also note that "egrep" stands for "extended grep", and as you can see, it lets you do

things like searching for multiple patterns at one time.

Searching for regular expressions (regex patterns) with grep

Of course the Linux grep command is much more powerful than this, and can handle very

powerful regular expressions (regex patterns). In a simple example, suppose you want to search

for the strings "Foo" or "Goo" in all files in the current directory. That grep command would be:

grep '[FG]oo' *

If you want to search for a sequence of three integers with grep you might use a command like

this:

grep '[0-9][0-9][0-9]' *

This next grep command searches for all occurrences of the text string fred within the

"/etc/passwd" file, but also requires that the "f" in the name "fred" be in the first column of each

record (that's what the caret character tells grep). Using this more-advanced search, a user named

"alfred" would not be matched, because the letter "a" will be in the first column.

grep '^fred' /etc/passwd

Regular expressions can get much, much more complicated (and powerful) than this.

Conclusion: In this way we studied the use of text processing commands in

linux.