opencl introduction a technical review lu oct. 11 2014

OpenCL Introduction

A TECHNICAL REVIEWLU LU

OCT. 11 2014

2OPENCL INTRODUCTION | APRIL 11, 2014

CONTENTS

1. OpenCL Architecture

2. OpenCL Programming

3. An Matrix Multiplication Example

1. OPENCL ARCHITECTURE


1. OPENCL ARCHITECTURE

1. Four Architectural ModelsPlatform ModelExecution ModelMemory ModelProgramming Model

2. OpenCL Framework


1.1 FOUR ARCHITECTURAL MODELS

Platform Model

Execution Model

Memory Model

Programming Model


1.1.1 PLATFORM MODEL


1.1.1 PLATFORM MODEL (CONT.)

One host equipped with OpenCL device(s).

An OpenCL device consists of compute unit(s)/CU(s).

A CU consists of processing element(s), or PE(s).– Computations on a device occur within PEs.


1.1.2 EXECUTION MODEL

Kernels– execute on one or more OpenCL devices

Host Program– executes on the host– defines the context for the kernels– manages the execution of kernels


1.1.2 EXECUTION MODEL (CONT.)

NDRange– an N-dimensional index space, where N is 1, 2 or 3

WORK-ITEM– an instance of the kernel– identified by a global ID in the NDRange– executes the same code in parallel

• The specific execution pathway through the code and the data operated upon can vary per work-item.



WORK-GROUP– Provide a coarse-grained decomposition of NDRange;– Be assigned a unique work-group ID with the same dimensionality as

NDRange;– Use a unique local ID to identify each of its work-items.– Its work-items execute concurrently on the PEs of a single CU.– Kernels could use some synchronization controls within a work-group.– The NDRange size should be a multiple of the work-group size.



Context– The host defines a context for the execution of the kernels.

Resources in the context:– Devices

• The collection of OpenCL devices to be used by the host.

– Kernels• The OpenCL functions that run on OpenCL devices.

– Program Objects• The program source and executable that implement the kernels.

– Memory Objects• A set of memory objects visible to the host and the OpenCL devices.• Memory objects contain values that can be operated on by instances of a kernel.



Command-queue– The host creates a data structure called a command-queue to coordinate

execution of the kernels on the devices.– The host places commands into the command-queue which are then

scheduled onto the devices within the context.– The command-queue schedules commands for execution on a device.– Commands execute asynchronously between the host and the device.



Commands in command-queue:

– Kernel execution commands• Execute a kernel on the processing elements of a device.

– Memory commands• Transfer data to, from, or between memory objects, or map and unmap memory

objects from the host address space.

– Synchronization commands• Constrain the order of execution of commands.



Commands execute modes:

– In-order Execution

– Out-of-order Execution• Any order constraints are enforced by the programmer through explicit

synchronization commands


1.1.3 MEMORY MODEL


1.1.3 MEMORY MODEL (CONT.)

Private Memory– Per work-item

Local Memory– Shared within a work-group

Global/Constant Memory– Latter is cached

Host Memory– On the CPU

Memory management is explicit– must move data from host -> global -> local and back



Memory Region– Allocation and Memory Access Capabilities



Memory Consistency

– OpenCL uses a relaxed consistency memory model; i.e., the state of memory visible to a work-item is not guaranteed to be consistent across the collection of work-items at all times

– Within a work-item, memory has load/store consistency

– Within a work-group at a barrier, local memory has consistency across work-items

– Global memory is consistent within a work-group, at a barrier, but not guaranteed across different work-groups

– Consistency of memory shared between commands are enforced through synchronization


1.1.4 PROGRAMMING MODEL

Data Parallel Programming Model– All the work-items in NDRange execute in parallel.

Task Parallel Programming Model– Executing a kernel on a compute unit with a work-group containing a single

work-item.– Express parallelism by:

• using vector data types implemented by the device,• enqueuing multiple tasks, and/or• enqueuing native kernels developed using a programming model orthogonal to

OpenCL.


1.1.4 PROGRAMMING MODEL (CONT.)

Synchronization

– Work-items in a single work-group• Work-group barrier

– Commands enqueued to command-queue(s) in a single context• Command-queue barrier• Waiting on an event.


1.1.4 PROGRAMMING MODEL (CONT.)

Events Synchronization


1.2 OPENCL FRAMEWORK

OpenCL Platform layer– This layer allows a host program to discover OpenCL devices and their

capabilities and to create contexts.

OpenCL Runtime– The runtime allows the host program to manipulate created contexts.

OpenCL Compiler– The compiler creates executable program containing OpenCL kernels. The

OpenCL programming language implemented by the compiler supports a subset of the ISO C99 language with parallelism extensions.

2. OPENCL PROGRAMMING


2.2 BASIC STEPS

Step 1: Discover and initialize the platforms

Step 2: Discover and initialize the devices

Step 3: Create the context

Step 4: Create a command queue

Step 5: Create device buffers

Step 6: Write the host data to device buffers


2.2 BASIC STEPS (CONT.)

Step 7: Create and compile the program

Step 8: Create the kernel

Step 9: Set the kernel arguments

Step 10: Configure the work-item structure

Step 11: Enqueue the kernel for execution

Step 12: Read the output buffer back to the host

Step 13: Release the OpenCL resources


2.3 BASIC STRUCTURE

Host program– Query compute devices– Create the context and command-queue– Create memory objects associated to the context– Compile and create kernel objects– Issue commands to command-queue– Synchronization of commands– Release OpenCL resources

Kernels– C code with come restrictions and extensions

Platform Layer

Runtime

Language

3. AN EXAMPLE


3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM

is a matrix

is a matrix

Satisfy

Calculate – which would be a matrix


3.2 SERIAL IMPLEMENTATION


3.3 CALCULATION PROCEDURE DIAGRAM

A

B

C


3.4 CHARACTERS OF THE CALCULATION

Each element in is calculate by the same computing with different data of and .

The calculation for each element in C is independent to any others.– There is no write collision.

So it is suitable for data-parallel computing.


3.5 OPENCL IMPLEMENTATION

We assign one work-item for each element of .

We code a kernel for the calculation of one element of .

We use a 2DRange of size .– All the elements of would be generated concurrently.


3.6 OPENCL MATRIX-MULTIPLY CODE

kernel


3.7 OPENCL IMPLEMENTATION

What should be done in the host is illustrated in the right figure.

Set the size of NDRange (and work-group) when enqueuing the kernel.

The calculation for each element in would be done in parallel.

Pla

tfor

m la

yer

Run

time

laye

r

Com

pile

r

Query platform

Query devices

Command queue

Create kernel

Compile program

Create buffers

Set arguments

Execute kernel


THANK YOU!


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opencl introduction a technical review lu oct. 11 2014

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