Opener Prompt

• What similarities were there between the U.S. after WWI and after WWII?

Cold WarPart I: Reconstruction and

Confrontation

After WWII—Bi-Polar System• World is divided into spheres of influence

between Soviet Union and U.S.– What’s a sphere of influence

• A territorial area in which political and economic control is wielded by one nation

Roots of the Cold War

• What is a Cold War?– A continuing state of political conflict, military

tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Soviet Union (and its allies) and the United States (Western World)

– Leads to Hot Wars…Korea/Vietnam, etc.– Mutual distrust and suspicion between Soviet

Union and U.S./Western World

Causes of the Cold War:Economic & Political Differences

• Soviet Union– Communist– Dictatorship– Favor needs of state over

personal human rights– Resent US/GB efforts to

crush Russian Revolution (1918)

• United States– Capitalist– Democracy– “Valued” freedom and

“promote” democracy– Resent Nazi-Soviet Non-

Aggression Pact

Causes of the Cold War—Soviet Security Concerns

• U.S. hid secrets of Atomic Bomb…– Development of Nuclear Arms Race

• Soviets want control over Eastern European States, Why?– History of invasion from West thru Poland…

• Yalta/Potsdam: Soviets Promise Free Elections– Post WWII: Stalin/Soviet army block free elections

• Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine) become puppets of Soviet Union

The “Iron Curtain”• Winston Churchill, 1946

– From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe…In a great number of countries, far from the Russian frontiers and throughout the world, Communist fifth columns are established and work in complete unity and absolute obedience to the directions they receive from the Communist center…I do not believe that Soviet Russia desires war. What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines…But what we have to consider here today while time remains, is the permanent prevention of war and the establishment of conditions of freedom and democracy as rapidly as possible in all countries.

Causes of the Cold War—Germany & Berlin

• Soviet Union– Econ. Hurt by WWII,

want Germany to pay reparations/strip Germany of its resources

• United States/West– Truman realizes German

industry essential to Europe; unify into 1 economic unit

– Prevent fall of Germany to communism

Result: Split Germany as well as Berlin into 4 sectors (Soviet, U.S., British, and French)

Causes of the Cold War—Stalin v. Truman

• Stalin– Anger over lateness of

D-Day invasion– Views U.S. as leader of

Imperial Powers– Communism World

Wide

• Truman– Staunch Anti-Communist– Colonialist

Goals of Two Sides

• Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations– Spread Communism

World Wide– Methodologies

• Espionage: KGB• Nuclear Arms Race• Compete for minds/

hearts of 3rd World peoples—Proxy Wars

• Warsaw Pact

• U.S. & Western Democracies– “Containment” of

Communism– Methodologies

• Espionage: CIA• Nuclear Arms Race• Compete for minds/

hearts of 3rd World Peoples—Proxy Wars

• NATO

Truman on the Soviets/Communism

• “One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. ”

• “The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. ”

• President Truman (1947)

A Soviet Perspective…The foreign policy of the United States, which reflects the imperialist tendencies of American monopolistic capital, is characterized in the postwar period by a striving for world supremacy. This is the real meaning of the many statements by President Truman and other representatives of American ruling circles; that the United States has the right to lead the world. All the forces of American diplomacy -- the army, the air force, the navy, industry, and science -- are enlisted in the service of this foreign policy. For this purpose broad plans for expansion have been developed and are being implemented through diplomacy and the establishment of a system of naval and air bases stretching far beyond the boundaries of the United States, through the arms race, and through the creation of ever newer types of weapons. . . .

During the Second World War . . . [American leaders] calculated that the United States of America, if it could avoid direct participation in the war, would enter it only at the last minute, when it could easily affect the outcome of the war, completely ensuring its interests. In this regard, it was thought that the main competitors of the United States would be crushed or greatly weakened in the war, and the United States by virtue of this circumstance would assume the role of the most powerful factor in resolving the fundamental questions of the postwar world.

Source: Excerpt from a telegram sent by Soviet Ambassador Nikolai Novikov to Soviet Leadership in September 1946.

Summary

• “It was not just that the two ideologies were conflicting - they were militant and expansionist. They both believed that the alternative ideology was a threat to their own way of life, and that the only way for the world to be happy was for their particular ideology to take over the world. This mixture of ideological fear and aggression meant that in both America and Russia, their beliefs invaded and affected their foreign policies.”

Early Cold War Policy

The Truman Years…

Truman Foreign Policy: Containment

• Containment– Response to Soviet

expansion in E. Europe– Intro. by George

Kennan (1946): Long Telegram

– Goal: Limit/Prevent the spread of communism

Henry Wallace Letter to TrumanI have been increasingly disturbed about the trend of international affairs since the end of the war.

How do American actions appear to other nations? I mean actions [like] the Bikini tests of the atomic bomb and continued production of bombs, the plan to arm Latin America with our weapons, and the effort to secure air bases spread over half the globe from which the other half of the globe can be bombed. I cannot but feel that these actions must make it look to the rest of the world as if we were only paying lip service to peace at the conference table.

These facts rather make it appear either (1) that we are preparing ourselves to win the war which we regard as inevitable or (2) that we are trying to build up a predominance [largest amount] of force to intimidate the rest of mankind.

Our interest in establishing democracy in Eastern Europe, where democracy by and large has never existed, seems to [the Soviets] an attempt to reestablish the encirclement of unfriendly neighbors which might serve as a springboard of still another effort to destroy [them].

Source: Secretary of Commerce and former Vice President Henry A. Wallace letter to President Harry S. Truman, July 23, 1946. Truman asked Wallace to resign shortly after this letter.

Truman DoctrineThe United States has received from the Greek Government an urgent appeal for financial and economic assistance…Greece is in desperate need of financial and economic assistance to enable it to resumepurchases of food, clothing, fuel, and seeds.

The very existence of the Greek state is today threatened by the terrorist activities of several thousand armed men, led by Communists, who defy the government's authority. . . . Greece must have assistance if it is to become a self-supporting and self-respecting democracy. The United States must supply this assistance. . . . No other nation is willing and able to provide the necessary support for a democratic Greek government.

One of the primary objectives of the foreign policy of the United States is the creation of conditions in which we and other nations will be able to work out a way of life free from coercion.

It is necessary only to glance at a map to realize that the survival and integrity of the Greek nation are of grave importance in a much wider situation. If Greece should fall under the control of an armed minority, the effect upon its neighbor, Turkey, would be immediate and serious. Confusion and disorder might well spread throughout the entire Middle East. . . . Should we fail to aid Greece and Turkey in this fateful hour, the effect will be far reaching to the West as well as to the East.

The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms. If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world. And we shall surely endanger the welfare of this nation. Great responsibilities have been placed upon us by the swift movement of events.

Source: Excerpt from the “Truman Doctrine Speech,” delivered by President Truman to Congress on March 12, 1947.

Truman Doctrine

• Truman Doctrine (1947)– Offered $400 million in

economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey…Why?

• Why did this increase tensions between U.S. & Soviet Union (USSR)?

Marshall Plan• Intro. by Sec. of State George Intro. by Sec. of State George

Marshall (1948)Marshall (1948)• The U. S. should provide aid to The U. S. should provide aid to

allall European nations that need European nations that need it. This move it. This move is not against is not against any country or doctrine, but any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.desperation, and chaos.

• $12.5 Billion in aid to W. $12.5 Billion in aid to W. Europe…Why?Europe…Why?

Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-1949)

• One of the earliest conflicts of Cold War…response to steps toward unification of W. Germany (1949)

• Soviets block western access to their zones in Berlin…try to force them out

• What was the outcome? Significance?

North Atlantic Treaty Org. (NATO)1949-Present

• Mutual defense/military Mutual defense/military alliance…Why?alliance…Why?• What role did Berlin Blockade What role did Berlin Blockade

play?play?

• United States, Belgium, Britain, United States, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, PortugalNetherlands, Norway, Portugal

• 1952: Greece & Turkey1952: Greece & Turkey

• 1955: West Germany1955: West Germany

Warsaw Pact (1955)

• Soviet Response to NATO (Military Alliance)Soviet Response to NATO (Military Alliance)• U. S. S. R., Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, U. S. S. R., Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,

Hungary, Poland, RomaniaHungary, Poland, Romania

Summary Question

• How did President Truman’s foreign policy attempt to contain the spread of Communism in the early stages of the Cold War?– What examples do you have to support?

The Cold War Heats Up

The Domino Theory Emerges

1949—Red China

• Post-WWII: Civil War resumes in China– Communists (Mao

Zedong) v. Nationalists (Chiang Kai- Shek)

– U.S. provides over $2.4 billion in aid and weapons to Nationalists, Why? Chairman Mao

“The Reds Are Taking Over”• 1949: China Falls to

Communism– Mao Zedong

• 1949: Soviets launch 1st A-Bomb

• 1949: Strenuous Chinese/Soviet Alliance

• Significance of all these events?

U.S. Concerns Increase

• Sheer physical size of Russia and China; combined populations; threat to Containment

• Why did Japan become so important to U.S. foreign policy?

• Why were U.S. fears of full-scale Russian/Chinese cooperation probably misplaced?

Cold War Turns Hot: Korean War

• Pre WWII Korea:– Invaded by Japan (1910)

• Post WWII Korea:– Korea divided at 38th parallel– N. Korea

• Soviet backed govt. led by Kim IL-Sung

– S. Korea• U.S. backed govt. led by

Syngman Rhee

Korean War (1950-1953)• June 25, 1950: N. Korea invades

S. Korea– Soviets arm N. Koreans– MacArthur views as challenge to

U.S.– Why is S. Korea important to U.S.

strategically?

• N. Korean push US/S. Korean & United Nations troops to southern port of Puson (9/1950)

Korean War (1950-1953)• American counter attack at Inchon…

push N. Koreans up to Chinese border…– MacArthur’s Error… China Enters the War

• UN troops force Chinese/N. Koreans back to 38th Parallel

• MacArthur calls for use of nuclear bomb– Wants to expand into N. Korea…publicly

criticizes Truman

• Truman fires MacArthur…why?

Show Korean War Stories Video Clip: “Sneak Attack”

Eisenhower’s Election and War’s End• Panmunjon--Peace Talks: 11/1951 to 7/1953

– Eisenhower becomes President (Jan. 1953)– John Foster Dulles (Sec. of State): New Look Foreign Policy

• Foreign Policy proposing use of nuclear weapons rather than traditional forces in an effort to threaten “Massive Retaliation” against Soviet/Communist advances abroad

– Stalin Dies…Comm. More willing to negotiate

• Korean War ends in Stalemate: 38th Parallel• 36,914 American deaths

– Total S. K./UN Casualties: 900,000 (est.)– Total N.K./Chinese Casualties: 1.5 million (est.)– Civilian Casualties: 2.5 mill. (est.)

Impact of Korea• 1st “Hot War of the Cold War”• Asia: 2nd Front Opened in the Cold

War– Led to formation of SEATO– U.S. support for French in Vietnam

• Truman: Exec. Order 9981– 1st war w/ Deseg. military

• Birth of Modern Fighter Jet & Helicopter

• “The Forgotten War”• Rise of the Domino Theory

Show Korean War Stories video clip: “The Price of Freedom”

Domino Theory

Exit Slip

• Discuss at least 3 causes of the Cold War.• Describe 3 specific actions the United States

took to limit the spread of communism/Soviet influence.

• What events contributed to the United States’ decision to enter the Korean War?

• How was the Korean War a microcosm (symbolic) of the Cold War?

Thinking Map

• Create a Double Bubble in which your group analyzes:– Who started the Cold War?

Analogy Flip Book

• Analogies, similes, and metaphors compare two items that may not necessarily be related.– Simile: expressed analogy (using “like” or “as”)– Metaphor: implied analogy

• Examples: – Reconstruction was like getting hired a fired in the

same week.– Presidential Reconstruction was a slap on the

wrist for Southerners.

Analogy Flip Book

• Working with a partner (if you’d like)…come up with an analogy for the Cold War Your flip book must contain the following:

• 3 specific pieces of evidence to support your analogy• Illustrations that help depict your main ideas

– Be prepared to present your analogy to the class at the end of the period.