operated by los alamos national security, llc for nnsa unclassified michele griffa, ph.d. ees-11...

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA

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Michele Griffa, Ph.D.

EES-11 (Geophysics) GroupEarth and Environmental Sciences (EES) Division

Los Alamos National LaboratoryMS D443, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA

andBioinformatics and High Performance Computing Lab

Biondustry Park of CanaveseColleretto Giacosa (Torino), 10010, Italy

Email: [email protected] site: http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/ees/ees11/geophysics/staff/griffa/griffa.shtml

Personal Web site: http://www.calcolodistr.altervista.org/en/index_en.html

Nonlinear Elasticity and Time Reversal Acousticsfor Damage Detection and Localization

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mailto:[email protected]

http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/ees/ees11/geophysics/staff/griffa/griffa.shtml

http://www.calcolodistr.altervista.org/en/index_en.html


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About myself ...

MS in Theoretical Physics (2003), University of Torino, Torino (Italy) Majors in Computational Physics and Applied Mathematics Minors in Microelectronics and Cybernetics Thesis field: Mathematical Biology and Biomechanics of Cancer Growth Thesis title: “The Role of Mechanical Pressure, Cellular Adhesion and Apoptosis in

the Growth of Multicellular Tumor Spheroids: Physical-Mathematical Modeling”

Ph.D. in Physics (2007), Polytechnic Institute of Torino, Torino (Italy) Majors in Condensed Matter Physics and Computational Physics Minors in Biomechanics and Biomathematics Thesis field: Elastodynamics, Nonlinear Elasticity, Ultrasound Imaging, NDE,

High Performance Computing (Parallel Programming, Cluster Computing) Thesis title: “Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Elastic Wave Propagation for

the Characterization of Complex Heterogeneous Materials”

Post Doc (since 2007), Nonlinear Elasticity/Time Reversal Team, EES-11 (Geophysics), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos (USA)

Research fields: Nonlinear Elasticity, Time Reversal Acoustics, Ultrasonic and Seismic Imaging, NDE, High Performance Computing (Parallel Programming and Cluster Computing)

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About myself ... Research Projects and Collaborations

Nonlinear Acoustics TEchniques for MIcro-Scale damage diagnostics (NATEMIS), European Science Foundation, 2000 - 2005

Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy for health monitoring of aircraft (AERONEWS), EU 6th Framework Program (FP6), 2004 - 2008

Integrated Tool for In Situ Characterization of Effectiveness and Durability of Conservation Techniques in Historical Structures (DIAS), EU 5th Framework Program (FP5), 2002 - 2005

Imaging by Time Reversal Mirrors, Los Alamos National Laboratory, LDRD (Institutional Program), Departmenf of Energy, 2006 - 2009

Italian National Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Parallel Computing Inititative

Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Lab, Bioindustry Park of Canavese: external collaborator

Department of Physics, Polytechnic Institute of Torino: external collaborator

Center for the Development of a VIrtual Tumor (CVIT), Integrative Cancer Biology Program (ICBP), NCI-NIH, USA, 2004 - 2008

Aethia Power Computing Solutions, S.r.l. : external collaborator

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http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/physical-and-engineering-sciences-pesc/completed-esf-research-networking-programmes-in-pesc/nonlinear-acoustic-techniques-for-micro-scale-damage-diagnostics.html

http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/AERONEWS/

http://cordis.europa.eu/PROJ_FP5/ACTIONeqDndSESSIONeq112362005919ndDOCeq1074ndTBLeqEN_PROJ.html

http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/ees/ees11/geophysics/timerev/timerev.shtml

http://www.infm.it/

http://www.bipca.eu/

http://www.cvit.org/

http://www.aethia.com/


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Non-Classical Non-Linear (NCNL) Elasticity: the origins

Photomicrograph of a 30 m-thick slice of a Berea sandstone obtained by cross-polarized light. Grains with size from 50 to 200 m. R. Guyer, P.A.Johnson, Phys.Today 52 (4), 30-36 (1999)

General observation:“granular” geomaterials exhibit a peculiar set of nonlinear elastic behaviors, both in the quasi-static (stress-strain equation of state) and dynamic (wave propagation) regimes.

Nonlinear elastic behaviour of “granular” geomaterials not describable by the “classical” theory of anharmonicity at finite strain amplitudes.

ij=c ijk l k l c ijk lmn k lmn ...

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Quasi-Static Stress-Strain Eq. of State (EoS)

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R. Guyer, P.A.Johnson, Phys.Today 52 (4), 30-36 (1999)


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Nonlinear Wave Mixing

input: f 1 , f 2 output: f 1, f 2, f 2 ± f 1

f 1

f 2

f 1, f 2, f 2 ± f 1

f , 2 f , 3 f , 4 f , ... f

Nonlinear wave mixing experiment:

intermediate amplitude sine-wave excitation at low frequency f1 (pump wave);

high-level amplitude excitation at high frequency f2 (probe wave); f

2 >> f

1 the amplitude of the pump wave is increased.

A special kind of nonlinear wave mixing: harmonics generation

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R.A. Guyer, P.A. Johnson,Nonlinear Mesoscopic Elasticity: Evidence for a New Class of Materials, Phys. Today 52 (4), 30-36, 1999.

undamaged plexiglass: elastically linear andisotropic

damaged plexiglass: elastically nonlinear, locally anisotropic

damage due to cyclic loading → induction of pre-stress and change in the structure

Nonlinear Wave Mixing: an example

Classical Nonlinear Wave Mixing

classical elastic behaviour <--> “atomic” elastic behaviour

the macroscopic deformation properties depend only upon atomic and/or molecular scales bonding and structure:

classical elastic behaviour emerges from themicroscopic scale

ij=c ijk l k l c ijk lmn k lmn ...

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Nonlinear Wave Mixing: a more interesting example

[P.A.Johnson, B.Zinszner and P.N.J.Rasolofosaon, J. Geophys. Res. 101, p.11553 (1996)] [R.A. Guyer and P.A. Johnson, Physics Today 52, p.30 (1999)]

harmonics generation and nonlinear wave mixing already in the undamaged state and at low strain

richer (“classical”) nonlinear frequency spectrum

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Nonlinear Wave Mixing: an even more interesting example

2nd order sidebands

not predicted by the classical theory of Nonlinear Elasticity but ...predicted in the framework of Nonclassical Nonlinear Elasticity

R.A. Guyer, P.A. Johnson, Nonlinear Mesoscopic Elasticity, Wiley, to be published

f1

f2

f2 - f

1

f2 + f

1

f2 - 2f

1

f2 + 2f

1

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Nonclassical Nonlinear Elasticity: where does it come from ?

Which materials do exhibit such anomalous elastic behaviour ?

porous aluminum powdersandstone (typical grain size ~ 100 m)concreteceramicsoil (sieved, typical grain size 1 mm)

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typical structure:hard matrix made by many “grains” cemented together

by “soft” inclusions (fluids, gels, or dislocation-based kinking bands)

the “bond system” (set of soft inclusions) determines the presence and the level of nonclassical nonlinear elastic

behavior water saturation levels (Carmeliet and Van Den Abeele, 2002) mechanics of contact interfaces phases and types of media constituting the “bond system” (neutron scattering experiments at LANL, Ten Cate and Darling, 2004-2007) nanoindentation and creation of dislocation-based kink bands (Barsoum et al., 2004-2008)

multi-phase materials micro-structured materials mesoscopic elasticity

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pyrex containing cracks; marble; pearlite/graphite metal; alumina ceramic; sintered metal; Perovskite ceramic; quartzite; damaged concrete; metallic solids with interconnected dislocation networks, cracks or creeps; nanoindented graphite, sapphire, layered semiconductors (in general MAX phases)

experimental evidence ofnonclassical nonlinear elastic

phenomenology in others materials only when damaged

damage change in structure

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Nonclassical Nonlinear Elasticity and NDE: damage detection

looking for nonclassical nonlinear elastic behaviors as fingerprints of damage:damage detection

Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS)

K. Van Den Abeele et al., Res. Nondestr. Eval. 12, 17-42 (2000)

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Understanding and Exploiting Nonclassical Nonlinear Elasticity: modeling

need of a physical theory of NCNL Elasticity based onthe knowledge of the

micromechanics

modeling and numerical simulations for supporting basic and applied experimental investigations

NCNL elastic solids as a sub-category of Nonlinear Kinking Solids (Barsoum et al., 2004-

2008)

LISA modeling + Preisach-Mayergoyz phenomenological modeling

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LISA (Local Interaction Simulation Approach)for elastic wave propagation in solids

beyond traditional FDTD (Finite Differences Time Domain)for solving differential problems of Elastodynamics

Features:

based on a full displacement explicit FDTD scheme for solving PDEs;

exploitation of the mathematical correspondence between FDTD numerical discretization of PDEs and analogical modeling with discrete coupled systems (lumped-masses); mimetic scheme;

possibility of introducing in the model phenomenological “laws” of interactions between representative particles and/or special elastic behaviors of springs;

developed for modeling elastic wave propagation throughout highly heterogeneous materials, i.e. with a huge number of interfaces (M. Scalerandi, P.P. Delsanto et al., Naval Research Lab, USA, and Polytechnic Institute of Torino, Italy)

modeling the physical role of interfaces in the wave propagation mechanism beyond simple reflection/refraction behavior ---> giving a physical “existence” to interfaces within the model

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the importance of the mechanical behavior of the interstices constituting the “binding medium”

grains <---> Kelvin-Voigt's viscoelastic bodies

interstices/bond system

poro-viscoelastic bodies with two possible sets of values for their parameters

<--> two possible “states”

dynamic switching between the two states during the wave propagation according to the comparison of a “control” parameter versus

thresholds

LISA-Spring modeling approach

LISA modeling approach

modeling internal forces between interstices

imposing constraints on the dynamics of the lateral sides of the

interfaces

LISA-Spring Modeling Approach

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LISA-Spring Modeling Approach

each interstice is an HEE (Hysteretic Elastic Elements), characterized by a bi-state dynamics triggered by the poro-elastic pressure P; each HEE is characterized by the couple of threshold values for P, (Pc,Po)

the whole specimen contains a huge amount of HEEs mapped into the Preisach-Mayergoyz plane (P

c,P

o);

the overall elastic behavior of the whole specimen “emerges” from the local dynamics of the HEEs;

accounting for hysteretic strain-stress constitutive relations for “granular” materials geomaterials

M. Scalerandi, P.P. Delsanto, Phys. Rev. B 68 (6), 64107-1-9 (2003) M. Scalerandi et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 113 (6), 3049-59 (2003)

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M. Bentahar, H. El Aqra, R. El Guerjouma, M. Griffa, M. Scalerandi, Phys. Rev. B 73, 014116 (2006)

In collaboration with M. Bentahar, R. El Guerjouma, GEMPPM UMR CNRS and INSA Lyon

≈ 168.2 KHz

Nonclassical Nonlinear Elasticity of Damaged Concrete

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logarithmic-in-time recovery (slow dynamics) greater time recovey in the case of the damaged specimen

M. Bentahar, H. El Aqra, R. El Guerjouma, M. Griffa, M. Scalerandi, Phys. Rev. B 73, 014116 (2006)

linear regime

linear regime


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slope of the relative resonance frequency shift vs output peak amplitude

Two possible observables very sensitive to the damage state of a specimen (i.e. to the nonlinear nonclassical elastic behaviour):

linear regime resonance frequency recovery time in slow dynamics

conditioning (small, reversible, changes of the elastic properties of the intersticial media even when a small amplitude perturbing wave is injected into the specimen) is at the basis of the fast and slow dynamics phenomenology ------> from the modeling of interstices elastic properties.

the validation of the model confirms the bases of its mathematical description of mechanisms for changes in elastic parameters of interstices, but the physical processes and components responsible for these changes must be discovered in order to develop a successful theory of NCNL Elasticity.


linear (small excitation amplitude) Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) measurements are already sensitive to the presence of damage (10% relative shift of the resonance frequency), but they always require a reference intact specimen !

the problem of damage detection

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A.S. Gliozzi, M. Griffa, M. Scalerandi, Efficiency of Time-Reversed Acoustics for Nonlinear Damage Detection in Solids, J. Acous. Soc. Amer. 120 (5), 2506-2517, (2006)

Nonclassical Nonlinear Elasticity and NDE

the problem of damage localization

LISA-Spring 2D simulation of elastic wave propagation in an Al sample with a linear inhomogeneity and a NCNL damage area (thin micro-crack)

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LISA-Spring 2D simulation of elastic wave propagation in an Al sample with a linear inhomogeneity and a NCNL damage area (thin micro-crack)

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weak scattering by the linear inhomogeneity even more weak scattering by the very thin NCNL feature (the damage region)

how to solve the inverse scattering problem and localize (image) selectively the different types of defects (linear and nonlinear) ?

Inserisci qui l'ultimo snapshots dal movie precedente

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M. Fink, Scientific American 281 (5), 91-97 (1999)

Imaging by Time Reversal Acoustics

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⋅∂2ui∂ t2

=∂ cijkl∂ x j

⋅12⋅

∂uk∂ x l

∂ xl∂ xk

c ijkl∂2uk

∂ x j∂ xlcovariance in respect of t --> -t

generallinear Elastodynamics

wave equation

A. Derode, P. Roux, M. Fink, Robust Acoustic Time Reversal with High-Order Multiple Scattering, Phys.Rev.Lett 75 (3), 4206-4210 (1995)

spatial retro-focusing; temporal compression; multiple reflections subtitute TR transducers; spatial information converted into temporal information;

P. Roux, B. Roman, M. Fink, Time Reversal in an ultrasonic waveguide, Appl.Phys.Lett. 70 (14), 1811-1813 (1997)

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the problem of damage localizationTR-NEWS: Time Reversal + Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy

insonify the specimen (forward propagation, FP) collect the signals at the Time Reversal Mirror apply NEWS signal processing to enhance the nonlinear scatterer contribution time reverse and rebroadcast into the specimen the signals perform the TR backward propagation, experimentally for surface damage detection, in silico for 3D embedded


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The problem of damage localization


TR backward propagation with removal of the base-line (reflections from the boundaries and contribution of the inspection sources):

focusing at the linear scatterer location

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TR-NEWS imaging: simulation test

TR backward propagation with removal of the base-line + NEWS filtering: focusing at the nonlinear scatterer location only

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TR-NEWS imaging of surface micro-cracks: experimental results

Sources: broadband -- hammer tap (excite 4 kHz) probe – 204 kHz, toneburst (200 cycles, sin2 envelope)

T.J. Ulrich et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 104301 (2007)

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3D TR imaging

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Additional information

LANL Nonlinear Elasticity Web site http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/ees/ees11/geophysics/nonlinear/nonlinear.shtml

LANL Time Reversal Acoustics in solid media Web site: http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/ees/ees11/geophysics/timerev/timerev.shtml


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B.E. Anderson, M.Griffa, C. Larmat, T.J. Ulrich, P.A. Johnson, Acoustics Today 4 (1), 5-16 (2008)

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http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/ees/ees11/geophysics/nonlinear/nonlinear.shtml

http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/ees/ees11/geophysics/timerev/timerev.shtml


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Thanks a lot for your attention

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operated by los alamos national security, llc for nnsa unclassified michele griffa, ph.d. ees-11...

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