operational amplifiers (op amps)
DESCRIPTION
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps). Adnan Pandjou Hunter Moore Tyler Randolph. Agenda. Background Ideal Op Amp Inverting Non-inverting Integrating Differential Summing Applications Conclusion. Background. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Operational Amplifiers(Op Amps)
Adnan PandjouHunter Moore
Tyler Randolph
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Agenda
• Background• Ideal Op Amp• Inverting• Non-inverting• Integrating • Differential• Summing• Applications• Conclusion
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Background• Originally designed to perform mathematical
operations in 1940 using vacuum technology• The first integrated op-amp to become widely
available was produced in the late 1960’s by Fairchild
• Wide variety of applications, low cost, and easily manufactured
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Ideal Op AmpIdeal Op-Amp Typical Op-Amp
Input Resistance infinity 106 (bipolar)109 - 1012 (FET)
Input Current 0 10-12 – 10-8 A
Output Resistance 0 100 – 1000
Operational Gain infinity 105 - 109
Common Mode Gain 0 10-5
Bandwidth infinity Attenuates and phases at high frequencies (depends on slew
rate)
Temperature independent Bandwidth and gain
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Non-inverting
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Integrating
Input voltage is integrated by using a capacitor
Inverting op-amp feed back resistor replaced with a capacitor
Smoothes out signals and helps to remove offset Used for PID controllers
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Differential
If all of the resistors are equal, the differential op-amp becomes a difference amplifier
If R4=R3 and R2=R1, then it becomes amplified difference op-ampVout=(V2-V1)R3/R1
Vout=V1-V2
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Summing
€
Vo = − V1 +V2 +V3( )If all resistors are equal
Summing amplifiers combine signals by adding directly or scaling and then adding
Audio mixers sum several signals with equal gainsDigital-to-analog converters use different resistors to give a weighted sumLED’s use summing amps to apply a DC off set to AC voltage to keep it in its linear operating range
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Applications
• Low Pass Filters• High Pass Filters• Offset Comparator• Data acquisition
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Low Pass Filter
€
fc = 12π R1R2C1C2
•Used to filter frequencies above fc•Second order•Active
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High Pass Filter
€
fc = 12π R1R2C1C2
•Used to filter frequencies below fc•Second order•Active•C2 and R2 switched
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Offset Comparator
If
Output = 0V
If
Output = 5V
1
21
22
.URR
RU
+≤
21
2112
RR
.RU5.RU
+
+≥
•Good for setting thresholds
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Offset ComparatorExample
• Setting thresholds for IR detector
R1R2
Op-amp
IR detector
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Data acquisition• Signal amplification• Example (Lab 2)
Amplification of strain gage signal
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Example Data acquisition
Differential Circuit( )
1
31
124
4132
)( RRV
RRRRRRV
Vout −+
+=
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Where to get Op-ampsfor Free
• Companies give free sampleswww.national.com
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Where to get Op-ampsfor Free
•5 (max 5 of each kind) samples per week
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Design tools
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Design tools
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Design tools
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Design tools
Parts List
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Design tools
Design simulation
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Conclusion
• Wide range of application• Lots of recourses• Look at other previous student
presentations
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Questions?
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Appendix
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InvertingAssumptions Infinite gain (amplification factor) Large internal resistance Derivation
021=+=a ai iii(Large internal resistance)
21ii=
ABout ABoutVVKV VVKV −=−= )(
K = Infinite gain, therefore 0===ABABVVVV
From 21ii=,
€
Vout−VARf
=VA −VinRin
VA1Rin
− 1Rf
⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜
⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟=−VoutRf
−VinRin
−VoutRf=VinRin
i1
i2
ia
VB
VA
€
VoutVin
= −R2
R1
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Non-InvertingAssumptions Infinite gain (amplification factor) Derivation
K = Infinite gain, therefore
AinVV=
€
Vout−0R2 +R1
=VA −0R1
VoutR2 +R1
=VinR1
€
Vout=K(Vin−VA)VoutK =Vin−VA
VA
€
Vout =Vin 1+ R2
R1
⎛ ⎝ ⎜
⎞ ⎠ ⎟