operationalizing landscape approach in indonesia: the socio-economic perspective and policy...
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Operationalizing landscape approach in Indonesia: The socio-economic perspective and policy framework in facilitating an integrated and sustainable landscape-based forest management
JFCC Panel Discussion on Indonesia and its environmental record28 November 2016, Inter-Continental Hotel Midplaza, Jakarta
Ani Adiwinata Nawir, PhDSLF – Sustainable Landscape & Food System Team, CIFOR
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1. Background2. Integrated landscape approach3. Opportunitis & challenges for applying integrated
landscape approach in Indonesia4. Operationalizing landscape approach:
case study5. Moving forwards for applying integrated
landscape approach in Indonesia
Scope of the presentation
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1. Background
(1) Globally, the landscape-based approach:Increasingly promoted to overcome the multi-faceted direct and indirect problems of forest deforestation and land degradation.
(2) However, key challenge:Moving toward operationalising integrated landscape management approach in practice.
(3) The operationalisation encompasses:integrated aspects of policy framework, institutional arrangements and management approaches.
(4) Indonesia: a much bigger challenge for an effective implementation of the
landscape-based approach in Indonesia, a lack of integrated planning at the landscape level.
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1. Aiming to harmonize / synergize the different land use(agriculture, conservation/forestry, plantations and other competing land uses)
2. As the reference approach for: a clear division of roles & responsibilities between different
stakeholders (at the district, provincial, and national level) in managing different land uses
(e.g. forestry, agriculture, estate, etc)
2. Integrated landscape approach
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1. Ecosystem type: Forest Management Unit approach
Forest & land covers
Ecosystem fuction (E.g. Watersheds)
Timber
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs)
Stakeholders (including local communities)
Pemukiman
Various components in a landscape
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1. Continual learning and adaptive management2. Common concern entry point: shared objectives & values3. Multiple scales: external influences & constraints4. Multi-functionality: multiple uses by different stakeholders5. Multi-stakeholders: at various levels6. Negotiated and transparent change7. Clarification of rights and principles: negotiated & accepted8. Participatory and user-friendly monitoring9. Resilience: recognizing of threats & vulnerabilities10. Strengthened stakeholder capacity
Ten principles for a landscape approach(≈ Adaptive Collaborative Management)
Sources: Sayer et al., 2012 & National GPFLR (the Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration), 2009
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3. Opportunitis & challenges for applying integrated landscape approach in Indonesia
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Opportunities for various programs to be complementarily implemented at the landscape level
(within the MoE&F)
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(1) Program on Forest Management Unit Model or KPH-Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (i.e. KPHP, KPHL & KPHK)
(2) Ecosystem Restoration Concession (Konsesi Restorasi Ekosistem): Target 1.7 million ha; by September 2016: 573 thousand ha (15 cons. in Sumatra & Kalimantan)
(3) Social Foretry Program: 12.7 million ha (schemes: community forestry-HKm, village forest-HD, customary forest-HA, community plantations-HTR, & partnership-kemitraan)
(4) Integrated watersheds management (PP No. 37 of 2012): 2.5 million ha in 108 watersheds, DAS 2010-2014 (Pratiwi et al., 2013)
(5) Farm forestry-Hutan rakyat (on privately-owned lands)(6) Non-forestry programs: Agriculture/Estate crops: food crops self-reliance (swa-sembada
pangan), small-scale oil palm plantations (10 million ha) & rubber plantations
Mining concessions (legal & illegal)
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Challenges for applying integrated landscape approach in Indonesia
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Kawasan hutan hak milik
Sectoral-based landscape approach
Areal pertanian
Hutan lindungHutan
konservasi
Hutanproduksi
Tujuankhusus
Areal perkebunan
APL APLAPL
Kawasan Hutan Negara
Pemukiman
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(1) Various programs implemented by different government agencies with a lack of coordination (forestry and non-forestry):a. Set of target areas: 'ambitious' – for budget allocationb. Extensification > Intensification (increased productivity)
E.g. rubber & palm oil plantationsc. Policy framework prioritising each program: overlapping and
contradictory regulations at the landscape level.(2) The management objectives of different stakeholders:
a. Priority targets of the government in various sectors: forestry, agriculture, plantation, mining, residential, and industrial
b. Commercial interests (private companies) c. Conservation: the urgency of restoring ecosystem function, &d. Improving the livelihoods of local communities.
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(3) The absence of integrated planning at the landscape level based on ecosystem function:ensuring synergy of the various forestry & non-forestry programs (social capital: one-map based).
(4) The application of Law 23, 2014 (UU No. 23/2014):the transition period: some uncertainties on the continuation of supports from the district governments.
(5) The dynamics of changes in the global economy:provides opportunities and new challenges, especially for small businesses involving local communities≈ ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) - December 2015
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ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 1. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC): the
goal of regional economic integration by 2015
2. AEC foresees the following key characteristics: (a) a single market and production base (b) a highly competitive economic region (c) a region of equitable economic development, and (d) a region fully integrated into the global economy.
Not only directly affecting smallholders in Indonesia & in the region, but also the forestry-product trading flows in the regional markets: China, Australia & Europe
Commercialization: towards more market-oriented production processes
Globalization: a close association between ‘global’ and ‘local’ or ‘glocalization’ (Robertson,1995 in Haan, 2000)
Promoted as a way to reduce poverty by creating new niche markets and potential buyers of scarce forest products: through multilateral agreements – MEA ≈ AFTA, NAFTA
There are challenges in translating opportunities under globalized and commercialized economics that can benefit
local communities
Direct and indirect land use changes driven by foreign companies’ investments in agricultural and forestry plantations: Moratorium in Indonesia: Oil palm companies look for lands in new regions
Source: Nawir et al., 2011
Due to low comparative advantages & lack of consideration for local socioeconomic and sometimes stringent ecological concerns in
multilateral agreements, impacts might be:
1. Difficulties for smallholders to meet global market requirements leading to low profits or restricting access to international markets
2. Unfair competition between local forest products with cheaper imported products (e.g. timber & NTFPs)
3. Direct and indirect land use changes driven by foreign companies’ investments in agricultural and forestry plantations, displacing smallholder and community forestry activities.
Outcomes & impacts:Operationalizing landscape approach in Indonesia:
designing grand-strategy for integrated timber & NTFPs management at the district level
‘Development of timber and non-timber forest products’ production and market strategies for improvement of smallholders’ livelihoods in Indonesia’ (ACIAR - FST/2012/039, April 2013-Dec. 2016)
CIFOR & Project collaborators
4. Operationalizing landscape approach: case study
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Cases: Sumbawa (West Nusa Tenggara) &
Timor Tengah Selatan (East Nusa Tenggara)
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Landscape of community teak plantationand rice fields in Pelat (Sumbawa, WNT)
NTFPs in the local outlet in the cityof Sumbawa (WNT)
Household income portfolio in West Nusa Tenggara (WNT) & East NusaTenggara (ENT): NTFPs are important & limited trading of timber
Pinang (Areca catechu) for menyirih(daily snacking) (TTS, ENT). Other products: Tarum (Indigofera sp.) as natural dye material
Timber is not traded commercially and it islimited for domestic uses (TTS, ENT)
Village level District government
National level governmentRecommendationon improved policy &
regulations Improved policy &
regulations Policy
Working Group
Provincial government
Policy Working Group
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Findings from policy assessment: lack of coordination and interconnectivity between local government institution, private sector, and community groups in developing the potentials of timber and NTFPs
Identified needs: local government should have a strategic document describing the policy framework for integrated management of timber and NTFPs
Aims: the document will be the reference for local government institutions (SKPD), processing industries and communities ≈ stakeholders involve in the development of timber & NTFPs along the supply & value chains
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Policy references: strategic development
National development policy on forestry & NTFPs
Province development policy on forestry
Districs development policy on forestry
Forest Management Unit (KPHP/KPHL) strategic planning
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Managementaspect
Forest function & watersheds (Zonation)Upstream Midstream Downstream
Area management
Objective: Enforcing the conservation function of the area as the buffer zone and/or rehabilitating the degraded areas, while enhancing local livelihoods
Business management
Objective: Promoting the establishment of small-medium scale enterprises (UMKM-Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah)for value added processing activities both for timber and NTFPs
Institutional arrangements and management
Objective: improving the coordination, synergy, and inter-connectivity of various government agencies at the district level (& prov), as well as between these agencies and private market industries.
Grand strategy for integrated management of timber and NTFPs at the landscape level
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Spatial data analysis in deciding strategic development area:Maps overlay: district forest area, watersheds, critical lands, provincial &
district level spatial planning (RTRW–Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah)
Sumbawa
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Clan-based customary land ownership with strict management rules
More effective in guiding day-to-day communal forestry management practices for NTFP collection (i.e. Forest honey)
Maintaining the surrounding nature reserve.
Nature reserve
Protected forest
Clan-based (SUF): Customary rules complementing state regulations on limiting community access to protected forest:
Village Gov. & community
Synergy: national social forestry program & local gov. strategic forest management priorities
Grand Strategy Document for integrated management: NTFP
West Nusa TenggaraProvincial Gov.
Timor Tengah Selatan
District Gov.
Village Gov. & community
Sumbawa -District Gov.
Grand Strategy Document for integrated management: Timber & NTFP
Adopted in RPJMDes(training by Kanoppi)
Update: 8 villages adopted & allocated budget
Policy Working Group
Policy Working Group
Head of District Decree
Decree for adoption at all villages Adopted in FMU
(KPHP) management planning docs
East Nusa Tenggara
Provincial Gov.
Recommendation to the national level governmentAdopted for developing policy framework for NTFPs development
Adopted for developing policy framework for timber
& NTFPs development
Adopted in RPJM Bupati
5. Moving forwards for applying integrated landscape approach in Indonesia
1. Utilizing the existing social capital from the priority programs.2. The development of coherent and complementary policy framework:
a. Synergy between various national and local policy framework and regulations.
b. technical guidelines that are tailored to specific local conditions through multi-stakeholder engagement processes.
3. Facilitated through collaborative processes: developing grand design & strategy for sustainable integrated landscape-based management.
Landscape approach: inter-sectoral coordination for promoting complementary
management options
(3) Favourable conditions: creating the right incentives
Three components in designing & implementing sustainable initiatives at the landscape level
to ensure local economies are improved
Sustainable initiative & practice
(1) Addressing direct and underlying causes of ecological
system & function
Multiple socioeconomic benefits for local
stakeholders involved (tangible & intangible)
Improvements in ecological conditions
(2) Socioeconomically feasible technical interventions
Clear land status & full access for a community to manage the areas
Engaging with markets (Tangible & intangible benefits)
EnablingIncentives
(e.g. land tenure and resource security, market development, credit facilities)
Framework to develop incentives
Direct incentives (e.g. seedlings, cost-sharing arrangements)
Sectoral(e.g. harvesting restriction, trade tariffs)
Macro-economic(e.g. polices on interest rates, income taxes)
Indirect incentives
Variable incentives
Type of incentives Conditions to be considered for application1. Subsidies provided
to a communityPhysical assistance & creating employment opportunities: For areas isolated from economic activities (or remote areas)Monetary assistance: aims at creating revolving funds (contract agreements may be necessary - penalty or sanction if subsidies were used for non-rehabilitation activities.
2. Tax exemption With the aim of encouraging private companies to participate in restoration/conservation/reforestation initiatives
3. Credit schemes Needs cooperative or business management unit with good capacity
4. Defined and secured market for timber production
Market for timber production: where tree harvesting is allowedMarket for NTFPs/environmental services: on state forestland where tree harvesting is not allowed
5. Net revenue sharing agreement
Essential for all initiatives involving shared investments (tangible & intangible contributions) in any form from other parties, such as a community & village government
Institutional arrangements: promoting P4 (Public-Private-People-Partnership)
1. The integrated landscape approach could not be conducted alone.
2. At the landscape level, each of this stakeholder group has different roles, rights, and responsibilities that potentially can be complementary.
3. Developing sustainable business model with a fair profit margin for smallholders involved along the supply and value chains.
Empowerment of local communities & SME to be resilient: Improved land & financial management capacities Business knowledge and skills required to deal with international
investors and traders
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Terima kasih