MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE

BOGOMOLETS NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

Operative Dentistry Department

«Approved»

at the meeting of the Operative Dentistry department

Report № 11 of January 12, 2016

Head of department __________ prof. А.V. Borysenko

GUIDELINES

FOR INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS

WHILE PREPARING FOR THE PRACTICAL LESSON

Academic discipline Propaedeutics of operative dentistry

Module № 1 Propaedeutics of operative dentistry

Content module № 1 The basic dental tools and equipment. The anatomical

structure of the permanent teeth

Lesson Focus

Tooth formula, clinical and anatomical features of

incisors, canines, premolars and molars of the upper jaw.

Teeth signs. Modeling teeth with plastic and solid

materials

Course ІІ

Faculty Dental

Number of hours 1

Compiler: prof. Lynovitskay O.V.

Methodist: ass.prof. Kolenko Y.G.

Kyiv – 2016

Занятие №2

2

Tooth formula, clinical and anatomical features of incisors, canines, premolars and molars of the upper jaw. Teeth signs. Modeling teeth with plastic and solid

materials. I. Relevance of the topic Teeth - organs, serving for primary mechanical processing of food: capture, cutting, tearing, retention and mastication of food. In addition, they perform certain aesthetic function and participate in forming language sounds. Therefore, the study of clinical and anatomical features of the structure of permanent teeth lays the foundation of professional knowledge and skills of a dentist and an integral part of his practical training. II. Learning objective classes General: to learn clinical and anatomical features of the structure of the permanent teeth of the upper jaw. Specific: -I):Preview ( • international anatomical nomenclature in dentistry; • the overview of the anatomical structure of the tooth. -ІI):Know ( • anatomy of the tooth; • signs of dental supplies; • dentition permanent teeth according to A. Zsigmondy, American scheme, FDI -zubnuyu formula; • Key anatomic and topographic features of the maxillary incisors; • Key anatomic and topographic features of the canines of the upper jaw; • Key anatomic and topographic features of the small molars of the upper jaw; • Key anatomic and topographic features of the molars of the upper jaw. -IV):-IІІ, To be able to ( • distinguish between different groups of the upper jaw; • modeled from clay permanent teeth of the upper jaw; • Fill the tooth formula. III. Objectives of personality development (educational purpose) On a material of the theme to develop in students a sense of responsibility for the correctness, timeliness and professionalism of therapeutic manipulation; establish a system of legal concepts related to the dental industry activities. IV. Interdisciplinary integration

Discipline To know Able Previous disciplines

Анатомия человека • anatomy of the tooth; • signs of dental supplies; • Key anatomic and topographic features of the maxillary incisors; • Key anatomic and topographic features of the canines of the upper jaw; • Key anatomic and topographic features of the small molars of the upper jaw; • Key anatomic and topographic features of the molars of the upper jaw.

Distinguish between different groups of the upper jaw teeth.

Intra integration The anatomic and topographic features of the permanent teeth The anatomic and topographic features of temporary teeth

Differential anatomic and topographic features of temporary and permanent teeth

Right to differentiate various groups of temporary and permanent teeth.

V. The contents of lessons topics

Topic # 5: “A tooth formula, clinical-anatomical properties of incisors, canines, premolars, molars. Teeth signs.Modeling of

teeth from plastic and solid materials.”

Занятие №2

3

Numbering Systems:

Numbering systems in dentistry serve as abbreviations. Instead of writing out theentire name of a tooth, such as permanent

maxillary right central incisor, it is muchsimpler to assign it a number, letter, or symbol, such as #8 for the universal

numberingsystem. Of the many systems, the three most commonly used will be described.

A. Universal Numbering System:

The numbering system which enjoys the widest use today is the universal system. Itemploys a different number (1-32) in a

consecutive arrangement for all permanentteeth, and a number-letter (ld-20d) for each of the deciduous teeth.

1. Permanent Teeth - The universal numbering system assigns a specificnumber to each permanent tooth. The upper

right third molar is #I, the upperright second molar #2, and so forth around the entire maxillary arch to theupper left

third molar, which is #16.Since there are no more permanent teethin the maxillary arch, the succession drops to the

lower left third molar whichis #17, and continues around the entire mandibular arch where the lower right

third molar is #32. For example, tooth #11 is the permanent maxillary leftcanine.

2. Deciduous Teeth - The twenty teeth of the deciduous dentition are numberedin the same manner as are the

permanent teeth (1-20), except that asmall (d) is added as a suffix to each number to designate deciduous.

Thedeciduous upper right second molar is thus #Id, while the upper left secondmolar is #10d. The lower right canine,

for example, is #18d.

The most common system in use today for designating deciduous teeth uses thecapital letters Athrough T. The maxillary right

deciduous second molar is tooth Aand the order progresses in the manner used with the 1-32 system for permanentteeth, so

that the mandibular right deciduous second molar is tooth T.

B. Palmer Notation Method:

Another commonly used numerical and letter notation scheme for identifying anindividual tooth utilizes a simple symbol,

which differs for each of the four quadrants.In addition, the numbers 1 through 8 are used to identify permanent

centralincisor through third molar in the specified quadrant. Letters Athrough E, with thequadrant symbol, are used for the

deciduous dentition.

C. FDI Svstem:

The Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI), the international dental organization,has introduced a new numbering system,

which is an attempt at standardizationthroughout the world. Although presently not in worldwide use, it may be in thefuture.

It is a simple binomial system, which includes both permanent and deciduousteeth. The first of the two numbers identifies the

quadrant, and whether the toothis permanent or deciduous, as follows:

1 - Permanent maxillary right quadrant

2 - Permanent maxillary left quadrant

3 - Permanent mandibular left quadrant

4 - Permanent mandibular right quadrant

5 - Deciduous maxillary right quadrant

6 - Deciduous maxillary left quadrant

7 - Deciduous mandibular left quadrant

8 - Deciduous mandibular right quadrant

Занятие №2

4

The second number identifies the particular tooth in the quadrant, exactly like thePalmer notation method for permanent

teeth (1-8). The deciduous teeth in each quadrantare numbered (1-5), the number increasing in size from the midline

posteriorly.

Examples in notation utilizing the FDI system are asfollows:

18 - Permanent maxillary right third molar

27 - Permanent maxillary left second molar

36 - Permanent mandibular left first molar

45 - Permanent mandibular right second premolar

54 - Deciduous maxillary right first molar

63- Deciduous maxillary left canine

72 - Deciduous mandibular left lateral incisor

81 - Dbciduous mandibular right central incisor

General Oral and Dental Anatomy:

A. Dental Structures:

1. Anatomical crown - That portion of the tooth which is covered by enamel.

2. Clinical crown - That portion of the tooth which is visible in the mouth.The clinical crown may, or may not, correspond to

the anatomical crown, dependingon the level of the tooth's investing soft tissue, and so may also includea portion of the

anatomical root. As can be seen from this description, the clinicalcrown may be an ever changing entity throughout life, while

the anatomicalcrown is a constant entity.

3.Anatomical root - That portion of the tooth which is covered with cementum.

4. Clinical root - That portion of the tooth which is not visible in the mouth.Again, the clinical root is an ever changing entity,

and may, or may not, correspondto the anatomical root.

Note: In the dental literature, the modifying terms "clinical" and "anatomical"are not often used with crown or root, but the

intended meaning is most often"anatomical" and so will be used in this manner hereafter.

5. Enamel - The hard, mineralized tissue which covers the dentin of the anatomical crown of a tooth. It is the hardest living

body tissue, but is brittle, especiallywhen not supported by sound underlying dentin.

6. Dentin - The hard tissue which forms the main body of the tooth. It surroundsthe pulp cavity, and is covered by the enamel

in the anatomical crown,and by the cementum in the anatomical root. The dentin constitutes the bulk, ormajority, of the total

tooth tissues, but because of its internal location, is notdirectly visible in a normal tooth.

7. Cementum - The layer of hard, bonelike tissue which covers the dentin ofthe anatomical root of a tooth.

8. Cervical line - The identifiable line around the external surface of a toothwhere the enamel and cementum meet. It is also

called the cemento-enameljunction or CEJ.The cervical line separates the anatomical crown and the anatomicalroot, and is a

constant entity. Its location is in the general area of thetooth spoken of as the neck or cervix.

9. Dentino-enamel iunction or DEJ - The internal line of meeting of the dentinand enamel in the anatomical crown of a tooth.

Занятие №2

5

10. Pulp -- The living soft tissue which occupies the pulp cavity of a vital tooth.It contains the tooth's nutrient supply in the

form of blood vessels, as well asthe nerve supply.

11. Pulp Cavity - The entire internal cavity of a tooth which contains the pulp.

It consists of the following entities:

a. Pulpcanal(s) - That portion of the pulp cavity which is located in theroot(s) of the tooth. and may also be called the root

canal(s).

b. Pulp chamber - The enlarged portion of the pulp cavity which is foundmostly in the anatomical crown of the tooth.

c. Pulp horns - The usually pointed incisal or occlusal elongations of thepulp chamber which often correspond to the cusps, or

lobes of the teeth.

B. Supporting Structures:

1.Alveolar process - The entire bony entity which surrounds and supports allthe teeth in each jaw member.

2. Alveolus (Plural - alveoli) - The bony socket, or portion of the alveolarprocess, into which an individual tooth is set.

3. Periodontal ligament (membrane) - The fibrous attachment of the toothcementum to the alveolar bone.

4. Gingiva (Plural - gingivae) - The "gum" or "gums", or the fibrous tissueenclosed by mucous membrane that covers the

alveolar processes and surroundsthe necks of the teeth.

C. Tooth surfaces:

1. Anteriors - All anterior teeth exhibit four surfaces and one edge on theircrowns. They are named as follows:

a. Mesial - The surface toward the midline.

b. Distal - The surface away from the midline.

c. Labial -The "outside" surface which is toward the lips.

d. Lingual - The "inside" surface which is toward the tongue. In the maxillaryarch, the lingual surface is sometimes

called the palatal surface.

e. Incisal edge (or ridge) - The biting edge.

2. Posteriors - All posterior teeth exhibit five surfaces on their crowns:

a. Mesial, distal, and lingual - These surfaces may be defined like the correspondingsurfaces of anterior teeth.

b. Buccal - The "outside" surface which is toward the cheek, and correspondsto the labial surface of the anterior

teeth. The term facial surfacemay be used for either the labial surface of anterior teeth or the buccalsurface of

posterior teeth.

c. Occlusal - The chewing surface.

3.Roots - Root surfaces are named exactly like the surfaces of crowns, exceptthere is no incisal edge or occlusal surface. The

termination or tip of theroot is termed the apex (Plural - apices).

4. Proximal - This term refers to any surface between two teeth, so proximalsurfaces, by definition, are normally only mesial

or distal surfaces.

E. Thirds of crown and root:

Занятие №2

6

1. Crown - The crown surfaces of teeth are divided into artificial thirds, bothhorizontally and vertically. These thirds are

named by their location, accordingto the surface which is being viewed. For example, the mesial crown surface ofan anterior

tooth exhibits labial. middle and lingual thirds, when divided vertically.When divided horizontally, this same mesial crown

surface has incisal,middle, and cervical thirds.

2. Root - The root, from any aspect, is divided into horizontal thirds only,which are termed cervical, middle, and apical thirds.

The term "cervical" denotestoward the cervix, or neck of the tooth, or in other words, toward thecervical line. The cervical

thirds of the root and crown are thus adjacent to eachother and are separated by the cervical line.

Other Anatomical Structures Defined:

A. Crown Elevations:

1. Cusps - Elevated and usually pointed projections of various sizes and shapeson the crowns of teeth. They form the bulk of

the occlusal surfaces of posteriorteeth, and the incisal portion of canine crowns. Incisors do not possess cusps,while canines

normally exhibit one cusp, premolars two or three cusps, andmolars usually four or more.

2. Tubercles - Rounded or pointed projections found on the crowns of teeth.Tubercles are not a normal finding, although they

are not rare. They are alsovariable in size and shape, but are usually smaller than cusps. Tubercles areoften thought of as

minicusps, and their most likely location is on the lingualsurface of maxillary anterior teeth, especially deciduous canines. The

Cusp ofCarabelli, a tubercle, is a normal finding on the meslal part of the lingual surfaceof permanent maxillary first molars.

3.Cingulum (Plural - cingula) - A large rounded eminence on the lingualsurface of all permanent and deciduous anterior teeth,

which encompasses theentire cervical third of the lingual surface.

4. Ridges -Linear and usually convex elevations on the surfaces of the crownsof teeth, which are named according to their

location. Several specific types ofridges can be identified as follows:

a. Marginal ridges - The linear elevations which are convex in cross sectionand are found at the mesial and distal

terminations of the occlusalsurface of posterior teeth. They are also found on anterior teeth, but are lessprominent.

Their location also differs, since on anterior teeth they form thelateral (mesial and distal) margins of the lingual

surface.

b. Triangular ridges - Linear ridges which descend from the tips of cuspsof posterior teeth toward the central area of

the occlusal surface. In crosssection,they are more or less triangular, hence their name.

c. Transverse ridge - The combination of two triangular ridges, which transverselycross the occlusal surface on a

posterior tooth to merge with eachother. Thus a transverse ridge is simply a union of two triangular ridges ofa

posterior tooth, one from a buccal cusp and the other from a lingual cuspand also is composed of two triangular

ridges.

d. Oblique ridge - Aspecial type of transverse ridge, which crosses theocclusal surface of most maxillary molars of

both dentitions in an obliquedirection from the distobuccal to mesiolin~uacl usps.

e. Cusp ridges - Each cusp has four cusp ridges extending in different directions(mesial, distal, facial, lingual) from its

tip. They vary in size, shape,and sharpness. Normally, the cusp ridge u hich extends toward the centralportion of the

occlusal surface is also a triangular ridge. They are namedby the direction they extend from the cusp tip.

f. Inclined plane - The sloping area found between two cusp ridges. Planesare named by combining the names of the

two cusp ridges between whichthey lie. Normally. each cusp exhibits four inclined planes.

5.Mamelons - Small, rounded projections of enamel which are found in varyingsizes and numbers on the incisal ridges of

recently erupted incisors. Theyare normally worn away rather soon after eruption, if the tooth contacts itsantagonist(s) in the

opposite arch when in function.

B. Crown Depressions:

Занятие №2

7

1. Fossa (Plural - fossae) - An irregular, usually rounded depression, or concavity,on the crown of a tooth. There is normally a

rather large, shallow fossaon the lingual surface of anterior teeth, while posterior teeth exhibit two ormore fossae of varying

size and shape on the occlusal surface.

2. Developmental (primary) groove - A groove, or line, which usually denotesthe coalescence of the primary parts. or lobes. of

the crown of a tooth.

3.Supplemental(secondary) groove - An auxiliary groove which branchesfrom a developmental groove. Its location is not

related to the junction of primarytooth parts, and it is normally not as deep asa primary groove.

4. Pit - A small, depressed area where developmental grooves often join orterminate. A pit is usually found in the deepest

portion of a fossa.

C. Miscellaneous Structures:

1. Contact area - The area on a proximal surface of the crown that contacts theadjacent tooth in the same arch, and is thus

named mesial or distal by location.All teeth in each quadrant normally have two contact areas.except the mostdistal tooth

which, of course, has no distal contact area.

2. Lobe - One of the primary anatomical divisions of the tooth crown, oftenseparated by identifiable developmental grooves.

Permanent Anterior Teeth:

All anterior teeth are composed of four lobes. There are three labial lobes, namedmesiolabial. mddle labial, and distolabial

lobes. (Occasionally the middle labiallobe is referred to zlmpl! as the labial lobe.) The remaining lobe encompasses

thecingulum, and is termed the lingual lobe.

Evidence for the presence of the three labial lobes is sometimes found on the incisaledge of newly erupted incisors in the

form of mamelons, which are the slightlyrounded incisal terminations of the labial lobes. When the incisors are in

functionalocclusion, the mamelons are abraded away soon after eruption, but may still bevisible, even in adults, when the

incisor has not been in active occlusion.

Further evidence of separation of the labial lobes of all anterior teeth is found in theform of two shallow depressions in the

incisal portion of the labial surface. Theselinear, vertical depressions are called mesiolabial and distolabial

developmentaldewessions.

Permanent Posterior Teeth:

1. Premolars - Most premolars also exhibit four lobes, three buccal and onelingual. They are named mesiobuccal, middle

buccal, distobuccal, and linguallobes. The one exception is the mandibular second premolar which, in the majorityof cases,

exhibits two lingual cusps. When this is the case, there are fivelobes, three on the buccal and two lingually located. The three

buccal lobes arenamed as in the four-lobed type, while the lingual lobes are termed mesiolingualand distolingual lobes.

2. Permanent Molars:

a. Maxillary Molars - Normally, maxillary molars have four lobes, twobuccal and two lingual, which are named in the same

manner as the cuspsthat represent them (mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiolineual, anddistolingual lobes). Unlike the anterior

teeth and premolars, molars do notexhibit facial developmental depressions. Evidence of lobe separation canbe found in the

central groove, which divides buccal from lingual lobes.The two lingual lobes are separated by the distolingual groove, and the

twobuccal lobes are divided by the buccal groove.

b. Mandibular first molars - These teeth normally have five cusps and fivelobes. They are named for the cusps, exactly like the

lobes of maxillarymolars, with the addition of the fifth lobe, the distal lobe. Separationalevidence is found in the central

groove, as well as the lingual groove, buccalgroove, and distobuccal groove.

Занятие №2

8

c. Othermandibular molars - The crowns of most other mandibular molar have four cusps and four lobes, with terminology

the same as it is formaxillary molars.The developmental grooves indicative of lobe divisioninclude the central. buccal, and

lingual grooves.

Task Performance sequence Warning to the self-control

To determine

the teeth

belonging to the

proper jaw and

side.

1. To determine the angle sign of the crown.

Theangleofthetoothcrownformedbyth

emedial-

approximalsurfaceandincisaledgeissha

rperthantheangleformedbythedistal-

approximalsurfaceandincisaledge.

2. To determine the crown’s curvature sign.

Themostconvexpartofthevestibular

(lingual, buccal)

surfaceofthedentalcrownsislocatedclo

sertothemedial-approximalsurface.

3. To determine the root deviation sign. Curvatureofthetotalrootoritsapexasfo

rlongitudinaltoothaxis:

incisorsandcaninesinthelateraldirectio

n, premolars and molars in the

backward one.

Занятие №2

9

Tooth Anatomy

Crown

Vestibular surface (labial or buccal)

Oral surface (glossal or palatal)

Approximal (contact) surfaces (medial or distal)

Chewing surface

Root

One-rooted

Multi-rooted

Neck

Cavity

Crown part

Root canals

Teeth property signs

Crown angle sign Crown curvature sign Root deviation sign

Занятие №3

11

VI. Plan and organizational structure of classes

№ The main stages of employment, their features and content

Learning objectives in the

levels of assimilation

Monitoring and training methods Materials of methodical maintenance Distribution of

time (in minutes)

I. Preparatory phase

1 Arrangements .

– Hello, check the presence of the students and the necessary training materials, appearance, etc.

Academic journal 2 min

2 Control of initial level of knowledge, skills and abilities:

- - "Learning Objectives", "Relevance of the topic" 2-3 min

3 Control of initial level of knowledge, skills and abilities:

20 min

3.1. The anatomical structure of the tooth.

ІІ Individual theoretical survey. Solution II assimilation level of

typical tasks. The decision of test tasks of

mastering II level. Written theoretical control.

Questions. Tables, figures, slides. Set of tools. Typical tasks of mastering II level. Tests II mastering level. Written theoretical tasks.

3.2. Signs of dental accessories. 3.3. Clinical (for A.Zsigmondy) and FDI

formula (WHO) permanent and temporary teeth.

3.4. Key anatomic and topographic features of the maxillary incisors.

3.5. Key anatomic and topographic features of the canines of the upper jaw.

3.6. Key anatomic and topographic features of the small molars of the upper jaw.

3.7. Key anatomic and topographic features of the molars of the upper jaw.

II. The main Etap

4 Formation of professional skills and abilities: 90 min 4.1. To be able to distinguish between different groups of teeth in the upper and lower jaws

ІІІ, IV The method of formation of skills: professional training in dealing with unusual clinical situations.

Dental equipment and tools. Algorithms for the formation of practical skills. Indicative card (professional algorithms) for the formation of new professional

4.2. Simulate plasticine permanent upper teeth

Занятие №3

12

4.3. Complete dental formula skills. Fake Equipment. Text atypical case studies.

IIІ. The final stage 5 Control and correction level of professional

skills

III Methods of control skills: individual control skills or their results. skills testing methods: atypical decision of situational problems, test control.

The results. Text case studies Level IV. IV level tests

16 min 2 min 2 min

6 Summing up lessons (theoretical, practical, organizational)

– Assessing the success of a student (diagnosis of the level of knowledge, skills and abilities).

–

7 Homework – – Indicative map for independent work with literature.

Занятие №3

13

The VII. Materials of methodical maintenance of employment VII.1. control materials for the preparatory phase of training. VII.1.1. -II)Theoretical questions ( 1. Name the anatomical structure of the tooth. 2. What are the signs of dental accessories. 3. What are the clinical (for A.Zsigmondy) and FDI formula (WHO) permanent and temporary teeth. 4. What are the main anatomic and topographic features of the maxillary incisors. 5. What are the main anatomic and topographic features of the canines of the upper jaw. 6. What are the main anatomic and topographic features of the small molars of the upper jaw. 7. What are the main anatomic and topographic features of the molars of the upper jaw. VII.1.2. -I)Tests ( №1. The tooth has a massive conical-shaped crown, the cutting edge forms a pronounced tooth. Which tooth can be shaped? A. upper canine B. lower first bicuspid C. second upper premolar D. upper second incisor E. lower second premolar? Answer: A. №2. The crown of the tooth is rounded elongated quadrangle slightly narrowed in buccal direction. There are two large tubercle large buccal and lower lingual. Lingual lobe can be divided into two or three hooks. Determine the tooth in the dentition? A. upper central incisor B. upper lateral incisor C. second lower premolar D. upper first molar big E. lower second big molar. Answer: C. No. 3. tooth crown has a rhombic shape elongated in the anterior-posterior direction. On chewing surfaces has four, sometimes five bumps - two buccal and two (three) palatine. Which tooth is shaped, and the specified number of tubercles? A. large upper third molar B. lower first bicuspid C. upper first molar big D. upper second large molar E. lower second large molar tooth? Answer: D. VII.1.3. -II)Tests ( №1. What teeth instead of chewing surfaces have the cutting edge: 1. The incisors of the lower jaw; 2. The fangs of the upper jaw; 3. The first big molars of the lower jaw; 4. The small molars of the lower jaw; 5. The second large molars of the upper jaw; 6. The lateral incisors of the upper jaw; 7. small molars of the upper jaw. The correct answer is: 1, 2, 6. №2. In any teeth well developed all the signs of teeth? 1. The upper central incisors 2. The lower third of the large molars 3. The upper lateral incisors 4. The lower second molars small 5. The upper second large molars 6. The first large upper molars 7. The upper first molars small Correct answer: 3, 5, 6. No. 3. In any teeth well developed all the signs of teeth? 1. The upper second small molars 2. The lower side (lateral) cutters 3. The third large upper molars 4. The lower second molars small 5. The lower central (medial) cutters 6. The upper canines 7. The upper side (lateral) cutters 8. The upper central (medial) cutters Correct answer: 1, 6, 7. VII.1.4. -II)Tasks (

Занятие №3

14

№1. a tooth cavity has a spindle shape that is gradually transformed into the root canal. Which teeth cavity has a form? №2. tooth cavity has a slit-like shape elongated in the bucco-palatal direction, passing in a slit-shaped channel. What is a tooth has a cavity of such a form? No. 3. Form conical crown, and the crown has a single cutting edge. Which tooth can be shaped? №4. The crowns of the teeth are chisel shape. Which group of teeth belong to the teeth? Answers to Problems Task 1.Veretenovidnuyu shape have cavities upper canines. Task 2.Schelevidnuyu shape elongated in the bucco-palatal direction, passing in a slit-shaped channel has a cavity second upper bicuspid. Task 3. The conical shape of the crown, and a cutting edge has an upper canine tooth. Task 4.Dolotovidnuyu shape of the crown are the central and lateral incisors of the upper jaw. VII.2. Materials of methodical maintenance of the main phase of occupation VII.2.1. Indicative map for the formation of professional skills

Worksheet The sequence of execution Warnings self

Set of teeth belonging to the respective jaw and side

1. Determine the sign of the angle of the crown.

The angle of the tooth crown, formed medially-contact surface and the cutting edge, the acute angle formed by the distal-contact surface and cutting edge.

2. Determine the sign of the curvature of the crown.

Most vestibulyarnoypoverhnosti convex part of the tooth crown is closer to the medial-contact surface.

3. Determine the sign of the root.

The curvature of the entire root or top of the tooth relative to the longitudinal axis of incisors and canines in the medial direction, and small and large molars - vdistalnom.

VII. 3. Materials for the control of the final stage VII. 3.1. Atypical situational problem -IV)( №1. The following suggested tooth description:

crowns and root of the ratio is 3: 1.

tooth root rounded. When osmotres vestibular side: crown uniformly stands for the root of the limits - the medial and distal surfaces of the crown creates a certain angle with the medial and distal edges of the root, respectively.

What kind of a tooth in question? Answer: it is a canine of the upper jaw. VІI.4. Materials methodical obespecheniyasamopodgotovki students VII.4.1. Indicative map for the organization of independent work of students with educational literature on the subject: "Zubnayaformula. Clinical and anatomical features of the incisors, canines, small and large molars of the upper jaw. Signs of teeth

Worksheet instructions notes Learn:

1. Describe the anatomy of the tooth.

Describe the anatomy of the tooth.

2. Opishitepriznaki dental accessories.

Describe the symptoms of dental accessories.

3. Describe the clinical dental formula of permanent teeth (in

Describe the clinical dental formula of permanent teeth (in A.Zsigmondy), American

Занятие №3

15

A.Zsigmondy), the American scheme and FDI -zubnu formula.

FDI tooth chart and formula.

4.Perechislite basic anatomic and topographic features of the maxillary incisors.

List the basic anatomic and topographic features of the maxillary incisors.

5. Describe the major anatomical and topographical features of the canines of the upper jaw.

Describe the basic anatomic and topographic features of the canines of the upper jaw.

6. List the main anatomic and topographic features of the small molars of the upper jaw.

List the basic anatomic and topographic features of the small molars of the upper jaw.

7. What are the main anatomic and topographic features of the molars of the upper jaw.

Name the basic anatomic and topographic features of the molars of the upper jaw.

VІІІ. Литература по теме занятия

Основная 1. Практикум з терапевтичноїстоматології (фантомний курс) /

А.В.Борисенко, Л.Ф.Сідельнікова, М.Ю.Антоненко, Ю.Г.Коленко, О.О.Шекера. – Київ, 2011. – 512 с.

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Дополнительная 1. Гайворонский И.В., Петрова Т.Б. Анатомия зубов человека: Учебное

пособие. – СПб.: ЭЛБИ-СПб, 2005. – 56 с. 2. Горбунова И.Л. Клиническая анатомия зубов человека – М.:

Медицинская книга, 2006. – 136 с.: ил. 3. Дмитриенко С.В., Краюшкин А.И., Сапин М.Р. Анатомия зубов

человека. – М.: Медицинская книга, 2000. – 390 с. 4. Колесников Л.Л., Чукбар А.В. Анатомия зубов. Учеб.пособ. 2-е изд.

исправленное и дополненное. – М.: Медицина XXI; Практическая медицина, 2007. – 48 с.: ил.

Электронные источники 1. http://disamed.net/anatomiya-zubov.html 2. http://tari-dental.narod.ru/toppage8.htm 3. http://www.eurolab.ua/anatomy/13/