opportunities and challenges of spinach production in arabsio...
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Opportunities and challenges of spinach
production in arabsio, Somaliland
A Thesis
By
Abdikaadir Mohamed Mohamoud
&
Ahmed Abdi Muhumed
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE BACHELOR DEGREE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT.
GOLLIS UNIVERSITY
HARGIESA, SOMALILAND
Date
May, 2017
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Dedication
We heartedly dedicate this work to our parents:
Amina Abdi Bade, Abdikadir’s mom Kadra Ali Farah, Ahmed’s mom
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Accepted by _______________________ Dean of the Faculty
_______________________
Advisor
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Acknowledgements
All thankful is to Allah, who allows for completing this thesis book.
We are very thankful to our thesis supervisor Saeed Ismail H.Awed ,for his extensive
encouragement and guidance throughout our thesis work
And to gratitude the dean of the faculty Mr Ahmed Ibrahim Aadan, for having provided us with
adequate facilities to complete our thesis and whenever we needed help and moral support.
We would like to thank secondly Daha Mohamed Abdi his support for facilitating SPSS, and We would also like to thank our classmates for always being with us during field observations and
collection of questions, we also thank our family members who were the backbone behind our deeds
and other individuals who have either directly or indirectly contributed to our needs.
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Abbreviations
MOP Ministry of Planning
MOA Ministry of Agriculture
NRM Natural Resource Management
S/L Somaliland
Ha Hectare
FSNAU Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit
“Deyr” Short rainy season in Somali
“Gu” Long rainy season in Somali
“Koosto” local name of spinach
SWALIM Somalia Water and Land Information Management
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Contents Dedication .........................................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................4
Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................5
Figures ...............................................................................................................................................8
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 1: ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Background ............................................................................................................................................. 11
Problem statement ................................................................................................................................. 12
Research objectives ................................................................................................................................ 13
Specific objectives ................................................................................................................................... 13
Research question ................................................................................................................................... 13
Scope of study ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Signifance of study .................................................................................................................................. 14
Limitation of study .................................................................................................................................. 14
Chapter Two: Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 15
Introduction of spinach production ........................................................................................................ 15
Historical of spinach production ............................................................................................................. 15
Importance’s of spinach production ....................................................................................................... 16
Medical benefits ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Varieties of spinach production .............................................................................................................. 20
Climate of spinach production ................................................................................................................ 22
Land preparation of spinach ................................................................................................................... 23
Planting of spinach production ............................................................................................................... 24
Disease, Pests and weeds of spinach ...................................................................................................... 25
Challenges of spinach production ........................................................................................................... 29
Chapter three: research methodology ............................................................................................. 30
Research design ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Research approach .................................................................................................................................. 30
Sampling procedure ................................................................................................................................ 30
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Data collection instrument ...................................................................................................................... 30
Sites of data collection ............................................................................................................................ 31
Target population ........................................................................................................................... 31
Sample size ..................................................................................................................................... 32
Chapter Four: ................................................................................................................................... 33
Data analysis and interpretation of results ....................................................................................... 33
Background ............................................................................................................................................. 33
4.1 Gender ........................................................................................................................................ 33
4.2 Age .............................................................................................................................................. 34
4.3 Relationship ................................................................................................................................ 34
4.4 Experience ................................................................................................................................... 35
4.5 Level of Knowledge ..................................................................................................................... 35
4.6 Did You Live in Farm .................................................................................................................... 36
Challenges ............................................................................................................................................... 36
4.7 Pest attack the Crop .................................................................................................................... 36
4.8 Methods Control Weeds ............................................................................................................. 37
4.9 Containers used after harvesting ................................................................................................ 37
4.10 Major Problems of Spinach production in Arabsio ..................................................................... 38
4.11 Varieties of Spinach .................................................................................................................... 38
4.12 Climatic requirement of spinach production in Arabsio ............................................................. 39
4.13 Common Diseases in Crops ......................................................................................................... 39
Marketing ................................................................................................................................................ 40
4.14 Profit you get Your Production ................................................................................................... 40
4.15 Labor Work for your Farm .......................................................................................................... 40
4.16 Fertilizers for the Farm ................................................................................................................ 41
4.17 Water conveying Methods ................................................................................................... 41
4.17 Any Help for Spinach problems during production .................................................................... 42
4.18 Who help you .............................................................................................................................. 42
4.19 Market Spinach Production in Arabsio Village ............................................................................ 43
4.20 Soil for Spinach production in Arabsio Village ............................................................................ 43
4.21 Irrigation needed spinach in Growing period ............................................................................. 44
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4.23 Local Names of Spinach .............................................................................................................. 44
Chapter five ..................................................................................................................................... 45
Conclusion and recommendation ..................................................................................................... 45
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 45
References................................................................................................................................... 47
Questionnaire of ..................................................................................................................................... 48
Challenges and opportunities’ of spinach production ............................................................................ 48
Figures Figure 1………………………………………………………………………………………………………33
Figure 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………34
Figure 3………………………………………………………………………………………………………34
Figure 4………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
Figure 5………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
Figure 6………………………………………………………………………………………………………36
Figure 7………………………………………………………………………………………………………36
Figure 8………………………………………………………………………………………………………37
Figure 9………………………………………………………………………………………………………37
Figure 10………………………………………………………………………………………………………37
Figure 11………………………………………………………………………………………………………38
Figure 12………………………………………………………………………………………………………38
Figure 13………………………………………………………………………………………………………39
Figure 14………………………………………………………………………………………………………39
Figure 15………………………………………………………………………………………………………40
Figure 16………………………………………………………………………………………………………40
Figure 17………………………………………………………………………………………………………41
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Figure 18………………………………………………………………………………………………………41
Figure 19………………………………………………………………………………………………………42
Figure 20………………………………………………………………………………………………………42
Figure 21………………………………………………………………………………………………………43
Figure 22………………………………………………………………………………………………………43
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Abstract Somaliland agriculture sector contributes to 25% of the country’s livelihoods and is
Dominated by subsistence farmers, who practice rain-fed farming and grow mainly sorghum and
maize. Dry land farming accounts for nearly 90% of all agricultural
Activities. Irrigated agriculture accounts for only 10% (Master plan for Somaliland
Agriculture sector, 2007 and Somaliland in figures 2011).
Spinach is thought to have originated in ancient Persia (modern Iran and neighboring
countries). It is not known by whom, or when, spinach was introduced to India, but the plant was
subsequently introduced to ancient China, where it was known as "Persian vegetable" The
earliest available record of the spinach plant was recorded in Chinese, stating it was introduced
into China via Nepal (probably in 647 AD7In AD 827, the Saracens introduced spinach to Sicily.
Arabsio is a city in northwestern Somaliland, a self-proclaimed independent republic that
is internationally recognized as a part of Somalia The town is located about 30 km west
of Hargeisa. Arabsio is known for its major farming area. It is also a resort town popular for
special occasions such as weddings and Eid celebrations. Arabsio has an estimated population of
20,000, and is growing rapidly.
We collect our data in one main source, this study took place in Arabsiyo villages in Gabiley
district, Somaliland. The target was to know the challenges and opportunities of spinach
production and its marketing. And the reason that we choice for this area was is the best place
that spinach production can be cultivated well in Somaliland and it is the area that we can get a
number of farmers to share for more information, because time and resource was limited.
The target population of this research will be farmers of arabsio area which
cultivate spinach The population of the study was farmers in Arabsio villages, because of it is the
area that spinach production is high in Somaliland and is the production dominated by irrigation
farms.
Behind collecting all these information in the fourth section we must have to conclude in this
research and we recognize the problems of this thesis and we seek to resolve it as the proper
ways.
In this research were collected 52 target people all 22 respondents separate in both ages and
educational levels and relationships .The objectives of this research was to increase the actual
image and requirements of challenges and opportunities of spinach production in Somaliland
specially Arabsio area.
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Chapter 1:
Introduction Somaliland agriculture sector contributes to 25% of the country’s livelihoods and is
Dominated by subsistence farmers, who practice rain-fed farming and grow mainly sorghum and
maize. Dry land farming accounts for nearly 90% of all agricultural
Activities. Irrigated agriculture accounts for only 10% (Master plan for Somaliland
Agriculture sector, 2007 and Somaliland in figures 2011).
The most common crops grown in Somaliland are maize, sorghum, millet and
Cowpea. Typically local varieties, including Elmijama, the late maturing sorghum
Variety is grown. Intercropping of different plants in the same field is common.
Water melons and vegetables are also cultivated in some developed watersheds
Using rainfall runoff harvested in reservoirs along seasonal river banks.
The geophysical characteristics of the shallow and stony soils in the mountains and
piedmont areas and lack of adequate soil moisture in the coastal zone cannot sustain
growth of most crops. Other limitations for crop production include soil erosion and
low soil fertility due to the increasing trends of land degradation that further limits
the suitability of marginal land for crops.
A limited but potentially active market for horticulture production exists in most of
the Somaliland urban centers. Vegetables and fruits are produced as irrigated cash
crops for the fresh markets in urban centers. Although there is no formal market
chain, most communities have their own informal mechanisms through which they
get information on prices and demand from members residing in the main urban
market centers.
Irrigated orchards are found in river valleys and are characterized by the use of
supplementary irrigation from dams and shallow wells, and the extensive use of farm
manure and, in some cases, fertilizer and river silt. Crops are grown mostly for
commercial purposes and consist of fruits such as spinach, guava, papaya and custard
apple, intercropped with watermelon and vegetables. The orchard farms are mostly
less than 2 ha in size.
Crop conditions within irrigated fields are generally better than in rainfed fields.
However, in most cases poor yields are attributed to incidences of pests (insects and
animals such as monkeys) and diseases, or shortage of water.
The production is not sufficient to cover the local demand. 11,094 tons of fresh
vegetables and 4,411 tons of fruits were imported from Ethiopia in 2010 to fill the
gap in local demand (Ministry of Finance, Customs Department, 2011).
Background
Spinach is thought to have originated in ancient Persia (modern Iran and neighboring countries).
It is not known by whom, or when, spinach was introduced to India, but the plant was
subsequently introduced to ancient China, where it was known as "Persian vegetable" The
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earliest available record of the spinach plant was recorded in Chinese, stating it was introduced
into China via Nepal (probably in 647 AD7In AD 827, the Saracens introduced spinach to Sicily.
"The Spinach Popeye Iron Decimal Error Myth is Finally Busted". 2015. (Boswell, Victor R.
(August 1949). "Garden Peas and Spinach from the Middle East".)
The first written evidence of spinach in the Mediterranean was recorded in three 10th-century
works: the medical work by al-Rāzī (known as Rhazes in the West) and in two agricultural
treatises, one by Ibn Waḥshīyah and the other by Qusṭus al-Rūmī. Spinach became a popular
vegetable in the Arab Mediterranean and arrived in Spain by the latter part of the 12th century,
where it was called raʼīs al-buqūl, 'the chieftain of leafy greens' Spinach was also the subject of a
special treatise in the 11th century by Ibn Ḥajjāj. The prickly-seeded form of spinach was known
in Germany by no later than the 13th century, though the smooth-seeded form was not described
until 1552. Spinach first appeared in England and France in the 14th century, probably via Spain,
and it gained quick popularity because it appeared in early spring, when other vegetables were
scarce and when Lenten dietary restrictions discouraged consumption of other foods. Spinach is
mentioned in the first known English cookbook, the Forme of Cury (1390), where it is referred to
as 'spinnedge' and/or 'spynoches'. Smooth-seeded spinach was described in 1552. ( "Garden Peas
and Spinach from the Middle East". 2010)
Spinach was supposedly the favourite vegetable of Catherine de' Medici. Dishes served on a bed
of spinach are known as "Florentine", reflecting Catherine's birth in Florence.
During World War I, wine fortified with spinach juice was given to French soldiers weakened by
hemorrhage
In a 100 g (3.5 oz) serving providing only 23 calories, spinach has a high nutritional value,
especially when fresh, frozen, steamed, or quickly boiled. It is a rich source (20% or more of
the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin. (Sutton, Mike (2010). "SPINACH, IRON and
POPEYE: Ironic lessons from biochemistry and history on the importance of healthy eating, healthy scepticism and adequate citation")
K, magnesium, manganese, iron and folate Spinach is a good source (10-19% of DV) of the B
vitamins riboflavin and vitamin B6, vitamin E, calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber. In
2014, the world total production of spinach was 24.3 million tonnes, with China alone
accounting for 91% of this quantity The Environmental Working Group reported spinach is one
of the dozen most heavily pesticide-contaminated produce products Depending on the soil and
location where the spinach is grown, spinach may be high in cadmium contamination Spinach is
sold loose, bunched, packaged fresh in bags, canned, or frozen. Fresh spinach loses much of its
nutritional value with storage of more than a few days. While refrigeration slows this effect to
about eight days, spinach will lose most of its folate and carotenoid content, so for longer
storage, it is blanched and frozen, cooked and frozen, or canned. Storage in the freezer can be for
up to eight months. ("Crops/Regions/World List for Production Quantity of Spinach in 2014")
Problem statement
Spinach is most important vegetables in Somaliland because spinach has a high nutritional value,
especially when fresh, frozen, steamed, or quickly boiled. It is a rich source (20% or more of
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the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K, magnesium, manganese, and
iron Spinach is a good source (10-19% of DV) of the B vitamins riboflavin and vitamin
B6, vitamin E, calcium, potassium, But are the some constraints of spinach production in
Somaliland are climate diseases, pests marketing challenges There for the farmers those cultivate
the spinach in Arabsio area in Gabiley district have many problems as we mentioned these
farmers they don’t have suitable stores that they preserve for their products that is the main
reason we decided to give some information to the farmers.
Research objectives The objective of the research is to know what are the needs of spinach cultivation like soil, rain
fed , market value, challenges of pest and diseases and they can be controlled all these problems
in Arabsio Somaliland.
Specific objectives To assist the farmers t how they solve spinach production problems in their area. To know long time can be stored in the nursery.
To deal with the time of spinach harvesting
Sometimes spinach has a good market for producers.
Research question
To assess the climatic requirement of spinach production specifically Arabsio area.
To know who has the major problems of the spinach production
To know who has the varieties of spinach in Somaliland.
Scope of study
Arabsio is a city in northwestern Somaliland, a self-proclaimed independent republic that is
internationally recognized as a part of Somalia The town is located about 30 km west
of Hargeisa. Arabsio is known for its major farming area. It is also a resort town popular for
special occasions such as weddings and Eid celebrations. Arabsio has an estimated population of
20,000, and is growing rapidly.
The climate of the study area which is Arabsio is hot dry and semi-arid. Mean annual Rainfall
ranges from 300 - 500mm (Swalim, 2007). Rainfall in the area is thus bimodal (Dry&rainy
season). The northeast monsoon brings the primary Gu rains from March to June, followed by a
hot dry period called Xagaa in June and July. Short rains locally known as Deyr also occur
between August and October followed by cool long dry Jilaal period between November-
February. Temperatures vary considerably with the seasons, with a mean annual temperature of
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20-24°. Relative humidity of the highlands is mostly around 40%, except during rainy periods
when it may go up to 80%.
Arabsio has a three valleys located on the West, Central and on the Eastern of the city with a
number of farming villages such as Huluq, Agamsa, Gogol-wanaag, Beeyo-Qalooce,
Dhagaxmadoobe, Biyomacaan, Laas Xadhaadh and Gogeysa towards Gabiley city (signs of
Somaliland).
realize the challenges and opportunities of production spinach in that area, and also the possible
means of improving spinach problems in the country.
Signifance of study Students: who are interesting studying in this field
Farmers: who are interesting farming in this crop
Business: peoples who are needed the value of this crop
Government: especially ministry of agriculture
Limitation of study
1.lack of cost and time
2. in sufficient time for doing the research
3. Lack of previous studies about this field in Somaliland.
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Chapter Two: Literature Review
Introduction of spinach production
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a member of the Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot family), which also
includes Swiss Chard and Beets. Spinach is a low growing fleshly leaved annual that forms a
heavy rosette of either smooth or wrinkled leaves. Cultivation of this crop began in Iran around
400 AD. The Arabs introduced spinach into Spain in 1100 AD and it spread to the rest of Europe
by 1400 AD. The first savoyed leaf variety was introduced into North America in 1828.
Spinach varieties are classified by leaf types, and there are three types grown in Nova Scotia;
savoy (wrinkled), semi – savoy and flat. Savoy and semi-savoy are used for fresh markets, while
smooth (flat) types are used for baby spinach.
Spinach prefers a cool climate. The minimum temperature for seed germination is 2ºC with a
maximum germination temperature of 30ºC and an optimum range of 7 to 20ºC. Young plants
can withstand temperatures as low as -9ºC. Best crop growth occurs at 15 to 20ºC with a
minimum temperature of 5ºC and a maximum of 30ºC. Spinach bolts rapidly when days are both
long and hot. Bolting refers to the premature production of a seed stalk and renders the product
unmarketable. Selecting varieties resistant to bolting will reduce the problem.
Spinach performs best on well drained sandy loams or loams high in organic matter. Early and
over wintered crops should be planted on soils with good drainage and on soils that warm up
early in the season. Peat soils may also be used for spinach production. In all instances, the soil
pH should be between 6 and 6.8. Spinach is not tolerant to acidic soils, therefore it is
recommended to have the soil tested on a regular basis. (Rolland, Jacques L.; Sherman, Carol
(2006). The Food Encyclopedia.)
Historical of spinach production
Spinach is thought to have originated in ancient Persia (modern Iran and neighboring countries).
It is not known by whom, or when, spinach was introduced to India, but the plant was
subsequently introduced to ancient China, where it was known as "Persian vegetable
The earliest available record of the spinach plant was recorded in Chinese, stating it was
introduced into China viaNepal (probably in 647 AD).
In AD 827, the Saracens introduced spinach to Sicily The first written evidence of spinach in
the Mediterranean was recorded in three 10th-century works: the medical work by al-Rāzī
(known as Rhazes in the West) and in two agricultural treatises, one by Ibn Waḥshīyah and the
16
other by Qusṭus al-Rūmī. Spinach became a popular vegetable in the Arab Mediterranean and
arrived in Spain by the latter part of the 12th century, where it was called raʼīs al-buqūl,
'the chieftain of leafy greens' Spinach was also the subject of a special treatise in the 11th
century by Ibn Ḥajjāj.
The prickly-seeded form of spinach was known in Germany by no later than the 13th century,
though the smooth-seeded form was not described until 1552.
Spinach first appeared in England and France in the 14th century, probably via Spain, and it
gained quick popularity because it appeared in early spring, when other vegetables were scarce
and when Lenten dietary restrictions discouraged consumption of other foods. Spinach is
mentioned in the first known English cookbook, the Forme of Cury (1390), where it is referred to
as 'spinnedge' and/or 'spynoches'. Smooth-seeded spinach was described in 1553
Spinach was supposedly the favourite vegetable of Catherine de' Medici. Dishes served on a bed
of spinach are known as "Florentine", reflecting Catherine's birth in Florence.
During World War I, wine fortified with spinach juice was given to French soldiers weakened by
hemorrhage.
Spinach has been grown in Asia for so many centuries that its origins predate existing records.
Even if scholars and spinach experts aren't able to pinpoint the exact birthplace of this vegetable,
one thing is certain: If there were an award for lifetime achievement, spinach would definitely be
in the running. By the 1400s, spinach had made its way throughout Asia where it became a
mainstay of many European menus. Today, it's a multi-faceted green eaten worldwide in
everything from casseroles and pastas to soups and salads
Currently, China produces about 85 percent of the world's supply of spinach, followed by the
United States, which harvested 280,000 metric tons (618,000 pounds) of spinach in 2011 alone
By far the largest U.S. spinach producer is California, trailed by Arizona, New Jersey and
Texas.( Ibn al-ʻAwwām, Yaḥyá ibn Muḥammad. "23.8". Kitāb al-Filāḥah. Retrieved July
30, 2014)
Importance’s of spinach production
Recent studies continue to underscore the amazing versatility of spinach. Because this leafy
vegetable is rich in water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and a wide variety of
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phytonutrients, there are many different ways to incorporate spinach into your meal plan and
enjoy a variety of nutritional benefits. For example, we've seen a recent study in which the
sautéing of spinach was best able to retain its total carotenoid content (in comparison with
steaming or boiling or frying). Alternatively, we've seen an equally recent study showing far
less loss of vitamin C from spinach when this vegetable was steamed for 5 minutes (instead of
being microwaved or boiled for that same amount of time). Yet numerous studies also point to
the nutrient benefits of raw spinach. For example, about 25% of the folate in spinach can be lost
from cooking, and spinach can be thought of as a special nutritional contributor in terms of
folate, since it ranks as our Number 3 source of this nutrient at WHFoods. So as you can see,
there are important nutritional benefits to be had from many different ways of incorporating
spinach into your meal plan. In our 7-Day Meal Plan, for example, we include spinach in its raw
form in smoothies, and we also have recipes in which we boil and sauté this amazing vegetable.
Medical benefits
Beneficial for Weight Loss:
Spinach leaves help in weight reduction as it is low in calories and fat. It is very nutritious and
has a good quality of fat soluble dietary fibre. This fibre aids in digestion, prevents constipation,
maintains low blood sugar and curbs overeating. Thus, this leafy vegetable is often
recommended to dieters because in dieting, it is important to avoid repetitive eating.
Anti-cancer:
Spinach is rich in flavonoids- a phytonutrient with anti-cancer properties. Thus, it has been found
to be effective in slowing down cell division in human stomach and skin cancer cells. Moreover,
spinach has proven to be effective in providing protection against the occurrence of aggressive
prostate cancer.
Eye Health:
Spinach contains antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin in plentiful which protect the eye from
cataracts and age related macular degeneration (ARMD). Zeaxanthin is an important dietary
carotenoid which is absorbed into the retinal macula lutea in the eyes, providing light filtering
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functions. Spinach also contains vitamin A which is required for maintaining healthy mucus
membranes and essential for normal eyesight.
Healthy Bones:
Spinach is rich in vitamin K which is vital for maintaining bone health. A cup of boiled spinach
provides around 1000% of the RDA of vitamin K which lowers and controls the over activation
of osteoclasts. These are the cells that aid in breaking down the bone structure over a short period
of time. Vitamin K also promotes the synthesis of osteocalcin, the protein that is essential for
maintaining the strength and density of bones. Spinach is a good alternative to dairy products as
it gives proper substitute to calcium, thus preventing the occurrence of osteoporosis. It is an
important protein diet for vegans as it helps in building the muscle tissues as well as supporting
the collagen growth.
Lowers Hypertension:
Hypertension or high blood pressure is responsible for causing kidney disease, heart ailments and
stroke. Consuming spinach is beneficial in lowering hypertension as some of its constituents help
to reduce stress and anxiety. The nutrients play a critical role in keeping the balance of Na- K
pump by lowering the K (potassium) in your body. Vitamin C also plays an important role in
lowering hypertension.
Gastrointestinal Health:
Consuming more of spinach promotes gastrointestinal health. The beta-carotene and vitamin C
present in it protect the cells of the body’s colon from the harmful effects of free radicals.
Besides, folate prevents DNA damage and mutations in colon cells.
Brain and Nervous Function:
Spinach maintains proper brain functioning specially during old age. Consumption of spinach on
a daily basis makes your brain young and active, thus enabling you to think intelligently. Spinach
contains folate, vitamin K and vitamin C which help in modulating the hormone production of
our nervous system. Vitamin K promotes healthy nervous system and brain function by
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facilitating the synthesis of sphingolipids, the crucial fat that makes up the Myelin sheath around
our nerves. Thus, spinach can prove beneficial for correcting behavioral and cognitive issues.
Prevention of Atherosclerosis and Heart Attack:
Excessive fat deposition can cause thickening of the human artery wall resulting in
Atherosclerosis. Heart attacks are caused due to the hardening of the artery walls. Spinach is rich
in Lutein content which prevents thickening of the walls of arteries, thus reducing the risk of
heart attack. Besides, spinach contains a high quality nitrite which not only helps in preventing
the occurrence of heart attack but also cures the heart diseases associated with fat deposition.
Lowers Blood Pressure:
Peptides contained in spinach are effective in lowering blood pressure as they inhibit the
angiotensin I-converting enzyme.
Aids in Calcification:
Being rich in vitamin K, spinach aids in calcification. This is because this vitamin is a crucial
component of the process called carboxylation which produces the matrix Gla protein. This
directly prevents calcium from forming in tissue, thus fighting atherosclerosis, cardiovascular
disease and stroke.
Prevents Anaemia:
Regular consumption of spinach can prevent anaemia as it is an excellent source of iron. This
mineral is particularly important for menstruating women and growing children and adolescents.
Moreover, it is much better than red meat as it provides a lot less calories and is fat and
cholesterol free. Iron is also needed for good energy as it is a component of haemoglobin which
carries oxygen to all cells of the body.
Sun Protection:
Spinach is rich in vitamin B which protects your skin from the harmful ultra violet rays that
cause sun damage, skin cancer and pre-mature ageing of skin..
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Skin Repair:
As stated earlier, spinach is a rich source of vitamin A and vitamin C. Vitamin A improves skin
tone whereas vitamin C plays an important role in the repair as well as growth of skin cells. The
amazing antioxidants and nutrients in spinach even out your complexion, making your skin look
radiant.
Combats Hair Loss:
Hair loss is often caused due to the deficiency of iron. This mineral strengthens the hair strands
by enabling the blood cells to carry oxygen to the hair follicles. Deficiency of iron causes anemia
which results in hair loss among other adverse effects. Spinach is rich in folate and iron. While
folate aids the creation of red blood cells, iron helps them carry oxygen, thus combating hair loss
Varieties of spinach production
Some varieties of spinach production
Generally two varieties of spinach are cultivated for their edible leaves, savoy type with dark
green crinkle leaves and flat leaf type with smooth surfaced leaves. Modern varieties of spinach
have been introduced which grow more rapidly and do not bolt easily to warm conditions. The
older varieties have narrower leaves and a stronger and bitter taste than the newer ones. There
are generally four different types of spinach.
Savoy spinach
Savoy Spinach is very productive and handles cold better than most types of spinach. It has
deeply crinkled leaves and a low growth habit that makes cleaning leaves a chore, especially in
salty soils where grit splashes onto the leaves.
‘Regiment’ (F1 Hybrid, 37 days, resists mildews) produces high yields of deep green leaves that
stay tender even when large.
‘Bloomsdale’ is classic, thick-leafed, succulent Savoy spinach that handles cold better than most
varieties. It produces large yields in early summer, but has limited bolt resistance.
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Semi-Savoy Spinach
Semi-Savoy Spinach varieties have a more upright habit that makes mud splash less likely,
and the leaves aren’t as crinkly, so they’re easier to wash. They also tend to have better disease-
and- bolt-resistance, so they’re usually the best choice when growing spinach at home.
‘Tyee’ (F1 Hybrid, 45 days, resistant to Downey Mildew races 1 and 3) is
a semi-savoy variety with vigorous, upright growth, dark green leaves, and
great bolt-resistance. Can be grown all year in mild-winter areas.
‘Catalina’ (F1 Hybrid 48 days) has thick, succulent, spear-shaped leaves
and moderate bolt resistance.
‘Teton’ (F1 Hybrid, 40-45 days, resistant to races 1-4 of Downey Mildew)
is a 3-season semi-Savoy spinach with deep green oval leaves on upright
plants. Very slow to bolt.
Indian Summer’ (F1 Hybrid, 40-45 days, is a fine, productive, 3-season spinach for spring,
summer, and fall production. Flattened, semi-savoy leaves are almost like smoothleaf spinach.
Very slow to bolt.
Smooth-Leafed Spinach
Smooth-Leafed Spinach has smooth, flat leaves that are easier to clean, which makes it the
primary choice for processed spinach.
Smooth-Leafed Spinach Varies
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‘Space’ (F1 Hybrid, 45 days, resistant to races 1-3 of Downey Mildew) is slower to bolt than
most smooth-leafed varieties.
Spinach Alternatives for Hot Weather
New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides) and Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) are
botanically unrelated to true spinach, but good substitutes where summer heat limits the growth
of true spinach.
Alternative Spinach Varieties
New Zealand Spinach has crisp, succulent leaves that melt in your mouth as you bite down on
them. It’s good raw, but dissolves into mush when cooked.
Malabar Spinach needs a lot of summer heat and a trellis to climb on to reach its true potential—
a 10’ (3 m) vine! If your summers are hot enough to grow yard-long beans, Malabar Spinach is a
good companion plant. Harvest side-shoots and stir-fry whole shoots
Climate of spinach production
Specific environmental conditions are required to produce good yields of high-germinating,
large-seeded spinach without high incidences of seedborne pathogens. For this reason, there are
few locations where spinach seed can be grown for commercial use. The two main spinach seed
production areas worldwide are the Skagit Valley of Washington and a region of central
Denmark. Both areas have cool, wet springs followed by dry, cool summers [temperatures
usually not exceeding 75°F (24°C)] and relatively dry fall weather for harvest. Summer weather
that exceeds 85°F (28°C), especially during pollination and early seed development, can
dramatically lower germination rates, seed size, and yields.
The pH range should be between 6.5-7.0. Plant in rows giving 1” spacing (or thin the seedlings
to…) between each seedling and 4-6” staggered, between each row. Do not plant Spinach next
to, or after, beets or swiss chard. Plant Spinach in fertile soil. Plant in soil with a high nitrogen
content… fertile soil is necessary for a healthy crop. Water regularly. Spinach does tolerate, and
flavor is improved by frost. But continued exposure to frost or snow will kill the Spinach
plant. So, use a little frost protection
23
Land preparation of spinach Germination of spinach seeds can take anything between a week and 2 weeks. Dig the soil to
around 30cm depth as this is how far the plants tap root can develop. Work some organic
compost or manure into the soil to help provide the necessary nutrients for growth. Because of
the benefit of organic matter cover crops and green manure crops are beneficial prior to planting
spinach Spinach requires a neutral to alkaline, well-drained loam soil to thrive well. Organic
matter is very important in providing a good ground for spinach to even grow better. The site
should have good supply of the sunlight and the ground should be 70 degrees F for germination
to occur. These variables have to be considered greatly while preparing a garden to grow
spinach. The soil should be loosened an aged organic manure added five to seven days before
planting. Other types of fertilizers like the nitrogen fertilizers can also prove be effective. Sowing
Sowing and Spacing in Spinach Farming:- The main sowing season in plains is from last week
of Aug to 2nd week of Nov month. In places with mild climate, it may grow throughout the year.
In hilly regions, spinach is sown from March to May. To improve germination, seeds are soaked
in water overnight before sowing. Sowing can be done either by broadcast method or by line
sowing. Line sowing is more desirable as it facilities weeding, hoeing and harvesting. Line
spacing should be maintained at 25 cm and thinning should be done to maintain plant spacing
within lines at about 5 cm.
Manure and fertilizer As spinach is a leafy vegetable, its crop requires more nitrogen for crown
growth. If you are going for commercial spinach farming, it is better go for soil testing and
fertilizers should be applied based on the soil analysis. Usually 25 tonnes of well-rotten farmyard
manure (FMY), along with 90 kg of N; and 30 kg of; /ha should be applied. It is advised to
supplement the whole of farmyard manure and P205 and 1/2 (half) of; dose at the time of land
preparation. The remaining 1/2 (half); can be applied in 2 split doses, one after each
cutting/harvesting followed by a light irrigation in the field.
Irrigation in Spinach Farming:- Irrigation in spinach farming should be given based on soil
(moisture holding capacity) and climatic conditions. Irrigate the spinach plant filed immediately
after sowing the spinach seeds. Provide subsequent irrigations at an interval of 3 to 4 days during
summer and 6 to 8 days during winter. However, rainy season crop does not require much
irrigation.
24
Intercultural operations In spinach farming, hand weeding is essential to control weed apart
from giving 3 to 4 hoeing. This process also helps in loosening the soil for proper aeration. You
can plant spinach in early spring. To stagger your crop over summer you can plant part rows
every few weeks. The last planting should be about 50-60 days before the first frosts. Sow your
seedlings / seeds around 7cm apart in rows about 30-40cm apart. The land or main filed should
be ploughed 5 to 6 times to make the soil soft and bring it to fine tilth stage. Make sure to level
the land and remove the weeds from previous crops. After soil testing, micronutrients should be
added in case of any deficiency soil nutrients. The beds and irrigated channels should be made
Propagation in Spinach Farming:- Generally, propagation in spinach farming is done through
seeds. Seed treatment in Spinach Farming:- Spinach seed rate depends on crop season and
variety of spinach grown. Generally, for winter crop, use 15 to 20 kg seeds /ha and for summer
crop 30 to 40 kg/ha is required.
Planting of spinach production
Most of the spinach that is grown in the Pacific Northwest for seed is planted in spring between
March 15 and May 15. While spring-sown spinach can be planted as early as the ground can be
worked, the plants will not put on any appreciable size until the onset of the longer days and
warmer weather of late March or early April. Sometimes spinach seed crops are fall-planted and
overwintered, but this is not commonly practiced due to increased disease pressure associated
with fall-planting. Overwintered spinach develops a fuller canopy early in the spring which,
combined with cool and damp conditions, can lead to increased incidence of some diseases, like
Cladosporium leaf spot. Overwintering spinach also acts as a “green bridge” providing a
vegetative host allowing many diseases to survive through the winter.
The temperature range for germination of spinach seed is 45-75°F (7-23°C) with an optimum of
70°F (21°C). Hot weather can suppress germination. Daily irrigation during hot periods can help
cool the soil and facilitate germination. Shade cloth or Remay can also be used to cool the
surface of the soil during hot periods.
Spinach seed crops are commonly grown with overhead irrigation; however, drip irrigation may
reduce disease pressure. In the Skagit Valley of Washington, most spinach seed producers do not
irrigate, relying instead on rainfall. In the
25
Prepare the soil with aged manure about a week before planting, or, you may wish to prepare
your spot in the fall so that you can sow the seeds outdoors in early spring as soon as the
ground thaws.
If you live in a place with mild winters, you can also plant in the fall.
Although seedlings can be propagated indoors, it is not recommended as seedlings are difficult
to transplant.
Spring plantings can be made as soon as the soil can be properly worked. It’s IMPORTANT to
seed as soon as you can to give spinach the required 6 weeks of cool weather from seeding
to harvest.
Select a site with full sun to LIGHT SHADE and well-drained soil.
Sow seeds ½ inch to 1 inch deep, covering lightly with soil. Sow about 12 seeds per foot of row,
or sprinkle over a wide row or bed.
Soil should not be warmer than 70º F in order for germination.
Successive plantings should be made every couple weeks during early spring. Common spinach
cannot grow in midsummer.
For summer types, try New Zealand Spinach and Malabar Spinach.
Plant in mid-August for a fall crop, ensuring that soil temps are cool enough.
Gardeners in northern climates can harvest early-spring spinach if it’s planted just before the
cold weather arrives in fall. Protect the young plants with a cold frame or thick mulch through
the winter, then remove the protection when soil temperature in your area reaches 40º.
Water the new plants well in the spring.
Disease, Pests and weeds of spinach
Downy Mildew
Downy Mildew (Peronospora farinose f. sp. spinaciae) is a fungus that is a problem in cool, wet
weather. Seedlings or mature plants can be affected with symptoms that first appear on oldest
leaves and slowly move toward younger leaves. Yellowish or light-green blotchy areas appear on
the upper sides of leaves. A white, downy mould then appears on the undersides of the leaf spots;
finally, the affected areas die. The fungus overwinters in crop residue and spores are spread by
wind or splashing rain. The optimum temperature for infection is 150C – 200C and moisture
26
must be on the leaf surface for spore germination to take place. The time from infection to the
production of new spores varies from 5-18 days.
Control
Choose cultivars that are resistant to the disease and follow a 2 to 3 year rotation. Soil inoculums
can be reduced by deeply ploughing under infected residue. Soils with a history of downy
mildew or are prone to poor air and water drainage, should be avoided. Fall spinach crops should
not be grown in or next to a field that had an infected spring crop. Monitor the crop on a regular
basis and look for the presence or absence of yellowish areas on the upper surface and velvet like
spores on the undersides of leaves. If disease is discovered, apply a fungicide. Refer to the
AgraPoint Guide to Pest Management for Spinach for a list of fungicides and their application
methods.
Fusarium Wilt
Fusarium Wilt is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae. Symptoms include
yellowing and wilting on the older leaves, and then progressing to the younger leaves. The plants
become pale green, the leaf margins roll inward and the plant will eventually die. The fungus
attacks feeder roots first and then the tap root by causing light brown to black lesions and the
water-conducting vessels will also turn black. Moist soil conditions and soil temperatures of
270C result in the most severe infections. The fungus is able to survive in the soil for several
years and is also spread by contaminated seed or infected plant parts.
Control:
Avoid planting crops from the end of May to mid August if this disease has been a problem on
fields. Do not plant the crop when the soil temperatures are high (mid June to late August), and
maintain a high soil pH. Use good sanitary practices, plant resistant cultivars if possible and
follow a good rotation. Monitor the crop on a regular basis and apply a fungicide at first sign of
the disease. Refer to the AgraPoint Guide to Pest Management for Spinach for a list of
fungicides and their application methods.
Damping Off
27
Damping Off and other root rots are caused by several fungi, including Pythium, Phytophthora,
Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and Penicillium. Seedling emergence may be poor and there may be a
sudden collapse and death of seedlings. Damping Off occurs in cool, wet springs when seed
emergence is delayed.
Control:
In the field, use raised beds or well drained soils for early seeding. Avoid seeding into cold, wet
soils. At first sign of disease, apply appropriate fungicides. Refer to the AgraPoint Guide to Pest
Management for Spinach for a listing of fungicides and their application methods.
Spinach Blight or Yellows
Spinach Blight is caused by the cucumber mosaic virus and is transmitted by aphids and spread
mechanically. Young inner leaves become mottled, later changing yellow and finally they are
killed. Older leaves gradually turn yellow. Symptoms develop much faster at higher temperatures
and high aphid activity.
Control:
Grow resistant cultivars when possible and control weeds in ditches and adjacent fencerows.
Follow a good crop rotation and avoid planting spinach near cucumber mosaic susceptible
vegetables such as tomatoes and cucumbers. Monitor the crop for the presence of aphids (refer to
the section on aphids). Refer to the AgraPoint Guide to Pest Management for Spinach for a list of
insecticides and their application methods.
Insects and Pest
Spinach Leaf Miner
The adult spinach leaf miner (Pegomyia hyoscyami), is a slender grey fly 4 mm long, frequently
seen hovering over the host plants. The adult flies lay eggs on the undersides of the leaves. After
hatching, the small, green or white larvae enter the leaves and make tunnels or ‘mines’ between
the leaf surfaces as they feed. Heavy infestations stunt growth. Upon maturing, the larva drops to
the ground, pupate, and emerge as flies. Pupae overwinter in the soil and in Nova Scotia there are
several generations per year of this pest.
Control:
28
Cultural controls include destroying infested crop residues and weeds by disking in and
maintaining field separation between susceptible crops. Insecticides should be applied when
mining damage is first observed. The critical time to monitor is during the young seedling stage.
Refer to the AgraPoint Guide to Pest Management for Spinach for a list of insecticides and their
application methods.
Aphids
Several species of aphids can affect spinach plants, including the Black Bean Aphid (Aphis fabae
Scopoli) and the Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae). Green peach aphids are more common
and will be discussed here. Aphids are small, soft bodied, slow moving insects. A colony
consists of winged and wingless adults and various sizes of nymphs. Aphids may be black,
yellow or pink, but mostly are various shades of green. They are often found in large colonies on
the under surface of leaves and when aphids feed on spinach it results in a discoloration of
foliage, and curling leaves; making the product unmarketable. Aphids feed by piercing plants
and sucking out plant sap, resulting in distorted plant parts and a slowing of plant growth. The
plants may be covered by a sticky substance, called honey dew, which is excreted by the aphids.
Control
Scout plants frequently and treat with an insecticide when insects are first observed. Refer to the
AgraPoint Guide to Pest Management for Spinach for a list of insecticides and their application
methods.
WEEDS
Herbicides are available to use in a spinach crop. Rates and methods of application can be found
on the product label. A number of shallow cultivations are an essential part of a weed control
program. Good weed control requires integration of cultural and chemical methods. Spinach
should be planted to land free of perennial weeds, where the annual weed seed population has
been reduced by cultural practices such as crop rotation, stale seedbed or hoeing.
Crop rotation is discussed in great detail in the section above, but essentially involves growing
different groups of crops on the same piece of land in successive years. Due to the limited
availability of herbicides, stale seedbed is used frequently in spinach production. Stale seedbed is
a technique whereby the planting bed is made early, under dry conditions, water may be applied,
and weeds are allowed to germinate and grow. After the first flush of weeds germinates, they are
controlled with a total herbicide (glyphosate) or by a flame weeder. For weeds that escape and
29
grow close to the crop, hoeing can be used as a control option. Between row cultivation is an
important method of cultivation. This can be done on a regular basis.
Care must be taken to avoid fields where residual herbicides from previous years persist in the
soil as crop injury may occur. Refer to the AgraPoint Guide to Pest Management for Spinach for
a listing of herbicides and their application methods.
Challenges of spinach production
LOSS OF SOIL FERTILITY
This is a common problem as most farmers plant one crop continuously without rotation.
This can be overcome by rotating crops, for example growing onions or melons, pepper or
eggplant after spinach and the use of both organic and inorganic fertilizers to replenish soil
fertility. Farmers can also replace greenhouse soil by bringing quality soil from outside. Adopt
the technology of growing crops in pots or soilless cultures. The soils when used continuously
with same crop will have a buildup of diseases, especially bacterial wilt, bacterial canker,
fusarium and verticilium wilts. Greenhouse farmers are, therefore, encouraged to treat the soil by
sterilisation, solarisation or fumigation using fumigants such as Dazomet, Met am Sodium and
Chloroptin. Greenhouses get contaminated by people visiting the structures or by use of infected
planting material, water and farm tools. Have a footbath at the entry.
LACK OF QUALITY WATER SOURCES
Many parts of the country are deficient of good water sources and rivers or boreholes may also
be absent. In addition, available water could be saline, chlorinated or contaminated with diseases
like bacterial wilt, hence it is of poor quality. Contaminated water is common in areas where
farmers in sources of water plant crops like spinach potatoes, tomatoes and water flowing
downstream is collected by farmers for greenhouse farming. This introduces bacterial wilt in
greenhouse tomato
30
Chapter three: research methodology
Research design
The problem that we are addressing in this research is to study the challenges and opportunities
of spinach production in Somaliland specially Arabsio area in Gabiley district west of Hargeisa.
This research was composed of a case study that allowed us collection of information and data
about challenges and opportunities of spinach production. Data was gathered with in the same
time frame from all respondents, and then analyzed according to the research objectives to help
establish the nature of the relationship between the variables and the gathered data.
Research approach
The method design of my research is mixed method, it comprises both qualitative and
quantative design which say something about the spinach production and marketing and the main
challenges faced for spinach whether the marketing systems and production systems , to describe
and estimate the relationship between spinach marketing and production .
This is very important method of research design because it’s used both description words and
generation numbers which is include graphs whether bia charts, histograms and so on.
Sampling procedure
Sampling procedures will be simple random sampling method all respondent have equal
chance to participate research questionnaire.
Data collection instrument
Tools of data instrument will be :
1. Questionnaires
2. Surveying
3. Observation
4. Interview which is both group focus discussion and participation interview.
1. Questionnaires
31
2. The type of questionnaires used in this research is open ended questionnaires because it
takes less time to ask people and the people my select the answer us easy way and also its
easy to analyze. Surveying
The type of surveying used in this study is direct field surveying for which the surveyor visits
the farmers and take direct measurements for its mind.
3. Observation
The kind of observation used in this research is for direct visit of farmers and all farms which
grown spinach.
4. group focus discussion interview
This kind of interview used in this research is group focus which whole the people take same
chance to participate discussion and answer the questions.
Sites of data collection We collect our data in one main source, this study took place in Arabsiyo villages in Gabiley
district, Somaliland. The target was to know the challenges and opportunities of spinach
production and its marketing. And the reason that we choice for this area was is the best place
that spinach production can be cultivated well in Somaliland and it is the area that we can get a
number of farmers to share for more information, because time and resource was limited.
Target population
The target population of this research will be farmers of arabsio area which cultivate spinach
The population of the study was farmers in Arabsio villages, because of it is the area that spinach
production is high in Somaliland and is the production dominated by irrigation farms.
32
Sample size
The Target population will be farmers in arabsio
The sample size of research questionnaires are as follows
Population No. of population Sample size
Farmers 30 25
Total 30 25
Solvent’s formula
Where: n=sample size
N=total population
e = the level of significance, fixed at 0.05. so e2 = 0.05 x 0.05 = 0.0025
33
Chapter Four:
Data analysis and interpretation of results
In this chapter, the findings and results of the study will be presented. We will present here the
answers for the research questions in the study.
The responses of the respondents will be analysed and presented in a manner that can be easily
understood.
Background
4.1 Gender
Figure1: (4.1) 72% of respondents are Male while the other 28%
Are Female.
34
64%
36%
Relationship
Single Married
4.2 Age
4.3 Relationship
Figure2: The above Figure (4.2) of respondents were at the age of 20-25 (28%)while respondents
were at the age of 25-30 (24%) and was at the age of 30-35 (12%) others are 35-40 28% and equal
number are 40-45 28%
Figure3: the most number of respondents are single 64% while married 36%
35
20%
36%
44%
Experience
1-2 yrs 2-3 yrs 5-6 yrs
Level of Knowledge0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Primary Secondary University None
20% 24%
20%
36%
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE
4.4 Experience
4.5 Level of Knowledge
Figure4: the experience on the farmers in this crop is
Figure5: the level of the knowledge about the farmers are primary level 20% secondary level 24%
university level 20% and ignorant level 36%
36
68%
32%
YES NO
Did You live in the Farm
4.6 Did You Live in Farm
Challenges
4.7 Pest attack the Crop
Figure7: the most pests that attack in these farmers are rodents 76% while the others are insect
24%
Figure6: most of the farmers are they live on their farms 68% where the others they live other
places 32%
37
4.8 Methods Control Weeds
4.9 Containers used after harvesting
16%
84%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Crop Rotation Hand Tools
Weed Control method
Figure9: containers that are used for harvesting said all are used in plastic containers 100%
Figure8: methods that control weeds most respondents are said hand tools 84% where some said
crop rotation 16%
38
24%
76%
Varities of Spinach
Savoy type
Flat leaf type
4.10 Major Problems of Spinach production in Arabsio
4.11 Varieties of Spinach
Figure10: shows that the majority of farmers (48%) complained about market affecting their crops
while (28%) effecting disease in (16%) market others said water problem are effect their
production while others said there is other problems (8%)
Figure11: The verities of spinach that grown in Arabsio area respondents are said A) Savoy type 24% b) Flat type 76%
39
Cool climate
Middle Climate
46%
48%
50%
52%
1
48%
52%
Climate requirement of Spinach in Arabsio
Cool climate Middle Climate
0%
12%
80%
8%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
# Downy Mildew Fusarium wilt Damping off
Common Diseases
Series1 Series2
4.12 Climatic requirement of spinach production in Arabsio
4.13 Common Diseases in Crops
Figure12: Farmers perception about climatic requirements of spinach is shown in the numbers of
farmers believed that spinach require middle climates (52%) or cool climates (48%)
Figure13: The common diseases that affect the spinach production that respondent toll us are
scale. Downy mildew (12%) ,fusarium wilt (80%) or damping off (8%)
40
Marketing
4.14 Profit you get Your Production
4.15 Labor Work for your Farm
Figure15: 56% percent of respondents said they use hired labor, while 44% said they use family
labor for spinach production.
Figure14: farmers were not satisfied with the profit that will get in their production 56% some of
farmers are medium 32% but others are not satisfied in their profit 12%
41
Chemical, 44%
Natural, 36%
Both, 20%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Chemical Natural Both
Fertilizers for the Farm
Fertilizers for the Farm
4.16 Fertilizers for the Farm
Figure 16: respondent’s uses chemical fertilizers while (44%) the others use natural (manure) 36%
And others use both (20%)
4.17 Water conveying Methods
48%
52%
46%
47%
48%
49%
50%
51%
52%
53%
By pipes By Canals
Water Conveying Methods
Figure17: Most respondents (52%) said they irrigate by canals their spinach using and while (48%)
said they use by pipes for irrigation.
42
0% Yes
20%
No 80%
ANY HELP FOR SPINACH PROBLEMS DURING PRODUCTION
4.17 Any Help for Spinach problems during production
4.18 Who help you
Figure18: Most respondents (80%) said they do not get assistance from any organization, where
the others said get assistance from organizations (20%)
Figure19: whom helped are local Ngos 20% where the others missing 80%
43
High, 12%
Middle, 48%
Low, 40%
MARKET SPINACH PRODUCTION IN ARABSIO VILLAGE
48%
52%
46%
47%
48%
49%
50%
51%
52%
53%
C L A Y L O A M Y
SOIL FOR SPINACH PRODUCTION IN ARABSIO VILLAGE
4.19 Market Spinach Production in Arabsio Village
4.20 Soil for Spinach production in Arabsio Village
Figure20: respondents said the market they get from spinach sales are medium 48%, low 40% or
high 12%.
Figure21: Shows that (48%) of farmers surveyed had clay soils followed by loamy soil (52%), soils
were the least common in spinach farms in Arabsio
44
4.21 Irrigation needed spinach in Growing period
4.23 Local Names of Spinach Coast “ Koost in Somali Language” is the local name of Spinach in Somaliland regions specifically arabsio
Figure22: Shows that (48%) of the respondents believed that spinach require large volume of
Irrigation water while (48%) though spinach requires intermediate levels of irrigation only (4%)
of respondents though spinach can be grown with a low irrigation.
45
Chapter five
Conclusion and recommendation
Conclusion Behind collecting all these information in the fourth section we must have to conclude in this
research and we recognize the problems of this thesis and we seek to resolve it as the proper
ways.
In this research were collected 52 target people all 22 respondents separate in both ages and
educational levels and relationships .The objectives of this research was to increase the actual
image and requirements of challenges and opportunities of spinach production in Somaliland
specially Arabsio area.
These points are the challenges of spinach production:
Lack of experience to increase their production
Environmental aspects are big challenge in spinach production especially in arabsio
Lack of awareness to understand the opportunities and challenges of spinach production
minerals in the soil challenges
lack of seed resistance
poor weed management
lack of cost to develop their production
lack of pest management
poor market
lack of resources
46
Opportunities of spinach production: 1-Sometimes spinach has a good market for producers.
2-It can be getting a good nutritious that can good for the body of human being. .
3-Farmers can get good profit for selling of their product.
4-The ministry of Agriculture and agencies that deal with production can help the farmers to
increase the productivity.
5.2 Recommendations
In carrying out of this study we identified several suggestions that associated to the challenges
and opportunities of spinach production in Somaliland specially Arabsio area.
If there is further information about this research
The suggestions and recommendations are as follows:
1-Weeding and caring are significant in spinach production
2-Promoting simple techniques to increase production of spinach
3-To provide efficient soil and water conservation
4-To utilize the available land according to its productivity capacity
5-To select seed free from diseases to raise production quality
6-Decrease in toxins and other undesirable substance in spinach farm.
7-To done well management of weeds and other unwanted plant to increase the production
8-Study living, non-living and environmental causes of plant diseases is important.
9-To learn the interactions between the plant and the pathogens
10-To develop marketing linkage between producer and consumer of spinach products.
11-To credit provision for improving spinach production, processing and marketing.
12-To establish organizations that assist spinach producers and spinach sellers by decreasing
poverty of rural people and lack of job for sellers.
13-To train the spinach sellers and spinach producers on hygiene for improvement of the
production
47
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The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia
Sources
Vegetables, 2014 Summary (USDA NASS, 2015) Vegetable and Pulses Outlook (USDA ERS, 2015) Nutritive Value of Foods (USDA ARS, 2002) Chicago Terminal Market Prices (USDA AMS)
USDA 2007, retrieved on 2008-02-01
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Questionnaire of
Challenges and opportunities’ of spinach production
1.Gender?
a:Male b:Female
2.Age?
a:20-25 b:25-30 c:30-35 d:35-40
3.Relationship?
a:Single b:Married
4.Your experience?
a:1-2 b:3-4 c:5-6
5:Your knowledge?
a:Primary level b:Secondary level c:University level d:None
6:Did you live on the farm
a:Yes b:No
7:What methods use to control weeds
a:Crop rotation b:Hand tools c: Mowing
D:Other method
8.What are the pests that attack your crop
a:Insects b:Rodents C:birds
d:Other pests
9.What containers are used harvesting in your crop
a:Truck boxes b : Wooden totes
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C:Plastic containers d:Other tools
10:What are the major problems of spinach production in arabsio
a:Water problems B:Disease problems
c:Market problems d:Other problems
11:What is the climatic requirement of spinach production in arabsio
A:Cool climate b:Hot climate
c:Middle climate
12:What are the varieties of the spinach that growing in arabsio
a:Savoy type b:Flat leaf type
c:Semi savoy type
13:What are the common diseases in your crop
a:Downy Mildew b:Fusarium Wilt
C:Damping Off
14:How about the profit that you get your production
a:High b:Low
C:Middle
15:Who are the labors that work for your farm
a:Hired them b:Family
16:What are the fertilizers that you use your crop
a:Chemical fertilizers b:Natural fertilizers
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17:Which method you use for water conveying in your farm
a:By pipes b:By canals
C:By hands
18:Is there any help for spinach problems during time of production
a:Yes b:No
19.If answer 18 is “yes” who they are
a:Ministry of agriculture b:Local ngos
C:International ngos d:Others
20. How about the market of spinach production in Arabsiyo villages?
A:Good b:Normal c:Low
22: Which soil is good for spinach production in Arabsiyo villages
A:Sandy soil b:Clay soil c:Silt soil
23.How much irrigation is needed spinach in growing period
A:Much irrigation b:Middle irrigation
c:Low irrigation
24:What are the local names used for the types of spinach that you plant in your
farm?
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