opportunities for reducing emissions - about · most technologies to reduce the aerodynamic drag...
TRANSCRIPT
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Air Quality
ProgramEnvironment and Air Quality Division
Opportunities
for
Reducing Emissionsfrom
Border Drayage Trucks in
the Paso del Norte Region
Reza Farzaneh, Rohit Jaikumar, Jolanda Prozzi
75th JAC Meeting
November 14, 2019
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2Environment and Air Quality Division
This Study was Sponsored by
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
Border Affairs
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3Environment and Air Quality Division
Overview
Paso Del Norte Air Basin
Border Drayage Operation
Emissions Impact of Border Drayage Trucks
Emission Reduction Strategies & Programs
Opportunities for Reducing Emissions
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4Environment and Air Quality Division
Paso Del Norte Region
Ciudad JuarezMexico
El Paso TX, U.S.A
Sunland ParkNM, U.S.A
Urban Areas
• Texas, New Mexico, Chihuahua• Multi-jurisdictional control
• Population Over 2.5 Million
• Major Cities• Cd. Juarez, Chihuahua
• El Paso, TX
• Las Cruses and Sunland Park, NM
• 6 International Border Crossings
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5Environment and Air Quality Division
Border Crossings in Paso Del Norte
Commercial Crossings
- Bridge of the Americas
- Ysleta-Zaragoza
- Santa Teresa
- Stanton
Santa Teresa
Stanton
Bridge of the Americas
(BOTA)
Ysleta-Zaragoza
Tornillo-Guadalupe
Paso del Norte
Border Crossings
Pedestrian and Passenger Vehicles
Pedestrian, Passenger Vehicles, and Commercial Vehicles
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6Environment and Air Quality Division
Paso Del Norte Air Basin
• Shared Environment
• Air pollution moves in both directions – regardless of origin
• Air pollution affects everyone in the region
• Surrounded by Mountains
• Restricted movement of air
• Pollutants trapped in the region
• Air Pollution Risk• Particulate Matter (PM)
• Ground-level Ozone (O3)
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7Environment and Air Quality Division
Particulate Matter (PM)
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8Environment and Air Quality Division
Ground-Level Ozone
Ab
ou
t 3
0m
ile
s f
rom
th
e s
urf
ace
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9Environment and Air Quality Division
Air Quality Trends in Paso Del Norte Air Basin
114
µg/m3
0
100
200
300
PM10 - 2nd Maximum
0.075
ppm
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Ground-Level Ozone - 4th Maximum
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10Environment and Air Quality Division
Mobile sources(on-road vehicles and off-road equipment)
Largest share
of NOx emissions
in the Paso del Norte region0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
NO
x (
ton
s p
er
year)
Dona Ana Luna Otero Sierra El Paso Cd. Juarez
Mobile Sources (on-road and off-road)
Area Sources
Point Sources
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11Environment and Air Quality Division
Trade Activity in Paso Del Norte
2018
• 17% of US-Mexico trade
• 4.2 million tons
• Value: $48.9 Billion
• 928,169 truck entered U.S.• 30% not laden
$20.3 Billion
$11.5 Billion
$4.2 Billion
$4.2 Billion
Computer-Related Machinery and Parts
Electrical Machinery, Equipment, and Parts
Vehicles other than Railway
Measuring and Testing Instruments
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12Environment and Air Quality Division
Potential Freight Generators
in the Paso Del Norte Region
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13Environment and Air Quality Division
Border Drayage Operation
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14Environment and Air Quality Division
Border Drayage Trucks
0-4 years 5-9 years10-14
years
15-19
years
20-24
years
25-29
yearsover 30
U.S. short-haul 8.68% 16.52% 29.60% 21.90% 12.81% 6.37% 4.13%
U.S. long-haul 22.28% 25.98% 25.40% 14.17% 7.03% 3.06% 2.09%
Drayage 5.00% 12.70% 31.30% 37.50% 10.70% 2.20% 0.20%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Per
cen
t of
flee
t U.S. short-haul
U.S. long-haul
Drayage
Trucks Age - TTI 2012 – Paso del Norte
0%
10%
20%
30%
2010 and Newer 2007-2009 2004-2007 1998-2003 Pre 1998
Trucks Age - 2018 – Nogales, AZ
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15Environment and Air Quality Division
Border Drayage Trips
Average Trip Distance and speed of Drayage Trucks by Time of Day
Average Trip Distance and speed of Drayage Trucks by Day Type
NOx Emissions at Paso Del Norte Region (g/mi/truck/day)
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16Environment and Air Quality Division
Emission Reduction Strategies for Diesel Trucks
Fuel Technologies
- Fuel additives
- biodiesel
Vehicle TechnologiesVehicle Replacement
Or
Retrofit
- Exhaust Gas
Aftertreatment
- Alternative fuel
- Natural gas
- Electric
Operational Strategies
- Driver Education
- Reduced Border
Crossing Time
- Improved Freight
Logistics
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17Environment and Air Quality Division
Description
Reduced
Pollutant
Applicability
to Border Drayage
Engine and Powertrain
Improved Combustion Systems for low-temperature, highly premixed combustion All Replacement or Retrofit
Alternative Fuels
-- CNG & LNG
Natural gas in both compressed and liquified forms give similar fuel economy to diesel and lower
emissions PM, NOx Replacement
Alternative Fuels
-- Electric & Fuel Cell
All electric trucks or hybrid tucks are more energy efficient than fossil fuels and produce
substantially less emissionsAll Replacement
Engine Friction Reduction Improved mechanical efficiency of internal combustion engines by 10%. All Replacement or Retrofit
Automated Transmission Advanced automated manual can shift as quickly as the best driver All Replacement
Emission Reduction Devices
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)An exhaust after-treatment technology that breaks down hydrocarbons and CO emissions by
oxidizing them into carbon dioxide and waterCO, PM, HC/VOC Replacement or Retrofit
Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) Filters installed on truck exhaust systems to filter out diesel PM PM Replacement or Retrofit
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)A portion of an engine’s exhaust gas is returned to its combustion chambers via the inlet system;
substantially reduces NOx emissionsNOx Replacement or Retrofit
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)Chemically processes NOx in the exhaust gas into nitrogen and water vapor; SCR is the most
effective technology for reducing NOx from diesel enginesNOx Replacement or Retrofit
Other Vehicle and Trailer Technologies
Aerodynamic ImprovementMost technologies to reduce the aerodynamic drag involve, narrowing the trailer-tractor gap,
adding skirts, and reducing tail winds.All Replacement or Retrofit
Idle Reduction TechnologiesTwo types – Behavioral strategies with driver training and incentives, and use of auxiliary power
units.All Retrofit
Lower Rolling Resistance (LRR) Tires LRR tires can reduce up to 15 percent by reducing the rolling resistance All Retrofit
Vehicle Technologies
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18Environment and Air Quality Division
Key Emission Reduction Strategies
Border Crossing Idle Reduction
- Batching Vehicles
- Reducing Creep-Idling
Peace Arch Border Crossing
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19Environment and Air Quality Division
Key Emission Reduction Strategies
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
SCR requires exhaust temperatures higher than 200°C (390°F)Mostly happening when trucks move at medium to high speed
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20Environment and Air Quality Division
Key Emission Reduction Strategies
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
Key NOx reduction technology for pre-2010* diesel trucks Doesn’t need high temperatures
(* equivalent to current Mexican standard)
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21Environment and Air Quality Division
Key Emission Reduction Strategies
Battery Electric Trucks
- Being tested at different ports
- Approximate Range 100 mi/charge
- Good fit for some border drayage operations- Concentrated activity
- Limited amount of driving per day
- Current cost is substantially higher than diesel trucks
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22Environment and Air Quality Division
Key Emission Reduction Strategies
Improved Freight Efficiency
USDOTPilot projects of
Freight Advanced Traveler Information Systems (FRATIS) at marine ports
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23Environment and Air Quality Division
Emission Reduction Funding Programs for Diesel Trucks
TEXAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN (TERP)
- Grants and Rebates
- Diesel Emissions Reduction Incentive (DERI)
- Texas Natural Gas Vehicle Grants Program
(TNGVGP)
- Alternative Fueling Facilities Program (AFFP)
Key Eligibility Criteria- El Paso County
- Commitment to operate minimum 75 % of annual
operation in eligible counties and designated
roadways
- Replacement vehicle must be MY 2015 or newer
CLEAN DIESEL PROGRAM UNDER DERA ACT
- Competitive grants and rebates
- Clean diesel national grants -- administered
by EPA
- Clean diesel state allocation
Key Eligibility Criteria
- Heavy-duty diesel trucks
- Operating in areas with poor air quality
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24Environment and Air Quality Division
Opportunities for Reducing NOx from Border Drayage Trucks
Natural gas trucks- Naturally lower NOx and PM than diesel
- Don’t need SCR and diesel particulate filters
- Challenges: higher initial cost and fueling stations
SCR may not be best for border drayage- Low-speeds and long periods of creep-idle
- High cost of SCR retrofit
Driving Behavior / Eco Driving Training- Cost effective
- Long-term impact unknown
- Requires periodic re-training
- Most effective if combined with incentive programs
that benefit drivers
Driving Behavior / Eco Driving Training- Cost effective but long-term effectiveness unknown
- Requires periodic re-training
- Most effective if combined with incentive programs that
benefit drivers
Funding programs’ eligibility criteria- U.S.-based vehicle registration and/or location-based
usage requirements
- Limiting the application for bi-national border
drayage
- Develop special eligibility criteria for drayage border
trucks
Improve border drayage operation- Reduce border wait time
- Minimize empty miles: freight matching and asset sharing
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25Environment and Air Quality Division
Questions and Comments
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26Environment and Air Quality Division
Contact Information
Jolanda Prozzi
Division Head
Environment and Air Quality
Texas A&M Transportation Institute
Email: [email protected]
Reza Farzaneh, Ph.D., P.E.
Program Manager Air Quality Program
Texas A&M Transportation Institute
Email: [email protected]
http://tti.tamu.edu/group/airquality/