optics by the numbers lottica attraverso i numeri michael scalora u.s. army research, development,...

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OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS L’Ottica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000 & Universita' di Roma "La Sapienza" Dipartimento di Energetica Rome, April-May 2004

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Page 1: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS

L’Ottica Attraverso i Numeri

Michael Scalora

U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering CenterRedstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

&Universita' di Roma "La Sapienza"

Dipartimento di Energetica

Rome, April-May 2004

Page 2: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

Integrazioni Numeriche di Equazioni differenziali di Primo Grado

Soluzione Numeriche di Equazioni Nonlineari: Predictor-Corrector Algorithm

Page 3: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0

Ritorniamo alla tipica equazione differenziale di primo grado che abbiamo gia visto, e risolviamo.

( )( )

dp tp t

dt

La soluzione puo anche essere espressa cosi:

' '

0

( ) (0) ( )t

p t p p t dt

p(t)L’integrale rappresental’area sotto la curva p(t).Il problema numerico: come meglio stimarla

0 t

1( )

( )dp t dt

p t ( ) (0) tp t p e

Page 4: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

' '

0

( ) (0) ( )t

p t p p t dt

' '

0

( ) (0) ( )t

p t p p t dt

Se ci limitiamo ad intervalli infinitesimali...

1If t

0 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1p t t p t p t t p t t

Dato un punto di partenza diverso da zero0t

'

0

( ) (0) (0) (0) 1t

p t p p dt p t

La funzione p(t’) puo essere approssimata come una costante data dal valore all’inizio dell’intervallo...

Page 5: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

221 .... ...

2 !nnt tte tn

0 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1p t t p t p t t p t t }

}Taylor expansiondell’esponenziale

0 0;( ) (0) ( ) ( )t tp t p e p t t p t e

La soluzione approssimata e’…

…mentre la soluzione esatta e’…

2 20 0 0( ) ( ) ( )(1 / 2 ...)tp t t p t e p t t t

Il confronto rivela un errore dato dalla differenza delle

due soluzioni…

22 ...

2

tError

Page 6: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

Stimato con un errore dell’ordine t2, l’integrale e’ l’area del rettangolo.

invece rappresenta la sottostima dell’integrale, che per funzioni che variano rapidamente puo essere notevole.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 t

p(t0)

0 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1p t t p t p t t p t t }

} 2 20 0 0( ) ( ) ( )(1 / 2 ...)tp t t p t e p t t t

22 ...

2

tError

Page 7: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 t

p(t0)

p(t0+t)

} 0 0( ) ( )p t t p t

0 00 0 0

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

2

p t t p t tp t t p t p t t

How can we increase the accuracy of the solution?

' '0 0

0

( ) ( ) ( )t

p t t p t p t dt

+

Page 8: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0 01 / 2 ( 2) ) 1 /( t pp t tt t

Solve for p(t0+t)…

0 0

1 / 2( )(

1 / 2)p t t

tp t

t

00 00( ) (( ( )2

))t

p t pp t t p tt t

0 00 0 0

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

2

p t t p t tp t t p t p t t

♠ ♠

Page 9: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

Nella gran parte dei casi, una soluzione con un errore

del terzo ordine e’ piu che sufficiente.

30 0 0

2 32 4( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( )

2 6

t ttp t t p t e p t t t

0 0

1 / 2( )(

1 / 2)p t t

tp t

t

Taylor expansion

1 2 2 3 3(1 / 2) 1 / 2 / 4 / 4 ...t t t t

2 3

1 2 3 41 / 2 1 / 2 1 ( )2 8

t tt t t t

confrontando con la soluzione esatta...

Page 10: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

( )( )

dx tx t

dtSimple example:

( ) (0) tx t x e

0 0

1 / 2( ) ( )

1 / 2

tx t t x t

t

0 0( ) ( ) 1x t t x t t First order accuratesolution

Second order accuratesolution

Exact solution

Page 11: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 1 2 3 4 5

second order solutionexact solutionfirst order solution

time

x(t)

t=1x(0)=1

( )( )

dx tx t

dt ( ) (0) tx t x e

0 0

1 / 2( ) ( )

1 / 2

tx t t x t

t

0 0( ) ( ) 1x t t x t t

First order solution Second order solution

Page 12: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 2 4 6

second order solutionexact solutionfirst order solution

time

x(t)

t=0.5x(0)=1

( )( )

dx tx t

dt ( ) (0) tx t x e

0 0

1 / 2( ) ( )

1 / 2

tx t t x t

t

0 0( ) ( ) 1x t t x t t

Page 13: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 2 4 6

t=0.25x(0)=1

( )( )

dx tx t

dt ( ) (0) tx t x e

0 0

1 / 2( ) ( )

1 / 2

tx t t x t

t

0 0( ) ( ) 1x t t x t t

Page 14: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

First order solution Second order solution

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 2 4 6

t=0.125

( )( )

dx tx t

dt ( ) (0) tx t x e

0 0

1 / 2( ) ( )

1 / 2

tx t t x t

t

0 0( ) ( ) 1x t t x t t

Page 15: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 t

f [x(t0)]

f [x(t0+t)]

' '0 0

0

( ) ( ) [ ( )]t

x t t x t f x t dt

( )

[ ( )]dx t

f x tdt

0 00 0

[ ( )] [ ( )]( ) ( )

2

f x t f x t tx t t x t t

0 0[ ( )] [ ( )]

2

f x t f x t t

Let’s look at the more generic equation…

Page 16: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 t

f [x(t0)]

f [x(t0+t)]

0 0[ ( )] [ ( )]

2

f x t f x t t

0 0[ ( )] [ ( )]

2

f x t f x t t …quindi rappresenta un punto al centro dell’intervallo, che stimal’area con accuratezza al secondo ordine

.

Page 17: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

2( )[( ( )] ( )

dx tf x t x t

dt

(0)( )

1 (0)

xx t

x t

Soluzione esatta…

Risolviamo numericamente…

Example

20 0[ ( )] ( )f x t x t 2

0 0[ ( )] ( )f x t t x t t

2[ ( )] ( )f x t x t

0 00 0

[ ( )] [ ( )]( ) ( )

2

f x t f x t tx t t x t t

2 20 0

0 0

( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

x t x t tx t t x t t

Page 18: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0

20

0

20( ) (

( )2

)( )

x t tx t

tt tt

xx

Per semplicita, riscriviamo cosi….20

20 { ) / 2x txx x …e sostituiamo x sul lato destro…

22 20 0

20 0 { ) / 2 / 2x x x xx x tt

22

2 2 2 2 2 200 0 00 0[ ]

4/ 2[ ]x x

tx x x t x x tx x

♠♠

Page 19: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

2 2 2 2 30 0 0 0 0 0[ ] / 2 ( )x x x x x t x x t t

2 3 2 30 0 0 1( )x x x t x t t

23

0 0 0 0

2 3

2 3 2 30 0 0 0 2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )...2

( ) ( ); ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )...

tx t t x t x t t x t t

x t x t x t x t x t x t

x t t x t x t t x t t t

Confrontiamo con un’espanzione di Taylor…

Page 20: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

La soluzione e’ accurata al secondo ordine, ma la procedura non e’ ne conveniente,

(come nel caso di equazioni nonlineari:)

o efficiente, se si devono calcolare derivate per l’espanzione di Taylor:

2 20 0{ ) / 2x x x x t

23

0 0 0 0

2 3

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )...2

( ) ( ); ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( )

tx t t x t x t t x t t

x t x t x t x t x t x t

Page 21: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

Invece, adottiamo ilPredictor-Corrector algorithm

(1) Prediction Step: obtain a First-Order solution at t0+t…

( )( ) [ ( )]dx t

i f x tdt

' '0 0

0

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( )]t

ii x t t x t f x t dt

0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( )]predictediii x t t x t f x t t

Page 22: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

(2)…and use it to correct (or find) the solution by averaging the values of the functions at the beginning and at the end of the interval…

0 00 0

[ ( )] [ ( )]( ) ( )

2predictedf x t f x t t

x t t x t t

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 t

0[ ( )]predictedf x t t

0[ ( )]f x t

Page 23: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0 00 0

[ ( )] [ ( )]( ) ( )

2predictedf x t f x t t

x t t x t t

( )[ ( )] ( )

dx tf x t x t

dt

0 0 0 0 0( ) ( ) [ ( )] ( ) ( )predictedx t t x t f x t t x t x t t

0 0 0

0 0

0 0

( ) ( ) ( )

[ ( )] [ ( ) ]

( ) ( )

predictedf x t t f x t x t t

f x t f x t t

x t x t t

[ ]d

fdt

0 0 00 0

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

x t x t x t tx t t x t t

Page 24: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0 0 00 0

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

x t x t x t tx t t x t t

2

0 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2

tx t t x t x t t x t

…which is just a Taylor expansion for ANY function 0( )x t t

0 00 0

[ ( )] [ ( )]( ) ( )

2predictedf x t f x t t

x t t x t t

Therefore, the correction step…

…always finds a second order accurate (error is of order t3) solution to the generic differential equation

( )[ ( )]

dx tf x t

dt

Page 25: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

20 0 0( ) ( ) ( )predictedx t t x t x t t

2 20 0

0 0

( ) ( )( ) ( )

2predictedx t x t t

x t t x t t

2 3 2 30 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )x t t x t x t t x t t t

Back to our example…

2( )[( ( )] ( )

dx tf x t x t

dt

22 20 0 0

0 0

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

x t x t x t tx t t x t t

Page 26: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

Predictor-Corrector da una soluzioneaccurata al secondo ordine

(0)( )

1 (0)

xx t

x t

2 20 0

0 0

( ) ( )( ) ( )

2predictedx t x t t

x t t x t t

2( )( )

dx tx t

dt

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 10 20 30 40

numericalexact

t

x(t)

t=1.5

Page 27: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 10 20 30 40 50

t

x(t)

t=0.5

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 10 20 30 40 50

t

x(t)

t=0.125

Page 28: OPTICS BY THE NUMBERS LOttica Attraverso i Numeri Michael Scalora U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000

Sommario

Integrazioni Numeriche di Equazioni differenziali di Primo Grado

Soluzione Numeriche di Equazioni Nonlineari: Predictor-Corrector Algorithm

PC method da soluzioni accurate al secondo ordinecioe l’errore e’ del terzo ordine: basta nella maggior parte dei casi.