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LiteProp TM 108 in Appalachia

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LiteProp 108 Technology Stimulation Objectives

Fracture theory has notchanged. We still need tocreate flow capacitycontrast, between fractureand formation.

However, to ensure optimalstimulation benefit we needto ensure that we have fullpropped pay zone

coverage .

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WVIOGA 1-26-2010

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

S e

t t l i n g

V e l o c

i t y ,

f t / m i n

Small conventional proppants fallmore rapidly than large LitePropproppants

40/80HydroProp

40/70Sand

20/40LP125

30/80LP108

14/40LP108

20/40

Sand

LiteProp proppants exhibitmuch lower proppant settlingrates than sands or ceramics

Various Sizes of Proppants in Water Proppant Settling

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Partial monolayers exhibit vacant areas around and betweenparticles increasing the conductivity of the propped fracture

Partial Monolayers

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Partial Monolayers LiteProp proppant provides the means to successfully

employ proppant partial monolayers in hydraulicfracturing treatments. Why ?

The low particle specific gravity provides for greatlyreduced proppant settling velocities, resulting in improvedproppant transport , better proppant placement, and muchlarger propped fracture area.

Proppant embedment and conductivity damage aremitigated by the deformable nature of LiteProp proppants,and the fluid systems generate little, if any filter cake or residual damage.

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WVIOGA 1-26-2010

Conduct iv ity vs. Loading, 30/80 LiteProp 108 (SG 1.05)

1

10

100

1000

0.000 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.040 0.050 0.080 0.100 0.200 0.500 0.800 1.000 2.000Propp ant Loading, lb/sq ft

C o n

d u c t

i v i t y ,

m D - f

t

1000 ps i 2000 ps i 3000 ps i 4000 ps i5000 ps i 6000 ps i 7000 ps i 8000 ps i

PML Reg ion Multilayers

Partial Monolayers

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WVIOGA 1-26-2010

LiteProp 108 Technology A heat-treated

thermoplasticnanocomposite Apparent SG 1.06 Available in 14/40

Applications to 225F &6,500 psi

Available in 30/80

Applications to 240F &7,500 psi

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LiteProp Specifications

LitePropProppant

NominalSpecificGravity(g/cc)

BulkDensitylb/ft 3

(kg/m 3)

MaxClosurePressurepsi (MPa)

TempF ( C)

MeshSizes

108 1.06 41 (657) 6,500 (45)7,500 (52)

225 (107)240 (116)

14/40,30/80

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WVIOGA 1-26-2010

Benefits Ultra-lightweight greatly

improves proppanttransport, providingimproved effectivefracture length thanachieved withconventional proppants

Approaches neutralbuoyancy in fresh water,enabling placement of aproppant partialmonolayer with highconductivity

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WVIOGA 1-26-2010

Benefits Synergistic effects fromcombining reduced viscosityand pump rate Improved control of frac

geometry (reduced height) Extended propped fracture

length Minimized gel damage Improved well productivity Improved recoverable

reserves Completion cost reductions

Reduced proppant flowback

Fewer wells drilled

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WVIOGA 1-26-2010

Benefits Materially robust for long

service in harsh reservoir environments Does not crush, chip or

break to generatemigrating fines

Nonabrasive toequipment or tubulars

Fracturing fluid systemand additive compatible

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WVIOGA 1-26-2010

Applications Shale gas formation

stimulation Slick water frac for

naturally fracturedreservoirs

Linear gel proppantbanking frac treatments

Conventional cross-linked

fracturing systems

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WVIOGA 1-26-2010

Applications Tip screen-out designs

Low pressure reservoirs Conductive pad fracs Liquid LiteProp jobs

VaporFrac Treatments ConformFrac Services

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WVIOGA 1-26-2010

Conventional Fracs 120 Mlb 20/40 sand 84 Mgal slickwater fluid 100 bpm rate

1.0 ppa to 8.0 ppa

IP: 400 Mcfpd to atmos. 30 d: 100 Mcfpd @ 75 psi

LiteProp 108 Fracs

10 Mlb 14/40 LiteProp 108 76 Mgal slickwater fluid 50 bpm 0.05 0.3 ppa

IP: 3.4 MMcfpd to atmos. 90 d: 700 mcfpd @ 1,800 psi

Line pressure limited

Dakota Sand, 30 mi NE of Farmington, NMPerm: 0.1 mD Depth: 7,900 8,135 ft

BHST: 195 oF Closure Stress: 5,600 psi

Slickwater Case History

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312

5

1

1

1

41

4

3

2

1

1

2

Vertical & HZ WellsTo Date

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VaporFrac Services Mixture of N 2 and Liquid

LiteProp 108 proppanttogether to form anextreme high gas contentfoamed fracturing fluid

(~96%) Operationally simple

Liquid LiteProp slurrymetered into N

2stream

Provides for reducedlocation size andequipment requirements

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VaporFrac System Case HistoryVaporFrac w/ LiteProp 108 in Huron shale multizone

horizontal wells (SPE 125335)

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LitePropLiteProp TMTM 108108

Shale StimulationShale StimulationTreatmentsTreatments

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SPE 118536 in JPT Sept 2009

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Shale Slickwater Frac Design

40/70 = 225,000 lbs14/40 LP 108 = 4,000 lbs

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LP 108 and CO 2

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LiteProp 108 Technology Summary

LiteProp Technology Provides for improved

propped fracture length Allows for a variety of

placement fluids Offers an excellent

design tool for improving proppantplacement

Is cost competitive on avolume basis

Exhibits excellentclosure resistance

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WVIOGA 1-26-2010

LiteProp 108 Technology

LiteProp design ideas Naturally fractured reservoirs

Improves fluid loss control

Improves fracturepermeability Shale reservoirs Coal bed methane reservoirs Horizontal wells

Foam fracturing Non-damaging brines as pad

with LiteProp non-weightedstages following to overridepad (density fracs)

Minimize conductivity tobottom water Optionally to include RPM

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WVIOGA 1-26-2010

LiteProp 108 Technology LiteProp design ideas

Acid fracturing tosynergistically enhanceconductivity and prolonglife of stimulation.

Combination withconventional proppantswhere the proppantsmay be mixed together

Unlimited possibilitiesreally exist ...THINKOUTSIDE OF THEBOX!!!

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