OPTION E

E3 INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

Behavior – an animal’s response to stimuli in its environmentcapacity for behavior is

Learning involves persistent changes in behavior that result from experience

Most behavior is Behavioral ecology ( ) is the study

of

Natural selection tends to favor behaviors that contribute to the survival of an animal allowing it to pass its genes to its offspring

Behavior depends on the interaction of genes and environmental factors All behavior has a genetic basis, the

capacity to learn is inherited Behavior involves all body systems, but

depends primarily on

Behaviors are influenced by the

human baby cannot walk until muscles and neurons are sufficiently developed)

Behaviors are influenced by

a young sparrow is hatched with a rough genetic pattern of its song but requires social interaction and listening to adult males to develop its ability to sing its specific song)

E3.1 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR.

Instinctive – ___________ based Based on ____________ Not modified by the individual Modified by trial and

error _________ through population _________ within population Unaffected by environment Affected by environment ___________________ are __________________ may be product of natural selection product of natural selection e.g. suckling in newborns e.g. __________

__________ of blackcaps response to predators hunting instinct

Innate Behavior Learned Behavior

Many behaviors depend on

(example – walking in newborn gazelles)Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) –

INNATE BEHAVIOR

Example:Egg-rolling in European graylag goose – when an egg is removed from nest and placed in front of goose, she will reach out with her neck and roll egg back into nest. If egg is quickly removed during egg-rolling, goose will continue head and neck movements even though egg is gone

INNATE BEHAVIOR

• FAPs can be triggered by a – a simple

signal that

o ex: male stickleback fish aggressive response to red stripe

Male will ignore the realistic looking fish with no stripe but attack the blobs with red bellies

INNATE BEHAVIOR

Animals learn from experience – Learning is a change in behavior due to experienceHabituation –

ex: pigeons in a city park learn by repeated harmless encounters that humans are not dangerous and don’t waste energy constantly flying away

LEARNED BEHAVIOR

Imprinting –

newly hatched birds imprint on the first moving object (even a human or inanimate object) – usually object is their mother

Process of imprinting is genetically determined but the bird learns to respond to a particular animal or object

LEARNED BEHAVIOR

Konrad Lorenz demonstrated imprinting in graylag geese:He divided a batch of eggs into two groups:

1. One group was reared normally by the mother and showed normal behavior (following mother around for food, shelter and protection)

2. The other batch was isolated from mother and hatched in an incubator

Goslings spent the first few hours after hatching with Lorenz

Imprinting occurred and gosling treated Lorenz as their mother

These goslings became socially dysfunctional in adult life – they continued to prefer Lorenz to other geese and even attempted to mate with humans

TAXIS

Plural, _________An innate ____________ movement __________

(positive) or ________________ (negative) some stimulus.

E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.

___________ are model species for innate behavior studies:ex: positive _________ = move toward warmer areas of water positive _________ = move toward acids released by

bacteria (their food) negative _________ = avoid high concentrations of

harmful chemicals

E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.TAX

IS

KINESIS

Plural, ________An innate ______________ movement in response

to a stimulus.May be merely starting or stopping, changing

_____, or __________ more or less frequently. Animals do not move toward or away from

specific conditions, but since they slow down in a favorable environment, they tend to stay there

E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.

KINESIS

_______________ in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)______________________ altered as response to

stimulus___________ of testing chamber is adjusted and

behavior is measuredFloor of chamber has ______Movement is video recorded for

__________________

E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.

KINESIS

Orthokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)Video played back, with

______________________ counted as movement in the time period

______________________ calculated as number of squares crossed per second (mean of six runs)

E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.

KINESIS

_______________ in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)________________ altered as response to

stimulusSame as orthokinesis, but with

______________ per unit time as the basis for calculation

E3.2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.

In this investigation, pillbugs (P. scaber) were given a choice chamber test.

One chamber contained _______ filter paper, the other _____.

E3.3 ANALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.

In the sample data, the overall movement of pillbugs is to the __________ chamber. When the experiment is repeated, results are consistent.

Those innate behaviors that are ________ (such as finding moisture) give an individual a ________ and ___________ advantage.

As innate behaviors are genetic, they are______________, andproliferate in the population.

E3.3 ANALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.

E3.4 DISCUSS HOW THE PROCESS OF LEARNING CAN IMPROVE THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL.

Innate behaviors are inherited from parents as _____. They develop by __________________ and thus are suited to better adapted species to its environment. Therefore, they increase an animal’s chances for survival.

Learned behaviors develop as a result of __________. They enable animals to _________ their behaviors in response to changing environmental conditions. This increases the chance of survival by learning new behavioral patterns. While learned behavior itself is not passed on through genetics, the ____________________ may be.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpgCQj-sgqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXQAgzfwuNQ The intelligence of crowhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nh9XL08Akwc Chimpanzee tool use

E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.

___________________ is a method of associative learning.

Ivan Pavlov trained dogs to _____________________ to a stimulus, based on the dogs’ expected outcomes of the behavior.

Classical conditioning results in an ___________________ to a stimulus (e.g. a bell ring)

E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.

E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.

E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.

______________________- automatic response to a stimulus (i.e. food causes salivation)

_______________________- does not elicit response (i.e. bell does not cause salivation)

_______________________- neutral and unconditioned stimuli applied together

(i.e. dog associates bell with food, and salivates) _______________________

_______________________- Ringing the bell results in

salivation, even without food present.

E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.

______________________ is another conditioning method proposed by BF Skinner

_______________________: Reward desired behavior

Ex: A rat is placed in a cage with a moveable bar. Random actions of rat result in it pressing the bar & rat receives food. Rat learns the association between pressing bar and obtaining food.

E3.5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.

: Reward a desired behavior by taking away a negative stimulus

Ex: Electric shock in floor is turned off by rat hitting lever. Random actions of rat lead rat to hit lever, turning off shock. Rat learns to hit lever right away.

OTHER LEARNED BEHAVIORS

Insight learning –

Most – seen in primates and some birds and other mammals

also known as “ ”

Playing – many young animals “play”, which

E3.6 OUTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN YOUNG BIRDS.

Birdsong is a strong indicator of _____________________. Birdsong development is due to both _________ and

___________ behavior. This leads to ____________________ – usually the female

selects mates based on their perceived levels of reproductive fitness.

The basis of much birdsong is ___________, though needs to be refined with learning.

Example: _______________ ability to mimic any sound in its environment

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjE0Kdfos4Y The amazing lyre bird

E3.6 OUTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN YOUNG BIRDS.

Bird usually hatch with a ____________

_________ that prevents them from

learning from the wrong species. _____________ takes place in the

sensitive period early in the

development (__________ learning). By listening and practicing the calls

of the adult birds, the chick modifies

its song to “______”. One reason why captive birds are

not reproductively successful in the

wild is that they ___________________

with the correct mature song.