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O P V S C V L A

ARCHOLOGICA

2005

OPVSC. ARCHOL. VOL. 29 STR. / PAGES 1374 ZAGREB 2005.

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IV

FILOZOFSKI FAKULTETSVEUILITA U ZAGREBU

FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY,UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB

RADOVI ARHEOLOKOG ZAVODA

P A P E R S O F T H E D E P A R T M E N TO F A R C H A E O L O G Y

UDK 902-904 ISSN 0473-0992

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V

SADRAJCONTENTS

Stao FORENBAHER

& Timothy KAISER PALAGRUA I IRENJE ZEMLJORADNJE NA JADRANU PALAGRUA AND THE SPREAD OF FARMING IN THE

ADRIATIC Izvorni znanstveni lanak / Original scientific paper _________________________ 7

Jacqueline BALEN KOSTOLAKI HORIZONT NA VUEDOLU THE KOSTOLAC HORIZON AT VUEDOL Izvorni znanstveni lanak / Original scientific paper ________________________25

Domagoj PERKI& Daria LONJAK DIZDAR KASNOBRONANODOBNA OSTAVA SIA/LUICA THE SIA/LUICA LATE BRONZE AGE HOARD Izvorni znanstveni lanak / Original scientific paper ________________________41

Tomislav BILI PLOVIDBA PO GEOGRAFSKOJ IRINI NA MEDITERANU LATITUDE SAILING ON THE MEDITERRANEAN Izvorni znanstveni lanak / Original scientific paper _______________________121

Marija MARI JO JEDAN PRILOG LOCIRANJU ANTIKOGA KULTNOGMJESTA U SELU PRILUKA KRAJ LIVNA I POKUAJREKONSTRUKCIJE SPOMENIKA

ANOTHER CONTRIBUTION TO THE LOCATION OF ANANCIENT CULTIC SITE IN THE VILLAGE OF PRILUKANEAR LIVNO AND ATTEMPTS TO RECONSTRUCT THEMONUMENT

Izvorni znanstveni lanak / Original scientific paper _______________________159

Marko SINOBAD STAROSNA DOB ENA U VRIJEME UDAJE: PRIMJERANTIKE SALONE

AGES OF WOMEN AT THE TIME OF MARRIAGE: THEEXAMPLE OF ANCIENT SALONA


Kristina GLICKSMAN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TRADE IN THE ROMANPROVINCE OF DALMATIA

Izvorni znanstveni lanak / Original scientific paper _______________________189Marija IA-VIVEK,Tino LELEKOVI& Hrvoje KALAFATI OSTAVA RIMSKOG NOVCA I SREBRNOG POSUA IZ

PETRIJANCA

HOARD OF ROMAN COINS AND SILVER DISHWAREFROM PETRIJANEC



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Adnan BUSULADI POTKOVE POHRANJENE U ANTIKOJ ZBIRCIZEMALJSKOGA MUZEJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

HORSESHOES HELD IN THE ANTIQUITY COLLECTIONOF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA


Mirja JARAK PLUTEJ S OTOKA RABA IZ KASNIJEGA 6. ILI 7. STOLJEA

PLUTEUS FROM THE ISLAND OF RAB FROM THE LATER6THOR 7THCENTURY


Tajana PLEE& AnaAZINOVI-BEBEK ARHEOLOKA ISTRAIVANJA UPNE CRKVE MARIJE

MAGDALENE U AZMI

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE PARISH CHURCH OFMARY MAGDALENE IN AZMA


Kreimir RAGU RADOVI FRANCUSKIH ARHEOLOGA O HRVATSKOJARHEOLOKOJ BATINI DO 2000. GODINE

LES OUVRAGES DES ARCHOLOGUES FRANAIS SUR LEPATRIMOINE ARCHOLOGIQUE CROATE JUSQU'

L'AN 2000. Pregledni lanak / Article synthtique __________________________________307

Dinko RADI VELA SPILA: PRELIMINARNA ANALIZASTARIJENEOLITIKIH I MEZOLITIKIH NASLAGA IZSONDE ISTRAENE 2004. GODINE

VELA SPILA: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF EARLY

NEOLITHIC AND MESOLITHIC STRATA IN TEST PITEXAMINED IN 2004 Prethodno priopenja / Preliminary report_______________________________323

Tihomila TE AK-GREGL Brunislav Marijanovi: GUDNJA VIESLOJNOPRAPOVIJESNO NALAZITE

Brunislav Marijanovi: GUDNJA A MULTISTRATAPREHISTORIC SITE

Recenzija / Review article ___________________________________________349

Tihomila TEAK-GREGL Boidar euk i Dinko Radi: VELA SPILA. VIESLOJNOPRETPOVIJESNO NALAZITE VELA LUKA, OTOK KORULA

Boidar euk i Dinko Radi: VELA SPILA. A STRATIFIEDPREHISTORIC SITE VELA LUKA ISLAND OF KORULA Recenzija / Review article____________________________________________ 357

Urednici / Editors UPUTE ZA PREDAJU RUKOPISA ZA ASOPIS OPUSCULAARCHAEOLOGICA

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS FORTHE JOURNAL OPUSCULA ARCHAEOLOGICA______________367


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41 Opvscula Archaeologica Vol. 29 (2005)

Domagoj PERKI & Daria LONJAK DIZDAR

KASNOBRONANODOBNA OSTAVA SIA/LUICA

THE SIA/LUICA LATE BRONZE AGE HOARD

Izvorni znanstveni lanak / Original scientific paperUDK: 90313(497.5-37 Karlovac)636/637Primljeno / Received: 08. 12. 2005.Prihvaeno / Accepted: 14. 02. 2006.

Domagoj PerkiMinistarstvo kulture

Odjel za inspekcijske posloveCvijete Zuzori 6

HR-20000 [email protected]

Daria Lonjak DizdarInstitut za arheologiju

Ulica grada Vukovara 68HR-10000 Zagreb

[email protected]

U radu se objavljuje kasnobronanodobna ostava Sia/Luica pronaena na Kordunu, nedaleko od Karlovca.Vei dio ostave pronaen je na sekundarnome mjestu,kamo je dospio iskopavanjem zemlje. S obzirom na to da

je nalaz ostave z abiljeen izvan kontekst a naselja ili gro-blja, otvaraju se pitanja o svrsi takva naina deponiranja

predmeta te uope o fenomenu ostava i njihovim mogu-im znaenjima. Prema koliinskome sastavu (287 pred-meta) i tipolokim karakteristikama predmeta ostava semoe pripisati velikim ostavama mjeovitoga sastava iz II.

faze ostava sjeverne Hr vatske, odnosno pripada vremenuBr D/Ha A.

Kljune rijei: ostava, Kordun, kultura polja sa arama,Br D, Ha A

Prostor Banije i Korduna nalazi se u graninomeprostoru sredinje i gorske Hrvatske, na podrujukojim vodi najkrai prirodni put od Panonije pre-ma Jadranu. Okrenutost Pokuplju s jedne strane tepovezanost s gorskim podrujem na drugoj dajuKordunu strateku vanost prostora gdje se sijeku

vani tisuljetni putovi koji povezuju Panonsku rav-nicu i prostor Caput Adriae te komunikacije koje

isarticle is a publication ofthe Sia/Luica hoard foundin the Kordun region, close to the city of Karlovac. Most ofthe hoard was discovered at a secondary site the result ofits movement during excavation of soil. Since the hoardsdiscovery was recorded outside of the context of a settle-ment or cemetery, there is some question as to the purpose

for this manner of deposition of items and the phenomenonof hoards in general and their possible significance. Basedon the quantity of its contents (287 items) and their typo-logical characteristics, the hoard can be classified amongthe mixed-content hoards dated to the second phase of thenorthern Croatian hoards, i.e. the Br D/Ha A periods.

Key words: hoard, Kordun, Urnfield culture, Br D, Ha A

e Banija and Kordun regions are in central andhighland Croatia, in a territory that constitutes theshortest natural route from Pannonia to the Adri-atic Sea. e orientation toward the Kupa RiverValley on one side and the ties to highland zoneson the other accord Kordun with great strategic im-portance as an intersection of millennial routes thatlink the Pannonian plains and the Caput Adriae

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and communications from the southeastern alpinezone toward Lika and the Balkans. erefore it is nosurprise that this still inadequately researched areaabounds in archaeological treasures. Several settle-

ments are known to have existed in this region inthe Late Bronze Age, to which the hoard coveredin this work has been dated. e remains of above-ground abodes were found during minor rescueexcavations that were conducted at the Belaj hill-fort south of Karlovac (Majnari-Pandi 1986: 30,Fig. 2). Based on the pottery found there, life in thissettlement was dated to the later phase of the Urn-field culture, i.e. the Ha B period (Majnari-Pandi1986: 33, Fig. 39). Finds from the Kiringrad hillfortmade their way to the Archaeological Museum inZagreb entirely by chance. Habitation of this hill-fort continued, with interruptions, from the Eneo-

lithic to the later Iron Age. Based on pottery findsand a fragment of a stone mould to forge socketedaxes, the Kiringrad hillfort certainly was inhabitedduring the period of the Urnfield culture, probablysince the Br D/Ha A (Balen-Letuni 1987: 1112, T.1, T. 10: 13).

e settlement of Turska Kosa stands on the rightbank of the Glina River on the southern entranceto the Toplika Valley. Test excavations were con-ducted at this hillfort, during which Ha B potterywas found (ukovi 1989: 438). e metal itemsfound at the Turska kosa hillfort include a socketedaxe that can also be dated to the Ha B (ukovi

1983: 6, Fig. 5). Surface finds from the Samogradsite in the village of Pecka also indicate habitationat around 1000 BC (ukovi 1984: 14). Based onsurface finds the settlement on Nikolino brdo (hill)in Topusko has been dated to the Late Bronze Age(ukovi 1986: 9).

At the current state of research, no Late BronzeAge cemeteries have been found next to these set-tlements in Kordun and Banija, although severalhoards have been published. e oldest of them isthe Malika hoard, which contains 124 items anddates to the Ha A1 period (Balen-Letuni 1985:42). ere are no detailed data on the hoards con-

text (Ibid.: 35). e hoard from Lisine, near Karlo-vac, was dated to phase III of the northern Croatiahoards. is hoard bears the features of the work-shop circle of the Sava and Drava interfluve, and itscontent typologically complies with the Ha A phase(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 140, T. 97). e hoard fromJavornik, near Dvor na Uni, was dated to the sametime; it also bears the features of the workshopcircle of the Urnfield culture in northern Croatia(Ibid.: 140, T. 9899). e Krnjak hoard is slightlymore recent; it consists of a spearhead, a socketedaxe, five ankle bracelets and an arched fibula with a

iz jugoistonoalpskoga prostora teku prema Lici ibalkanskome prostoru. Stoga ne iznenauju arheo-loki nalazi kojima obiluje ovaj jo nedovoljno istra-en prostor. Iz vremena kasnoga bronanog doba,kad se datira i ostava koja je predmet ovoga rada, naovome prostoru poznato je nekoliko naselja. Manjazatitna istraivanja obavljena su na gradini Belaj ju-no od Karlovca, prilikom kojih su pronaeni ostacinadzemne kue (Majnari-Pandi 1986: 30, sl. 2).Prema pronaenoj keramici ivot u ovome naseljudatiran je u mlau fazu kulture polja sa arama,odnosno u vrijeme Ha B (Majnari-Pandi 1986:33, sl. 39). Nalazi s gradine Kiringrad dospjeli suu Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu kao sluajni nalazi.Naseljenost te gradine tekla je, uz prekide, od ene-olitika do mlaega eljeznog doba. Prema kerami-kim nalazima i ulomku kamenoga kalupa za lije-

vanje upljih sjekira ivot na gradini u Kiringradu uvrijeme kulture polja sa arama svakako je postojao,vjerojatno od vremena Br D/Ha A (Balen-Letuni1987: 1112, T. 1, T. 10: 13).

Naselje Turska kosa smjeteno je uz desnu obalu rije-ke Gline na junom ulazu u Topliku kotlinu. Na tojgradini obavljena su probna iskopavanja, pri emu jepronaena keramika vremena Ha B (ukovi 1989:438). Na gradini Turska kosa od metalnih nalaza pro-naena je uplja sjekira koja se takoer moe datiratiu Ha B (ukovi 1983: 6, sl. 5). Povrinski nalazi spoloaja Samograd u selu Pecka takoer upuuju nanaseljenost oko 1000. g. pr. Kr. (ukovi 1984: 14).U vrijeme kasnoga bronanog doba datirano je premapovrinskim nalazima i naselje na Nikolinu brdu u To-

puskom (ukovi 1986: 9).Prema sadanjem stanju istraivanja uz navedena na-selja Korduna i Banije nisu poznata groblja iz kasno-ga bronanog doba, no objavljeno je nekoliko ostava.Najstarija od njih jest ostava Malika, koja sadri 124predmeta i datirana je u vrijeme Ha A1 (Balen-Letuni1985: 42). O kontekstu nalaza ostave nema podrobni-jih podataka (ibid.: 35). U III. fazu ostava sjeverne Hr-vatske datirana je i ostava Lisine kod Karlovca. Ostavaima obiljeja radionikoga kruga meurijeja Save iDrave i njezin se sadraj tipoloki uklapa u stupanj HaA (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 140, T. 97). U isto vrijemedatirana je i ostava Javornik blizu Dvora na Uni, kojutakoer karakterizira radioniki krug kulture polja saarama u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj (ibid.: 140, T. 9899).Neto je mlaa ostava Krnjak, koja se sastoji od koplja,uplje sjekire, pet nanogvica i lune fibule s tordiranimlukom. Nalaz je vjerojatno pripadao veoj ostavi kojaje raznesena (ukovi 1986: 9, sl. 2). Ostava Krnjakdatirana je oko 1000. g. pr. Kr. (ukovi 1984: 12).1

1U dosadanjoj literatuti nalazi iz Krnjaka pripisivani su ostavi na-enoj negdje na podruju Krnjaka , meutim prilikom terenskogpregleda na slunjskom i krnjakom podruju utvreno je da pri-padaju kosturnome groblju s poloaja Dvorite, u blizini prapo-

vijesnoga lokaliteta Umak kod Toka.

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twisted bow. e find probably constituted part of alarger hoard that was plundered (ukovi 1986: 9,Fig. 2). e Krnjak hoard has been dated to roughly1000 BC (ukovi 1984: 12).1

Several hoards from this region belong to hoardphase V: the Gajina peina and Vranjkova peinahoards and the Matijevii hoard. e Gajina peinaand Matijevii hoards are part of the Balkan work-shop circle, which is a feature of the hoards from thelater phase of the Urnfield culture in this region, asopposed to the older phase, when the inventories insuch hoards from this region largely bear the char-acteristics of the northern Croatia workshop circle(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 168, T. 128129).

Individual fibulae shaped like violin bows comefrom the Karlovac environs, without detailed dataon the find site, and they can also be dated to the HaA1 period (Ibid.: 7677, T. 26: 19).

So based on the status of research described above,there are clear traces of habitation of Kordun and

Vremenu V. faze ostava pripada nekoliko ostava sovoga podruja: ostave Gajina peina i Vranjkovapeina te ostava Matijevii. Ostave Gajina peinai Matijevii pripadaju balkanskome radionikomkrugu, to je karakteristika i ostava mlae fazekulture polja sa arama ovoga prostora; za razlikuod starije faze, kad inventar u ostavama na ovomepodruju mahom ima karakteristike radionikogakruga sjeverne Hrvatske (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:168, T. 128129).

Pojedinani nalaz fibule u obliku violinskoga gudalapotjee iz okolice Karlovca, bez bliih podataka omjestu nalaza, i takoer se moe datirati u vrijemeHa A1 (ibid.: 7677, T. 26: 19).

Dakle, sudei prema opisanom stanju istraivanja,na kordunskom i banijskom prostoru postoje jasnitragovi ivota u kasnome bronanom dobu, o emusvjedoe nalazi s naselja te objavljene ostave. Stogaposebno i ne iznenauje novi nalaz bogate ostaveSia. Ondje u buduim istraivanjima treba oeki-

vati i nalaze grobova u kojima su se bili sahranji-vali stanovnici dominatnih gradina, koji su u svako-dnevnome ivotu i upotrebljavali predmete pohra-njene u ostavama, fenomenu kasnoga bronanogdoba ije se profano ili sakralno znaenje pokuavadokuiti u brojnim znanstvenim raspravama.

Karta 1. Poloaj nalaz a ostave Sia u Karpatskoj kotlini (Daria Lonjak Dizdar, 2005).

Map 1. Location of the Sia hoard in Carpathian Basin(Daria Lonjak Dizdar, 2005).

1 In previous literature, the finds from Krnjak were ascribed to ahoard found somewhere near Krnjak. However, after a fieldexamination in the Slunj and Krnjak areas, it was ascertainedthat they belonged to a skeletal grave from Dvorite, near theprehistoric Umak site near Toak.

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Banija during the Late Bronze Age, to which thefinds from settlements and published hoards tes-tify. e recent find of the rich Sia hoard thereforecomes as no surprise. Discovery of graves can be ex-pected in the course of future research.

ese graves should contain the remains of the in-habitants of the dominant hillforts, who used theitems stored in the hoard in their everyday lives,reflecting a phenomenon of the Late Bronze Agethat has been subject to attempts at interpretationas to their sacred or profane significance in numer-ous scholarly debates.e Sia/Luica hoard wasdiscovered in the territory of the Barilovi Munici-pality, approximately 2 km south of a village calledSia, i.e. 2 km south-west of a village called Luica,in an area known as Jugotov do (Jugos Hollow).e sites co-ordinates, according to Gauss-Krieger,

and in relation to Greenwich, are: X = 55 36 508 E, Y= 50 21 567 N, Z = 227 m. is is a slightly elevatedarea that is today a meadow, although it was onceused as a plowfield. e first finds were discoveredin the 1950s, when gravel was prospected and ex-tracted from the area. At the time, several sacks fullof bronze axes, sickles and other tools were foundthat were then sold as scrap copper. Informationon such finds was conveyed by Tomislav Adleito Jurica tefani from Barilovi, who is a long-time associate of the Conservation Departmentin Karlovac, and he forwarded the information tothis author. In May 2000, the Conservation Depart-

ment in Karlovac conducted rescue excavations atthe archaeological site of the Pauline monasteryin Kamensko, and one part of the archaeologicalteam,2accompanied by Jurica tefani and Tomis-lav Adlei, set off in search of the remainder of thehoard. After opening a test pit at a plateau which T.Adlei recalled as the hoards site, the first itemswere quickly discovered. e actual site of the findis a small embankment that emerged on this pla-teau during the construction of a local road. Unfor-tunately, it was ascertained that these finds are notintact, nor are there any cultural strata; there areonly remains on a thoroughly dug-out tract of land,

together with more recent pieces of plastic and bot-tle-caps. A 2 x 2 m test pit was excavated at the siteof the near-surface find, which was then expandedto 2 x 3 m more so for the sake of verificationthan due to the need to extrapolate the find or cul-tural strata. e depth of the test pit at its deepestpoint (to the black earth level) is 52 cm. A series ofsmaller test pits were simultaneously dug over theentire plateau, but all of them were entirely sterile,

Ostava Sia/Luica pronaena je na podrujuopine Barilovi, oko 2 km juno od naselja Sia,odnosno 2 km jugozapadno od naselja Luica, napodruju zvanom Jugotov do. Koordinate poloaja

prema Gauss-Kriegeru, a u odnosu na Greenwich,jesu: X = 55 36 508 E, Y = 50 21 567 N, Z = 227m. Rije je o blago uzvienu podruju na kojem jedanas livada, a nekad se koristilo i kao oranica. Prvinalazi otkriveni su jo 50-ih godina 20. st., kad se naovome podruju traio i vadio ljunak. Tada je na-

vodno sakupljeno nekoliko vrea bronanih sjekira,srpova i drugih predmeta koji su prodani kao ba-kar na otpadu. Informaciju o takvu nalazu TomislavAdlei prenio je Jurici tefaniu iz Barilovia, koji

je dugogodinji suradnik Konzervatorskog odjela uKarlovcu, a on ju je proslijedio autoru ovih redaka.U svibnju 2000. godine Konzervatorski odjel u Kar-lovcu vrio je zatitna iskopavanja na arheolokomlokalitetu Pavlinski samostan u Kamenskom, pa je

jedan dio arheoloke ekipe,2zajedno s Juricom te-faniem i Tomislavom Adleiem, krenuo u potra-gu za preostalim dijelom ostave. Iskopom probnihsondi na platou gdje je T. Adlei prema sjeanjupretpostavljao da se ostava nalazila ubrzo su pro-naeni i prvi nalazi. Sam poloaj ostave danas senalazi u manjem nasipu koji je na tom dijelu platoanastao probijanjem lokalne ceste. Naalost, utvre-no je da se ne moe govoriti o intaktnim nalazima nio eventualnim kulturnim slojevima, nego tek o pre-ostacima na prekopanu zemljitu, zajedno s recent-nim ulomcima epova i plastike. Na mjestu gotovo

povrinskih nalaza postavljena je sonda veliine 2x 2 m, koja je zatim proirena na 2 x 3 m, ali viezbog provjere nego potrebe za praenjem nalaza ilikulturnih slojeva. Dubina sondi u najdubljem dijelu(do razine zdravice) iznosila je 52 cm. Takoer, isto-dobno je na cijelome platou postavljen i niz manjihsondi, no sve su bile u potpunosti sterilne, odnosnonisu sadravale nalaze istodobne ostavi kao ni nalazeiz drugih razdoblja. Ostava je sveukupno sadrava-la 287 predmeta, od kojih je 261 kataloki obraen.Jedan primjerak ulomka srpa koji se nalazio u ostavi(kataloki broj 43) nije naen u okviru predmetnihiskopavanja, nego ga je jo prije T. Adlei poklo-

nio gospoi Ruici Papi iz Zadra te se on i danasnalazi kod nje, a ustupljen je na uvid i dokumenti-ranje prilikom obrade materijala, na emu joj i ovimputem zahvaljujemo. Predmeti pronaeni u okvirupredmetnih iskopavanja pohranjeni su u Gradsko-me muzeju Karlovac. Inventar ostave ine orue(sjekire, srpovi, noevi, pile, dlijeta), oruje (koplja,strelice, bodei, maevi), nakit (ulomci igala, fibula,narukvica, ogrlica, dijelovi pojasa i puceta), konjska

2Hrvoje Cvitanovi, Daniel Capan, Marta Bezi i Domagoj Perki.2 Hrvoje Cvitanovi, Daniel Capan, Marta Bezi and Domagoj

Perki.

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i.e. they contained no finds contemporary with thehoard nor from any other period. e hoard con-tained a total of 287 items, of which 261 have beencatalogued. One sickle fragment that was part of the

hoard (catalogue number 43) was not found duringthese excavations. Rather it was found earlier byT. Adlei, who gave it to Mrs. Ruica Papi fromZadar, and it is still in her possession, although sheallowed it to be examined and documented duringanalysis of the materials, for which we are grateful.e items found during these excavations are heldin the Karlovac City Museum. e hoards inven-tory encompasses tools (axes, sickles, knives, saws,chisels), weapons (spearheads, arrowheads, dag-gers, swords), jewellery (pieces of needles, fibulae,bracelets, necklaces, belt components and buttons),a horse harness (bridle strap), fragments of bronze

vessels and amorphous pieces flattened bronze (26fragments).3 Besides these items, the hoards con-tents also include a large number of fragments ofbronze plano-convex ingots, meaning partiallyunfinished bronze prepared for further forging. Acommon characteristic of all items in the hoard isthat they were found broken, not intact.

TOOLS

AXES

1. Socketed axe that thickens under opening. HangingV-ornament emerges from thickened mouth, withinwhich there are two garland-like ribs. e sides arereinforced with ribs. Both sides have a single circularhole used to fasten it to a wooden handle. e cuttingedge is slightly rounded. e transitionfrom the sock-et to the surface of the blade is not prominent, whilethe cross-section of the socket opening is an extendedcircular form. Weight: 477.7 g. (T. 1: 1)

Such axes were found in the hoards from Bizovacand Brodski Varo (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 84, 93,

T. 36: 15, T. 61: 6, T. 62: 9). An example from theBizovac hoard and one from the Brodski Varohoard have a small loop to one side, while otherexamples from Brodski Varo have two holes (Vin-ski-Gasparini 1973: T. 62: 9), like the one from theSia hoard. A fragment of the upper portion of suchan axe decorated in the same manner was found inthe Poljanci II hoard (Bulat 1975: 7, T. IV: 10). e

oprema (razvodnik), ulomci bronanih posuda iamorfni bronani limovi (26 ulomaka).3Osim na-

vedenih predmeta sastav ostave ukljuuje i vei brojulomaka tzv. bronanih pogaa, odnosno bronanepolusirovine pripremljene za daljnje lijevanje. Zajed-nika je karakteristika svih predmeta u ostavi ta dasu pronaeni slomljeni, necjeloviti.

ORUE

SJEKIRE

1. uplja sjekira sa zadebljanjem ispod otvora. Iz za-debljanja izlazi visei V-ornament unutar kojega senalaze dva girlandoidna rebra. Bone strane ojaanesu plastinim vertikalnim rebrima. Na objema bo-nim stranama nalazi se po jedna kruna rupica koja

Karta 2. Poloaj nalazi ta ostave Sia (Domagoj Perki , 2005).

Map 2. Location of the Sia hoard site(Domagoj Perki, 2005).

3Preostalih 26 ulomaka nije detaljnije obraivano jer je rije o sit-nim, gotovo amorfnim ulomcima bronanoga lima.

3 e remaining 26 fragments were not thoroughly processed be-cause these are tiny, almost amorphous pieces of bronze sheet.

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socketed axe with hanging V-ornament and gar-land-like rib is deemed a form characteristic of theHa A phase (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 84). An axe ofthis type was found in Donja Dolina and classified

in the group of finds characteristic of phase I sites(Mari 1964: 24, T. I: 19). e fragment of the upperportion of a similarly-decorated axe with hangingtriangles and garland was found in the hoard fromFutog in Baka, dated to the Ha A1 period (Bori1997: 46, 71, T. V: 49). is type of axe has its paral-lel in a chance find from Maribor (inkovec 1995:5960, T. 14: 80) and in an axe fragment from thepartially preserved hoard from Hercegovak, nearGornja Radgona (ere & inkovec 1995: 175, T. 73:2). e Hercegovak hoard has been dated to ho-rizon II according to P. Turk, which corresponds tothe Ha A period (Turk 1996: 110). Another exampleof this type of axe with holes from the side (Holste1951: 19, T. 36: 11) was found in the Csabapusztahoard4 (Somogy). e hoard has been dated to theKurd horizon (Mozsolics 1985: 119, T. 116: 7). Anaxe of this type with hooks to the side and under thegarland was found in Hungary, in the Mrok hoard(Baranja). is hoard has also been dated to theKurd horizon, which corresponds to hoard phase IIin northern Croatia and the Ha A1 period (Mozso-lics 1985: 83, 146, T. 90: 15).

2. Socketed axe with thickened mouth and loop andthree ribs on the neck. Both sides have one circularhole used to fasten it to a wooden handle. e cut-ting edge is slightly rounded, and more worn on one

side. e cross-section of socket opening is circular.Weight: 139.8 g. (T. 1: 2)

ere are parallels to this type of axe in the Bonjacihoard, in which socketed axes that broaden underthe opening for the handle were also recorded (Vin-ski-Gasparini 1973: 82, T. 30A: 23). Such axes weredated by K. Vinski-Gasparini to the Br D period,the same as a similar axe from the Peklenica hoardon which the horizontal rib ornaments can only befound on the central field under the opening (Ibid.:54, T. 20: 10). e axe from the Sia/Luica hoardhas gently triangular faceted body, but the facets arenot clearly separated from the entire body of the axe

as is the case with the axe from Peklenica, and threehorizontal ribs that run uninterrupted below theopening for the handle. e axe so described fromthe Sia hoard can be dated to the Ha A1 period.Besides the already mentioned axe from Bonjaci,which like the axe from Peklenica also features tri-angular facets, this conclusion is also backed bya very similar axe from the Veliko Nabre hoard

je sluila za privrivanje drvenoga drka. Otricasjeiva blago je zaobljena. Prijelaz iz tuljca u plohusjeiva nije naglaen, a presjek otvora tuljca izduenaje krunog oblika. Teina: 477,7 g. (T. 1: 1)

Ovakve sjekire pronaene su u ostavama Bizovac iBrodski Varo (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 84, 93, T. 36:15, T. 61: 6, T. 62: 9). Primjerak iz ostave Bizovac te

jedan od primjeraka iz ostave Brodski Varo ima-ju uicu sa strane, dok drugi primjerak iz BrodskogVaroa ima dvije rupice (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.62: 9), kao i primjerak iz ostave Sia. Ulomak gor-njega dijela ovakve sjekire ukraen na isti nain pro-naen je u ostavi Poljanci II (Bulat 1975: 7, T. IV:10). uplja sjekira s viseim V-ukrasom i girlando-idnim rebrom smatra se oblikom karakteristinimza stupanj Ha A (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 84). Sjekiraovoga tipa pronaena je u Donoj Dolini i svrstana jeu skupinu nalaza karakteristinih za I. fazu nalazita(Mari 1964: 24, T. I: 19). Ulomak gornjega dijelasjekire slina ukrasa s viseim trokutima i girlan-dom pronaen je u ostavi iz Futoga u Bakoj, koja

je datirana u vrijeme Ha A1 (Bori 1997: 46, 71, T.V: 49). Ovaj tip sjekire paralele ima u sluajnomenalazu iz Maribora (inkovec 1995: 5960, T. 14:80) te u ulomku sjekire iz djelomino ouvane osta-

ve iz Hercegovaka kod Gornje Radgone (ere &inkovec 1995: 175, T. 73: 2). Ostava Hercegovakdatirana je u horizont II prema P. Turku, to odgo-

vara vremenu Ha A (Turk 1996: 110). U ostavi Csa-bapuszta4 (Somogy) pronaena je jo jedna sjekiraovakva tipa s rupicama sa strane (Holste 1951: 19,

T. 36: 11). Ostava je datirana u horizont Kurd (Moz-solics 1985: 119, T. 116: 7). U Maarskoj je u osta-

vi Mrok (Baranja) pronaena sjekira navedenogatipa s uicama sa strane i ispod girlandi. Ostava jetakoer datirana u horizont Kurd, koji odgovara II.fazi ostava u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj i vremenu Ha A1(ibid.: 83, 146, T. 90: 15).

2. uplja sjekira sa zadebljanjem ispod otvora i uicomte trima plastinim rebrima na vratu. Na objemabonim stranama nalazi se po jedna kruna rupicakoja je sluila za privrivanje drvenoga drka.Otrica sjeiva blago je zaobljena, na jednoj strani viepotroena. Presjek otvora tuljca izduena je krunog

oblika. Teina: 139,8 g. (T. 1: 2)Ovakva sjekira paralele ima u ostavi Bonjaci, ukojoj su takoer zabiljeene uplje sjekire sa zade-bljanjima ispod otvora za nasad (Vinski-Gasparini1973: 82, T. 30A: 23). Takve sjekire K. Vinski-Ga-sparini datira u vrijeme Br D, kada datira i slinusjekiru iz ostave Peklenica na kojoj se ukras vodo-ravnih rebara nalazi samo na srednjem polju ispod

4Ova se ostava u literaturi naziva jo i Tab (Mozsolics 1985: 199, T.116118).

4 is is also called the Tab hoard in the literature (Mozsolics 1985:199, T. 116118).

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(Ibid.: T. 46: 10) and an example from the BrodskiVaro hoard (Ibid.: 93, T. 60: 2). In general, axes withtriangularly faceted blades are typical of earlier HaA phases (Ibid: 93). Similar axes were found in the

Boljani hoard in eastern Bosnia (eravica 1993: 84,T. 25, 338339), which has been dated to phase IIaccording to Knig (Knig 2004: 22). Axes with ful-ly-formed ends can be found in Bosnia-Herzegovi-na in the hoards of phase II according to Knig: inthe Kuita hoard (Ibid.: 204, T. 2: 17) and Vidovicehoard (Ibid.: 227, T. 5: 5) in Bosanska Posavina. Twoexamples of such axes, which D. Garaanin refersto as chisels,5 were found in the Brestovik hoardsin Serbia, dated to the Ha A period (D. Garaanin1954: 1819, T. VII: 8, T. VIII: 4). In addition to suchan axe, the Brestovik I hoard, like the Sia hoard,also contains a fragment of a twisted bracelet; theBrestovik I find has been dated to the Ha A1 pe-riod (Vukmanovi & Radoji 1995: 120, cat. no.212, 219). Two such axes were also found in the Ja-kovo hoard in Syrmia (Todorovi 1971: 18, T. VII:45) in which, as in the Sia hoard, a needle witha nail-shaped head was found (Ibid.: 25, T. IX: 17).A similar axe with smaller ribs and without hooks,but with a damaged opening for the handle, wasfound in the hoard from Debeli Vrh, near Predgradin Koevje (ere & inkovec 1995: 160, T. 60, 3).is hoard was dated to phase II according to Turk,which corresponds to the Ha A period (Turk 1996:108). A very similar axe was found in the hoardfrom the Bonyhda area (Tolna), also dated to the

Kurd horizon (Mozsolics 1985: 104, T. 41: 10). An-other axe dates to the contemporary reglak hoard(Somogy) (Mozsolics 1985: 163, T. 76: 11). A similarexample was found in the Szentgloskr hoard (So-mogy), which has also been dated to the Kurd hoardhorizon (Mozsolics 1985: 194, T. 111: 10). A frag-ment of the opening for the handle from a similaraxe was found in the Tllya hoard (Borsod-Abaj-Zempln) (Ibid.: 200, T. 159: 11). Two axes werefound in a hoard in a ceramic vessel at Kemecse III(Szabolcs-Szatmr) (Ibid.: 133, T. 183: 1112). Allthree hoards have been dated to the Kurd horizon(Ibid.). A slightly younger, but very similar type of

axe was found in the Jszkarajen hoard (Pest), dat-ed to the Gyermely horizon (Ibid.: 129, T. 250: 15).e axe from Jszkarajen no longer has a triangu-larly faceted blade, rather there is a prominent tran-sition from the blade to the axes body. An axe witha triangularly faceted body and a smaller numberof ribs below the handle opening was found in the

otvora (ibid.: 54, T. 20: 10). Sjekira iz ostave Sia/Lu-ica ima blago trokutasto fazetirano tijelo, ali fazetenisu jasno odvojene itavim tijelom sjekire kao to

je to sluaj sa sjekirom iz Peklenice, te tri vodoravna

rebra koja teku neprekinuto ispod otvora za nasad.Dakle, opisana sjekira iz ostave Sia moe se datiratiu vrijeme Ha A1. Tome u prilog svjedoe, osim venavedenih sjekira iz Bonjaka, koje su kao i sjekira izPeklenice takoer trokutasto fazetirane, i vrlo slinasjekira iz ostave Veliko Nabre (ibid.: T. 46: 10) teprimjerak iz ostave Brodski Varo (ibid.: 93, T. 60:2). Openito, sjekire s trokutastim fazetiranim sje-ivom tipine su za raniji stupanj Ha A (ibid: 93).Sline sjekire pronaene su u ostavi Boljani u isto-noj Bosni (eravica 1993: 84, T. 25, 338339), koja

je datirana u II. stupanj prema Knigu (Knig 2004:22). Sjekire s profiliranim zavretkom nalaze se uBosni i Hercegovini u ostavama II. stupnja premaKnigu: u ostavi Kuita (ibid.: 204, T. 2: 17) i ostaviVidovice (ibid.: 227, T. 5: 5) u Bosanskoj Posavini.Dva primjerka takve sjekire, koje D. Garaanin na-ziva dlijetima,5pronaena su u ostavama Brestoviku Srbiji, datiranima u vrijeme Ha A (D. Garaanin1954: 1819, T. VII: 8, T. VIII: 4). Ostava Brestovik I,kao i ostava Sie, uz ovakvu sjekiru sadri i ulomaktordirane narukvice; nalaz Brestovik I datiran je u

vrijeme Ha A1 (Vukmanovi & Radoji 1995: 120,kat. br. 212, 219). Ovakve dvije sjekire pronaene sui u ostavi Jakovo u Srijemu (Todorovi 1971: 18, T.VII: 45) u kojoj je, kao i u ostavi Sie, pronaenaigla s glavom u obliku avla (ibid.: 25, T. IX: 17). Sli-

na sjekira s manje rebara i bez uice, ali i s otee-nim otvorom za nasad, pronaena je u ostavi DebeliVrh kod Predgrada u Koevju (ere & inkovec1995: 160, T. 60, 3). Ostava je datirana u II. fazu pre-ma Turku, to odgovara vremenu Ha A (Turk 1996:108). Vrlo slina sjekira pronaena je u ostavi iz oko-lice Bonyhda (Tolna), koja je datirana u horizontKurd (Mozsolics 1985: 104, T. 41: 10). Jo jedna sje-kira potjee iz istodobne ostave reglak (Somogy)(Mozsolics 1985: 163, T. 76: 11). Slian primjerakpronaen je u ostavi Szentgloskr (Somogy), koja

je takoer datirana u horizont ostava Kurd (Mozso-lics 1985: 194, T. 111: 10). Ulomak otvora za nasad

sline sjekire pronaen je u ostavi Tllya (Borsod-Abaj-Zempln) (ibid.: 200, T. 159: 11). Dvije sje-kire pronaene su u ostavi u keramikoj posudi uKemecse III (Szabolcs-Szatmr) (ibid.: 133, T. 183:1112). Sve tri ostave datirane su u horizont Kurd(ibid.). Malo mlai, ali vrlo slian tip sjekire prona-en je u ostavi Jszkarajen (Pest), koja je datirana u

5P. Knig razlikuje ovakav tip upljih sjekira od dlijeta po presje-ku koji je kod dlijeta obino okrugao, dok je kod sjekira ovalan(2004: 46, n. 71).

5 P. Knig distinguishes this type of socketed axe from chisels basedon the cross-section, which is normally round on the latter, andoval on axes (2004: 46, n. 71).

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Szendrld hoard (Borsod-Abaj-Zempln), whichhas also been dated to the Gyermely horizon (Ibid.:192, T. 263: 6). Two similar axes were found in theDebrecen III hoard, and this hoard has also been

dated to the Gyermely horizon (Ibid.: 111, T. 264:78). An example of this type of axe was found inthe Uioara de Sus hoard (Holste 1951: 24, T. 45: 15),which has been dated to the Ha A1 period (Petres-cu-Dmbovia 1977: 114). e same type of axe wasfound in the Aluni hoard from Transylvania, alsodated to the Ha A1 period (Cineu-Suseni horizon)(Ibid.: 82, T. 114: 2). An almost identical axe wasfound at the Obreja site, where it was dated to theHa B period (Soroceanu & Lak 1995: 188189,Abb. 2, 3).

Socketed axes were used in the Carpathian zoneand the central Danube Valley in the earlier phase

of the Late Bronze Age (Br D/Ha A1), while theyappear as exceptions in the territory north of theAlpine-Carpathian arc (Brunn 1968: 79).

By means of experimental archaeology using the ex-ample of socketed axes, B. Roberts and B. Ottawayconcluded that this type of axe was multi-purpose,used for various tasks: from chopping wood toworking metal (Roberts & Ottaway 2003: 129). Em-ploying the same experimental method, they cameto the conclusion that the wooden handle for thesocketed axe was probably made of oak, which is aparticularly firm and long-lasting wood (Ibid.: 124).e relationship between the socketed axes and the

context of their deposition indicates that they wereassociated with the earth, and less with daily activi-ties or attitudes toward death (Ibid.: 136). Based onnumerous comparisons, both socketed axes foundin the Sia hoard can be dated to the Ha A1 hoard.

3. Axe winged in the middle, broad and massive,missing upper portion of shoulder and neck. Weight:307.5 g. (T. 1: 3)

Examples comparable to this axe were only found inhoards from northern Croatia, in, for example, theGornja Vrba hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 89, T.50: 19), where the axe is ascribed to the Danubiantype that existed in the Br D and Ha A phases (Ibid.:

84). One of the similar examples was found in thePodcrkavlje-Slavonski Brod hoard, where it was as-cribed to the late Br D phase (Ibid.: 96, T. 67: 6). Asimilar axe was found in the Topliica I hoard, and itwas dated to the Ha A1 phase (Ibid.: 102, T. 76: 2). Asimilar axe was additionally found in the Hoko Po-horje hoard (ere & inkovec 1995: 177, T. 74: 1),dated to phase II of hoards according to Turk (Turk1996: 108). A very similar example of axe was foundin the Piricse II hoard, dated to the Kurd horizon(Mozsolics 1985: 176, T. 200: 2). A similar axe wasfound in the Makov site in Slovakia. M. Novotn

horizont Gyermely (ibid.: 129, T. 250: 15). Sjekira izJszkarajena nema vie trokutasto fazetirano sje-ivo, ve posjeduje naglaen prijelaz otrice u tijelosjekire. Sjekira koja ima trokutasto fazetirano tijelo

i manji broj rebara ispod otvora za nasad pronae-na je u ostavi Szendrld (Borsod-Abaj-Zempln),koja je takoer datirana u horizont Gyermely (ibid.:192, T. 263: 6). U ostavi Debrecen III pronaene sudvije sline sjekire, a ostava je takoer datirana uhorizont Gyermely (ibid.: 111, T. 264: 78). Ovakavprimjerak sjekire pronaen je u ostavi Uioara de Sus(Holste 1951: 24, T. 45: 15), koja je datirana u vrije-me Ha A1 (Petrescu-Dmbovia 1977: 114). U ostaviAluni iz Transilvanije, koja je takoer datirana u

vrijeme Ha A1 (horizont Cineu-Suseni), pronaenaje ista sjekira (ibid.: 82, T. 114: 2). Gotovo identi-na sjekira pronaena je na nalazitu Obreja, gdje

je datirana u vrijeme Ha B (Soroceanu & Lak 1995:188189, Abb. 2, 3).

uplje sjekire u upotrebi su na karpatskome prosto-ru i u srednjem Podunavlju u starijoj fazi kasnogabronanog doba (Br D/Ha A1), dok se na prostorusjeverno od alpsko-karpatskoga luka pojavljuju kaoiznimke (Brunn 1968: 79).

Eksperimentalnom arheologijom na primjeru u-pljih sjekira B. Roberts i B. Ottaway zakljuili su da

je ovaj tip sjekira bio vienamjenski, a upotrebljavaose za razne poslove od sjee drva do obrade me-tala (Roberts & Ottaway 2003: 129). Isto su tako eks-perimentom doli do zakljuka da je drveni nasad

za uplju sjekiru vjerojatno bio nainjen od hrasto-vine, koja je osobito vrsto i trajno drvo (ibid.: 124).Odnos izmeu upljih sjekira i konteksta njihovedepozicije upuuje na to da su one bile vezane uzzemlju, a manje uz dnevne aktivnosti u naselju ili uzodnos prema smrti (ibid.: 136). Prema brojnim na-

vedenim usporedbama obje uplje sjekire pronae-ne u ostavi Sie mogu se datirati u vrijeme Ha A1.

3. Sjekira sa zaliscima postavljenima na sredini, irokai masivna; nedostaje joj gornji dio ramena i vrat.Teina: 307,5 g. (T. 1: 3)

Ovoj sjekiri usporedbe su pronaene samo u osta-vama iz sjeverne Hrvatske i to npr. u ostavi Gornja

Vrba (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 89, T. 50: 19), gdje sesjekira pripisuje podunavskomu tipu, koji traje ustupnju Br D i Ha A (ibid.: 84). Jedan od slinih pri-mjeraka pronaen je u ostavi Podcrkavlje-SlavonskiBrod, gdje je pripisan kasnijem stupnju Br D ( ibid.:96, T. 67: 6). Slina sjekira nalazi se u ostavi Toplii-ca I, koja je datirana u stupanj Ha A1 (ibid.: 102, T.76: 2). Takoer, jedna slina sjekira potjee iz ostaveHoko Pohorje (ere & inkovec 1995: 177, T. 74:1), koja se datira u II. fazu ostava prema Turku (Turk1996: 108). Vrlo slian primjerak sjekire otkriven jeu ostavi Piricse II, koja je datirana u horizont Kurd

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specified them as winged axes at mid-body of Dan-ubian type, which she dated to the earlier phase ofthe Urnfield culture in the territory of the centralDanubian Urnfield culture (aka and Velatice cul-

ture) (Novotn 1970: 4849, T. 16: 295). M. Novot-n ascribed the character of weapons to them basedon the context of such axe finds in graves with otherweapon articles (aka, grave 2; Doln Peter, Hvej)(Ibid.: 47). is type of axe with a massive blade hasbeen designated as Grigny type in the territory ofBavaria; the function of a tool used for metallurgicalfinishing after forging was ascribed to it there. eaxes were dated to the earlier and older phases ofthe Urnfield culture (Pszthory & Mayer 1998: 113,T. 42: 616).

4. Fragment of winged axe; only gently rounded bladepreserved. Weight: 253.5 g. (T. 1: 4)

5. Fragment of axe blade; gently rounded cutting edge.Weight: 28.1 g. (T. 1: 5)

6. Fragment of winged axe; only gently rounded cut-ting edge preserved. Weight: 195.2 g. (T. 1: 6)

Blade fragments 4 and 6 can probably be classifiedas winged axes, although it is rather difficult to de-termine which type they are precisely. e cuttingedges are gently rounded as in the examples fromthe Bizovac and Brodski Varo hoards, dated to theBr D and Ha A periods (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 93,T. 38: 4, T. 60: 8). In the case of blade fragment 5 it isdifficult to more precisely determine the axe type.

SICKLES

7. Sickle fragment; external edge reinforced withprominent rib with two more ribs beneath it; handleis divided into four vertical ribs, of which externalrib merges into blade, two middle ribs end in V-or-nament, and the internal rib ends vertically at blade.Sickle is not in hoard. (T. 3: 43)

is type of sickle was found in the Bizovac hoard;this sickle has a handle in the form of a tang anddates to the Ha A period (Vinski-Gasparnini 1973:84, T. 39: 7). Sickles of this type were also found in

the Poljanci II hoard (Bulat 1975: 9, T. VI: 6, 8). istype of sickle has been classified as the Uioara 5type according to the categorisation of M. Petrescu-Dmbovia, which is widespread from territory oftrans-Carpathian Ukraine, through Romania, Hun-gary, Slovakia, the Bohemia and Austria, to Sloveniaand northern Croatia. It appeared in smaller num-bers during the Br D and more frequently duringthe Ha A1 (Petrescu-Dmbovia 1978: 3536, 53, T.6: B7). is type of sickle is quite frequent in Sla-

vonia, Syrmia and Bosnia, and more rare in Banat(Vasi 1994: 41). It is interesting that a fragment of

(Mozsolics 1985: 176, T. 200: 2). Takoer, slina sje-kira pronaena je u mjestu Makov u Slovakoj.M. Novotn oznauje ih kao sjekire sa zaliscima nasredini tijela sjekire podunavskoga tipa, koje datira

u stariju fazu kulture polja sa arama na prostorusrednjopodunavske kulture polja sa arama (kulturaaka i Velatice) (Novotn 1970: 4849, T. 16: 295).M. Novotn pripisala im je prema kontekstu nalazatakvih sjekira u grobovima s ostalim prilozima nao-ruanja znaenje oruja (aka, grob 2; Doln Peter,Hvej) (ibid.: 47). Ovaj tip sjekira s masivnom otri-com na prostoru Bavarske oznaen je kao tip Gri-gny; ondje mu je pripisana funkcija alata koriteno-ga za metalurku doradu nakon lijevanja. Sjekire sudatirane u vrijeme rane i starije faze kulture polja saarama (Pszthory & Mayer 1998: 113, T. 42: 616).

4. Ulomak sjekire sa zaliscima; sauvana je samo bla-go zaobljena otrica. Teina: 253,5 g. (T. 1: 4)

5. Ulomak otrice sjekire; otrica je blago zaobljena.Teina: 28,1 g. (T. 1: 5)

6. Ulomak sjekire sa zaliscima; sauvana je samo bla-go zaobljena otrica. Teina: 195,2 g. (T. 1: 6)

Ulomci otrica 4 i 6 vjerojatno se mogu pripisati sje-kirama sa zaliscima, iako je doista teko odrediti okojem je tipu tono rije. Otrice su blago zaobljenekao na primjercima iz ostava Bizovac i Brodski Va-ro, datiranima u vrijeme Br D i Ha A (Vinski-Ga-sparini 1973: 93, T. 38: 4, T. 60: 8). Za ulomak otrice5 teko se moe poblie odrediti kojemu tipu sjekirepripada.

SRPOVI

7. Ulomak srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan je plastinimrebrom ispod kojega se nalaze jo dva plastina rebra;drka je ralanjena etirima vertikalnim rebrima odkojih se vanjsko nastavlja na sjeivo, dva sredinjazavravaju u V-ukrasu, a unutarnje zavrava okomitoprije sjeiva . Srp nije u ostavi. (T. 3: 43)

Ovakav srp pronaen je u ostavi Bizovac; taj srpima drku u obliku jezika i pripada vremenu Ha A(Vinski-Gasparnini 1973: 84, T. 39: 7). Srpovi ovogatipa pronaeni su i u ostavi Poljanci II (Bulat 1975:

9, T. VI: 6, 8). Ovakav oblik srpa pripada tipu Uio-ara 5 prema podjeli M. Petrescu-Dmbovia, koji jerasprostranjen od transkarpatske Ukrajine prekoRumunjske, Maarske, Slovake, eke i Austrijedo Slovenije i sjeverne Hrvatske, a pojavljuje se umanjem broju u Br D te, ee, u vrijeme Ha A1(Petrescu-Dmbovia 1978: 3536, 53, T. 6: B7).Ovaj tip srpa dosta je est u Slavoniji, Srijemu i Bo-sni, a rjee se pojavljuje u Banatu (Vasi 1994: 41).Zanimljivo je da je u naselju Krievci-Ciglana pro-naen ulomak kamenoga kalupa za lijevanje bron-anoga srpa u kojem se vide naglaeno rebro i tri

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a stone mould was found in the Krievci-Ciglanasettlement in which one can see a prominent riband three smaller ribs on the sickles blade (Homen1982: 22, T. II: 11).

8. Sickle fragment; outer edge of blade reinforced withrib under which there is another rib; the ribs are con-nected in many places by short transverse ribs; thehandle is divided into three vertical ribs that continueinto the ribs on the blade, while the central rib endsat a short transverse rib on the blade. Weight: 65.1 g.(T. 3: 44)

Sickles with ribs connected at places by short trans-verse ribs in the upper portion of the blade areknown from the Javornik hoard. In all examplesfound, the composition of ornaments is the sameas the sickle fragment from the Sia hoard, onlythe ribs on the sickles from the Javornik hoard areadditionally decorated with slanted incisions (Vin-ski-Gasparini 1973: T. 98: 10, T. 99: 2, 4, 6, 7, 8). K.Vinski-Gasparini asserts that this type of sickle witha tang-shaped handle and a series of cassettes alongthe ridge of the blade is characteristic of phase IIIof the northern Croatia hoards, even though someexamples appeared even earlier (Bizovac, BrodskaVaro), but also later (Ivanec) (Ibid.: 140141, T. 39:4, T. 65: 13, T. 113: 13). Since this sickle is most sim-ilar to the examples from Javornik in terms of com-position, it is probably a local variant, slightly olderthan the Javornik examples which are additionallydecorated with slanted incisions.

9. Sickle fragment; outer edge of blade reinforcedwith rib; handle divides into three ribs, of which theouter rib continues as reinforcement of blade, theinside rib ends in the same reinforcement at a sharpangle, while the middle rib (the shortest) ends at aperpendicular rib at the transition from the handle tothe blade. Weight: 83.7 g. (T. 3: 45)

Sickles with such motifs on the blade, but with aswallowtail end, were found in the hoard from Ten-

ja (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 33: 5), Veliko Nabre(Ibid.: T. 47: 14), Brodski Varo (Ibid.: T. 65: 4) andBudinina (Ibid.: T. 81: 5), as well as the Poljanci IIhoard (Bulat 1975: 10, T. VI: 5).

10. Sickle fragment; outer edge of blade reinforced

with rib under which there is another rib that contin-ues from the lateral rib of the handle; handle dividesinto three vertical ribs, of which the middle rib endsin a Y. Weight: 65 g. (T. 3: 46)

11. Fragment of sickle handle divided into three verti-cal ribs, of which the middle rib ends in a Y. Weight:35.2 g. (T. 3: 53)

12. Sickle fragment; outer edge of blade reinforcedwith rib under which there is another rib that contin-ues from the lateral rib of the handle; handle dividesinto three vertical ribs, of which the middle rib endsin a Y. Weight: 48.2 g. (T. 3: 54)

manja rebra na sjeivu srpa (Homen 1982: 22, T.II: 11).

8. Ulomak srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom ispod kojega se nalazi jo jedno

plastino rebro; izmeu rebara na sjeivu nalaze sepoprena plastina rebra koja tvore kasete; drka jeralanjena trima vertikalnim rebrima koja se nastavl-jaju u rebra na sjeivu, a sredinje zavrava u kaseti nasjeivu. Teina: 65,1 g. (T. 3: 44)

Srpovi ukraeni kasetama pri gornjem dijelu otri-ce poznati su iz ostave Javornik. Na svim pronae-nim primjercima ista je kompozicija ukrasa kao ikod ulomka srpa iz ostave Sia, samo to su rebrasrpova iz Javornika dodatno ukraena kosim urezi-ma (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 98: 10, T. 99: 2, 4, 6,7, 8). K. Vinski-Gasparini dri da je ovaj tip srpa sdrkom u obliku jezika s nizom kaseta du hrpta

sjeiva karakteristian za III. fazu ostava u sjevernojHrvatskoj, iako istie da se neki primjerci pojavljujui ranije (Bizovac, Brodska Varo), ali i kasnije (Iva-nec) (ibid.: 140141, T. 39: 4, T. 65: 13, T. 113: 13).Kako je ovaj srp kompozicijski najsliniji primjerci-ma iz Javornika, vjerojatno je rije o lokalnoj vari-

janti, malo starijoj od primjeraka iz Javornika koji sudodatno ukraeni kosim urezima.

9. Ulomak srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan je plastinimrebrom; drka je ralanjena trima plastinim rebrimaod kojih se vanjsko nastavlja u ojaanje sjeiva, unu-tarnje pod otrim kutom zavrava u istom ojaanju, asredinje (najkrae) zavrava u poprenome rebru na

prijelazu drke u sjeivo. Teina: 83,7 g. (T. 3: 45)Srpovi s ovakvim motivom na otrici, ali sa zavret-kom u obliku lastina repa, pronaeni su u ostavamaTenja (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 33: 5), Veliko Na-bre (ibid.: T. 47: 14), Brodski Varo (ibid.: T. 65: 4)i Budinina (ibid.: T. 81: 5), te u ostavi Poljanci II(Bulat 1975: 10, T. VI: 5).

10. Ulomak srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom ispod kojega se nalazi jo jednoplastino rebro, a koje se nastavlja iz bonoga rebradrke; drka je ralanjena trima vertikalnim rebrimaod kojih srednje zavrava u Y. Teina: 65,0 g. (T. 3:46)

11. Ulomak drke srpa ralanjene trima vertikalnimrebrima od kojih se srednje rava u Y. Teina: 35,2 g.(T. 3: 53)

12. Ulomak srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom ispod kojega se nalazi jo jednoplastino rebro, a koje se nastavlja iz bonoga rebradrke; drka je ralanjena trima vertikalnim rebrimaod kojih srednje zavrava u Y. Teina: 48,2 g. (T. 3:54)

13. Ulomak drke srpa ralanjene trima vertikalnimrebrima od kojih srednje zavrava u Y. Teina: 8,2 g.(T. 5: 101)

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13. Fragment of sickle handle divided into three verti-cal ribs, of which the middle rib ends in a Y. Weight:8.2 g. (T. 5: 101)

ese sickle fragments belong to the a variant of

sickles with tangs decorated with Y-ornaments, ac-cording to Pavlin (1997: 28, Fig. 1a). ese typesof sickles are better known under the term Uio-ara 2a based on the classifications of M. Petrescu-Dmbovia and M. Primas (Petrescu-Dmbovia1978: 3; Primas 1986: 91, T. 30: 520529). esetypes are widespread in most of Central Europe,from Austria to Carpathian Ukraine, and most ofthem can be dated to the Ha A period (Pavlin 1997:28, 36). Within the Uioara 2 type, the sickles withY-ribs are distinct, and very frequent in Syrmia, Sla-

vonia and Transdanubia, which was, according to R.Vasi, the centre of their production. In neighbour-ing regions (Slovenia, Austria, Romania) they wereprobably influenced by south-western Pannonia(Vasi 1994: 41). is type of sickle was found in theKlievac II-Pomrlovo hoard (Jacanovi & Radoji2001: 70, T. IV: 1), and several examples are knownfrom the Futog hoard in Baka (Bori 1997: 4951,6566, T. VIII: 155, 158, T. IX: 161).

14. Sickle fragment; outer edge of blade reinforcedwith rib under which there is another rib; handle isdivided into three vertical ribs decorated with notch-es, the external rib extends into blade reinforcement,while the middle and inside rib end in same reinforce-ment at a sharp angle. Weight: 68.2 g. (T. 3: 47)

Similar examples of sickles were found in the hoardsfrom Tenja (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 33: 10), Bi-zovac (Ibid.: T. 38: 12, T. 39: 8, T. 40: 8), GornjaVrba (Ibid.: T. 51: 1), Brodski Varo (Ibid.: T. 64:10), Topliica II (Ibid.: T. 75B: 4), and Budinina(Ibid.: T. 80: 4). ese sickles can be dated to theHa A period, albeit not more precisely within thisperiod (Ibid.: 94). is type of sickle decorated withnotches was also found in the Futog hoard, datedto the Ha A1 period (Bori 1997: 50, 71, T. IX: 160,165). M. Petrescu-Dmbovia designated this typeof sickle as Uioara I (1978: 2627).

15. Sickle fragment; outer edge of blade reinforced

with rib under which there is another rib; handle isdivided into three vertical ribs that continue into therib on the blade. Weight: 69.0 g. (T. 3: 48)

An example of this type was found in the Podcrkav-lje-Slavonski Brod hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.68: 20), and based on M. Petrescu-Dmbovias clas-sification it was designated as Uioara I type (1978:2627, T. 2).

16. Sickle fragment; outer edge of blade reinforcedwith rib under which there is another rib; handle isdivided into three vertical ribs that continue into therib on the blade. Weight: 53.4 g. (T. 3: 51)

Ovi ulomci srpova pripadaju varijanti a srpovas jezicem ukraenih Y-ukrasom prema Pavlinu(1997: 28, sl. 1a). Ovakva vrsta srpova poznatija jepod imenom tip Uioara 2a prema podjeli M. Petre-

scu-Dmbovie i M. Primas (Petrescu-Dmbovia1978: 3; Primas 1986: 91, T. 30: 520529). Ti tipovirasprostranjeni su u iroj srednjoj Europi, od Aus-trije do karpatske Ukrajine, i mogue ih je veinomdatirati u vrijeme Ha A (Pavlin 1997: 28, 36). Unu-tar tipa Uioara 2 osobiti su srpovi s Y-rebrom, vrloesti u Srijemu, Slavoniji i Transdanubiji, gdje im jeprema R. Vasiu i sredite produkcije. U susjednimpodrujima (Slovenija, Austrija, Rumunjska) oni su

vjerojatno utjecaj iz jugozapadne Panonije (Vasi1994: 41). Ovakav srp pronaen je u ostavi Klie-

vac II-Pomrlovo ( Jacanovi & Radoji 2001: 70, T.IV: 1), kao to je vie primjeraka poznato i iz ostave

Futog u Bakoj (Bori 1997: 4951, 6566, T. VIII:155, 158, T. IX: 161).

14. Ulomak srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom ispod kojega se nalazi jo jednoplastino rebro; drka je ralanjena trima vertikalnimrebrima koja su ukraena zarezima, vanjsko se nas-tavlja u ojaanje sjeiva, a unutarnje i sredinje podotrim kutom zavravaju u istom ojaanju. Teina:68,2 g. (T. 3: 47)

Slini primjerci srpova pronaeni su u ostavamaTenja (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 33: 10), Bizovac(ibid.: T. 38: 12, T. 39: 8, T. 40: 8), Gornja Vrba (ibid.:T. 51: 1), Brodski Varo (ibid.: T. 64: 10), Topliica II

(ibid.: T. 75B: 4), Budinina (ibid.: T. 80: 4). Opisanisrpovi mogu se datirati u vrijeme Ha A, ali ne i ueunutar toga razdoblja (ibid.: 94). Takoer, srpoviovakva tipa ukraeni zarezima pronaeni su u osta-

vi Futog datiranoj u Ha A1 (Bori 1997: 50, 71, T. IX:160, 165). Ovaj tip srpova M. Petrescu-Dmboviaoznaio je kao tip Uioara I (1978: 2627).

15. Ulomak srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom ispod kojega se nalazi jo jednoplastino rebro; drka je ralanjena trima vertikalnimrebrima koja se nastavljaju u rebra na sjeivu. Teina:69,0 g. (T. 3: 48)

Ovakav primjerak pronaen je i u ostavi Podcrka-vlje-Slavonski Brod (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 68:20), a prema M. Petrescu-Dmbovii oznaen je kaotip Uioara I (1978: 2627, T. 2).

16. Ulomak srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom ispod kojega se nalazi jo jednoplastino rebro; drka je ralanjena trima vertikalnimrebrima koja se nastavljaju u rebra na sjeivu. Teina:53,4 g. (T. 3: 51)

17. Ulomak srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom ispod kojega se nalazi jo jednoplastino rebro. Teina: 29,6 g. (T. 3: 52)

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18. Ulomak drke srpa ralanjene trima vertikalnimrebrima. Teina: 9,9 g. (T. 4: 58)


Ovi su primjerci srpova vrlo slini ulomku srpabr. 8 (T. 3: 44). Ovakav tip srpa poznat je iz osta-ve Brodski Varo (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 64: 4).Slian ulomak srpa, kod kojega se unutarnje rebrone nastavlja na otricu, i po tome je razliito od na-ega primjerka, pronaen je u ostavi Makovac kodNove Gradike. Ostava je datirana u II. fazu ostavakulture polja sa arama u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj (Ka-ravani & Mihaljevi 2001: 9, 20, T. 3: 3). Primjerakslina srpa pronaen je i u ostavi Poljanci IV-DonjePolje (Miklik-Lozuk 2004: 30, T. IV: 2). Navedeniulomci srpova iz ostave Sia pripadaju tipu Uioara2a, koji je datiran u stupanj Suseni (Ha A1) (Petre-

scu-Dmbovia 1978: 53, T. 4B). Osim za etvu ovisu srpovi mogli posluiti i za konju trave ili trske(Primas 1986: 100).

20. Ulomak srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom; drka je ralanjena dvamaplastinim rebrima od kojih se vanjsko nastav-lja u ojaanje sjeiva, a unutarnje pod otrim ku-tom zavrava u istom ojaanju; kod prijelaza drke usjeivo vidljiva su i dva manja poprena rebra. Teina:61,5 g. (T. 3: 49)

Ovakav srp pronaen je u ostavi Tenja (Vinski-Ga-sparini 1973: T. 32: 6), a usporedba za ovako ukrae-ni donji dio nalazi se kod primjerka iz ostave Bingu-la-Divo (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 87: 13). Sliansrp pronaen je i u ostavi umatac 1 datiranoj u II.fazu ostava prema Knigu (Knig 2004: 22, T. 3, T.11A: 34).

21. Ulomak srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom; drka je ralanjena dvamaplastinim rebrima od kojih se vanjsko nastav-lja u ojaanje sjeiva, a unutarnje pod otrim kutomzavrava u istom ojaanju. Teina: 51,9 g. (T. 3: 50)

Ovakvi su srpovi pronaeni u ostavi Podcrkavlje--Slavonski Brod (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 68: 1617). Jo jedan primjerak ovakva srpa pronaen je uostavi Bingula-Divo (ibid.: T. 85: 23). Ulomci srpo-

va (T. 3: 45, 4748, 50) pripadaju tip Uioara I pre-ma podjeli M. Petrescu-Dmbovie i nalazimo ih naprostorima Rumunjske, Maarske, Hrvatske, Srbije,Ukrajine, na prostorima eke, Slovake, Austrije teu Saskoj i Donjoj Bavarskoj u Njemakoj. Ti se srpo-

vi datiraju u vrijeme od Br D do u Ha B1, odnosnood stupnja Uriu do stupnja Moigrad, no najbrojnijisu u stupnju Suseni, to odgovara vremenu Ha A1(Petrescu-Dmbovia 1978: 2627, 53, T. 2).

22. Ulomak sjeiva srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom ispod kojega se nalazi jo jednoplastino rebro. Teina: 48,2 g. (T. 4: 55)

17. Sickle fragment; outer edge of blade reinforcedwith rib under which there is another rib. Weight:29.6 g. (T. 3: 52)

18. Fragment of sickle handle divided into three verti-cal ribs. Weight: 9.9 g. (T. 4: 58)

19. Fragment of sickle handle divided into three verti-cal ribs. Weight: 14.3 g. (T. 4: 59)

ese sickles fragments are very similar to sicklefragment no. 8 (T. 3: 44). is type of sickle is knownfrom the Brodski Varo hoard (Vinski-Gasparini1973: T. 64: 4). A similar sickle fragment, on whichthe inside rib does not continue into the blade, dis-tinguishing it from this example, was found in theMakovac hoard near Nova Gradika. e hoardwas dated to phase II of the Urnfield culture hoardin northern Croatia (Karavani & Mihaljevi 2001:9, 20, T. 3: 3). A similar sickle was found in the Pol-

janci IV-Donje Polje hoard (Miklik-Lozuk 2004: 30,T. IV: 2). ese sickle fragments fromthe Sia hoardare Uioara 2a type, dated to the Suseni phase (HaA1) (Petrescu-Dmbovia 1978: 53, T. 4B). Besidesharvesting, these sickles may have been used to cutgrass or vines (Primas 1986: 100).

20. Sickle fragment; external rib of blade reinforcedwith rib; handle is divided into two ribs, of whichthe external rib continues into blade reinforcement,while the inside rib ends in the same reinforcementat a sharp angle; two smaller perpendicular ribs arevisible at the transition from handle to blade. Weight:61.5 g. (T. 3: 49)

is type of sickle was found in the Tenja hoard

(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 32: 6), while an exponentfrom the Bingula-Divo hoard has the lower portiondecorated in this manner (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:T. 87: 13). A similar sickle was also found in theumatac 1 hoard, dated to phase II of the hoard ac-cording to Knig (Knig 2004: 22, T. 3, T. 11A: 34).

21. Sickle fragment; external rib of blade reinforcedwith rib; handle is divided into two ribs, of whichthe external rib continues into blade reinforcement,while the inside rib ends in the same reinforcement ata sharp angle. Weight: 51.9 g. (T. 3: 50)

ese types of sickles were found in the Podcrkav-lje-Slavonski Brod hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:

T. 68: 1617). Another example of this type wasfound in the Bingula-Divo hoard (Ibid.: T. 85: 23).e sickle fragments (T. 3: 45, 4748, 50) are Uio-ara I type based on M. Petrescu-Dmbovias clas-sification, and they are widespread in Romania,Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine, and in the Bo-hemia, Slovakia, Austria and in Saxony and LowerBavaria in Germany. ese type of sickles have beendated from Br D to the Ha B1, i.e. from the Uriu toMoigrad phases, but they are most numerous in theSuseni phase, which corresponds to the Ha A1 pe-riod (Petrescu-Dmbovia 1978: 2627, 53, T. 2).

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46. Ulomak sjeiva srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom. Teina: 17,0 g. (T. 5: 81)








54. Ulomak sjeiva srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan je

plastinim rebrom. Teina: 9,8 g. (T. 5: 89)55. Ulomak sjeiva srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom ispod kojega se nalazi jo jednomanje rebro. Teina: 8,8 g. (T. 5: 90)



58. Ulomak sjeiva srpa; vanjski rub sjeiva ojaan jeplastinim rebrom ispod kojega se nalazi jo jednomanje rebro. Teina: 7,3 g. (T. 5: 93)



61. Ulomak drke srpa. Teina: 6,1 g. (T. 5: 96)



64. Ulomak drke srpa ralanjene trima vertikalnimrebrima. Teina: /. (T. 5: 99)


66. Ulomak drke srpa ralanjene trima vertikalnim

rebrima. Teina: 11,4 g. (T. 5: 102)67. Ulomak drke srpa ralanjene trima vertikalnimrebrima. Teina: 12,5 g. (T. 5: 103)


Srpovi pod brojem 712, 1419, 2224, 5859, 62,6468 pripadaju tipu srpova Uioara (Petrescu-Dm-bovia 1978: 2627). Za ostale ulomke srpova nijemogue odrediti toan tip. Ipak moe se zakljuitida se u ostavi Sia, u kojoj su srpovi najzastupljenijipredmeti, radi o velikoj koliini slomljenih srpova.Ako se takvoj zastupljenosti trai objanjenje, vano

44. Fragment of sickle blade; external rib of blade re-inforced with rib. Weight: 18.9 g. (T. 5: 79)

45. Fragment of sickle blade; external rib of blade re-inforced with rib with another smaller rib below it.Weight: 19.9 g. (T. 5: 80)

46. Fragment of sickle blade; external rib of blade re-inforced with rib. Weight: 17 g. (T. 5: 81)













59. Fragment of sickle handle that divides into threevertical ribs. Weight: 6.8 g. (T. 5: 94)

60. Fragment of sickle blade; external rib of blade re-inforced with rib. Weight: 4,9 g. (T. 5: 95)

61. Fragment of sickle handle. Weight: 6.1 g. (T. 5: 96)



64. Fragment of sickle handle that divides into three

vertical ribs. Weight: /. (T. 5: 99)65. Fragment of sickle handle that divides into threevertical ribs. Weight: 10 g. (T. 5: 100)




e sickles under numbers 712, 1419, 2224,5859, 62, 6468 are Uioara type sickles (Petrescu-Dmbovia 1978: 2627). e exact type for the re-

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je istaknuti da je S. Hansen u svome prouavanjuostava na prostoru izmeu Karpatske kotline i do-line rijeke Rhne zakljuio da je sredinje podrujerasprostiranja srpova s jeziastom drkom upravomeurijeje Save i Drave te u Transdanubiji (Han-sen 1994: 205). Kronoloki je vano istaknuti da sepri deponiranju srpova u starijoj fazi kulture poljasa arama moe zamijetiti kvantitativna eksplozi-

ja. Velik broj i fragmentiranost srpova naveli su narazmiljanje o predmonetarnoj funkciji srpova (Pri-mas 1986: 38). No analiza teine ulomaka srpova uostavi Laany i usporedba sa irim podrujem i pri-

janjim analizama dokazale su da se u kasnobrona-nodobnoj srednjoj Europi ne moe govoriti o usta-ljenome teinskom sustavu (Hansen 1994: 208). Uostavama Pcs-Jakabhegy, Marok i Splnaca II uo-eno je lomljenje srpova do ulomaka teine izmeu7 i 11 g (Pare 1999: 506). Najvea zajednika jedini-

ca od oko 27 g, dokazana ingotima u srednjoeurop-skim ostavama, svjedoi u prilog uvoenja cipar-skoga, odnosno istonomediteranskoga, teinskogsustava na prostor srednje Europe u 12. st. pr. Kr.(ibid.: 508). Logino je da s kolanjem sirovina i robapostoji i potreba za novcem zajednikim svim po-drujima, kao i za zajednikim mjernim sustavom,odnosno metrikim jezikom koji bi bio razumljivtrgovakim partnerima u kasnobronanodobnomesvijetu (ibid.: 513). Pojava srpova i lomljene bron-ce karakteristika je karpatsko-podunavskih ostavakoja se moe zamijetiti i u nekim srednjonjemakimostavama (von Brunn 1968: 234). Ulomci bronanih

predmeta od vremena srednjega bronanog dobacirkuliraju kao sitni novac, a kao takvi se pojavljujui u grobovima te kao rtveni darovi u ostavama (Le-nerz-de Wilde 1995: 317). Masovna pojava srpovau ostavama otvara pitanje o iskljuivu neprilaganjusrpova u grobove. Postoje neki izuzeci, kao to je tonekoliko grobova kulture Piliny na groblju Radzov-ce te na groblju Litke (Hansen 1994: 211). Zanimlji-

vo je da su u dvama grobovima u peini Bezdanjaakod Vrhovina u Lici pronaeni srpovi s jeziastomdrkom (dva u skupnome grobu 3, jedan u skupnomgrobu 9) (Drechsler-Bii 1980: 37, T. XXIII: 5, T.XXIV: 3, T. XXVI: 4).

NOEVI

69. Ulomak jeziasta drka noa; vanjski su ruboviplastino ojaani; na jeziku su etiri ovalne rupe kojesu sluile za privrivanje. Teina: 8,5 g. (T. 2: 33)

70. Ulomak jeziasta drka noa; vanjski su ruboviplastino ojaani; na jeziku su dvije rupe koje susluile za privrivanje. Teina: 4,9 g. (T. 2: 34)

71. Ulomak jeziasta drka noa; vanjski su ruboviplastino ojaani; na jeziku su dvije ovalne rupe kojesu sluile za privrivanje. Teina: 5,1 g. (T. 2: 35)

maining sickles cannot be ascertained. Nonetheless,one can conclude that there is a large quantity ofbroken sickles in the Sia hoard, in which sickles arethe most common item. In contemplating an expla-nation for this quantity, it is important to stress thatS. Hansen, in his study of hoards from the territorybetween the Carpathian Basin and the Rhne RiverValley, concluded that the main area of distribu-tion of sickles with tang-shaped handles is preciselythe Sava and Drava interfluve and in Transdanubia(Hansen 1994: 205). Chronologically it is importantto point out that in deposition of sickles in the olderphase of the Urnfield culture a quantitative explosioncan be observed. e large number and fragmentari-ness of sickles have prompted consideration of thepre-monetary function of sickles (Primas 1986: 38).But an analysis of the weights of sickle fragments inthe Laany hoard and a comparison with the wider

surrounding area, as well as previous analyses, havedemonstrated that one cannot assert the existenceof an established weight system in Late Bronze AgeCentral Europe (Hansen 1994: 208). In the Pcs-Jaka-bhegy, Marok and Splnaca II hoards, the breaking ofsickles into fragments weighing between 7 and 11 ghas been noted (Pare 1999: 506). e highest custom-ary unit of approximately 27 g, evidenced by ingotsfrom Central European hoards, supports a possibil-ity of the introduction of Cypriot or Eastern Medi-terranean weight system to Central Europe in thetwelfth century BC (Ibid.: 508). It is logical that withthe circulation of raw materials and goods there wasa need for money common to all territories, as well

as a common system of measures, i.e. a metric lan-guage comprehensible to all trade partners in theLate Bronze Age world (Ibid.: 513). e appearanceof sickles and fragmented bronze is a feature of Dan-ubian hoards, which can be observed in some Cen-tral German hoards as well (von Brunn 1968: 234).Fragments of bronze items in the Middle Bronze Agecirculated as petty money, and as such it appeared ingraves and as sacrificial offerings in hoards (Lenerz-de Wilde 1995: 317). e mass appearance of sicklesin hoards opens the question of the exclusive lack ofsickle deposits in graves. ere are some exceptions,such as several Piliny culture graves at the Radzovce

cemetery and the Litke cemetery (Hansen 1994: 211).It is interesting that in two graves in Bezdanjaa cavenear Vrhovine in Lika, sickles with tang-like handleswere found (two in collective grave 3 and one in col-lective grave 9) (Drechsler-Bii 1980: 37, T. XXIII: 5,T. XXIV: 3, T. XXVI: 4).

KNIVES

69. Fragment of tang-shaped knife handle; externaledges reinforced sculpturally; four oval holes for fas-tening on tang. Weight: 8.5 g. (T. 2: 33)

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Ove ulomke draka noeva, s obzirom na sauva-nost ulomaka, prilino je teko atribuirati nekomodreenom tipu noa.

72. Ulomak jeziasta drka noa; vanjski su rubovi

plastino ojaani; na jeziku je rupa sa zakovicom kojaje sluila za privrivanje. Teina: 7,1 g. (T. 2: 36)

Ovakav drak noa pronaen je u ostavi BrodskiVaro (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 92, T. 56: 14) te kaopojedinani nalaz na Belskoj planini u Korukoj,gdje je datiran u vrijeme Br D/Ha A (inkovec 1995:97, T. 27: 188). Slian primjerak noa pronaen je uMoldu bez poznatih pobliih okolnosti nalaza i pri-pisan je tipu Riegsee iz razdoblja rane i starije fazekulture polja sa arama (Lochner 1991: 115, 204).

73. Ulomak sjeiva noa (?) sa zadebljanjem na gorn-joj strani. Teina: 3,2 g. (T. 12: 245)

74. Ulomak predmeta polukruna presjeka s trakas-

tim drkom s krunom rupicom za privrivanje (zazakovicu). Teina: 6,7 g. (T. 2: 37)

Slian primjerak pronaen je u transilvanskoj ostaviDeva III datiranoj u vrijeme Ha A1 (Petrescu-Dm-bovia 1977: 91, T. 136: 15). Konjskoj opremi pri-pisan je slian primjerak iz ostave Uioara de Sus(Petrescu-Dmbovia 1977: 115, T. 247: 13). Slianpredmet, samo bez rupice za privrivanje drka,pronaen je u ostavi iz mlae faze kulture grobnihhumaka Hradisko 1, gdje takoer nije definirananjegova namjena.6Dakle, prilino je teko odreditipravu funkciju ovoga predmeta.

PILE

75. Ulomak pile. Teina: 3,6 g. (T. 2: 31)

76. Ulomak pile nazubljene s obiju strana. Teina: 7,8g. (T. 2: 32)

Ulomci pila iz ostave Sia svjedoe o uobiajenuinventaru ostava meurijeja Drave i Save. Nalazipila zabiljeeni su u ostavama Bizovac (Vinski-Ga-sparini 1973: T. 35: 78), Veliko Nabre (ibid.: T. 46:2324), Gornja Vrba (ibid.: T. 50: 23), Brodski Varo(ibid.: T. 54, 2230, T. 63: 20), Priac (ibid.: T. 72: 8,13), Budinina (ibid.: T. 78: 1819), Jarak I (ibid.:

T. 83: 12), Bingula-Divo (ibid.: T. 84: 15, 19). Pilesu vrlo esti nalazi i u ostavama II. faze u Srijemu.Tako ih uz ve pobrojene ostave ima i u ostavamaSremska Mitrovica i Jarak II (Balen-Letuni 1988: 6,T. I: 79, T. IV: 24). Ulomci brojnih pila pronaenisu i u ostavi Futog u Bakoj iz vremena Ha A1 (Bori1997: 4849, T. VII: 91144) te u ostavi iz Peinacau Srijemu (Miloevi 1960: 157, T. IV: 210). Pila je

70. Fragment of tang-shaped knife handle; externaledges reinforced sculpturally; two oval holes for fas-tening on tang. Weight: 4.9 g. (T. 2: 34)

71. Fragment of tang-shaped knife handle; externaledges reinforced sculpturally; two oval holes for fas-tening on tang. Weight: 5,1 g. (T. 2: 35)

ese knife handle fragments, given their state ofpreservation, are rather difficult to attribute to aspecific knife type.

72. Fragment of tang-shaped knife handle; externaledges reinforced sculpturally; hole with rivet on han-dle used for fastening. Weight: 7.1 g. (T. 2: 36)

is type of knife handle was found in the BrodskiVaro hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 92, T. 56: 14)and as an individual find at Belska planina in Car-inthia, where it was dated to the Br D/Ha A period(inkovec 1995: 97, T. 27: 188). A similar example

of a knife was found in Mold without any knowncircumstances surrounding the find, and it was as-cribed to the Riegsee type and the earlier phase ofthe Urnfield culture (Lochner 1991: 115, 204).

73. Knife blade fragment (?) that broadens on the up-per side. Weight: 3.2 g. (T. 12: 245)

74. Fragment of item with semi-circular cross-sectionand with banded handle that has a circular hole (for arivet). Weight: 6.7 g. (T. 2: 37)

A similar example was found in the Transylvanianhoard Deva III, dated to the Ha A1 period (Petres-cu-Dmbovia 1977: 91, T. 136: 15). A similar exam-ple from the Uioara de Sus hoard was ascribed as

a component of horse harness (Petrescu-Dmbovia1977: 115, T. 247: 13). A similar item, only withoutholes to fasten the handle, was found in a hoarddated to the more recent phase of the Hradisko 1Tumulus culture, where its purpose was similarlynot ascertained.6us it is relatively difficult to de-termine the actual function of this item.

SAWS

75. Saw fragment. Weight: 3.6 g. (T. 2: 31)

76. Saw fragment denticulated on both sides. Weight:

7.8 g. (T. 2: 32)Saw fragments from the Sia hoard testify to itscustomary inventory for hoards from the Dravaand Sava interfluve. Saw finds were recorded inthe hoards from Bizovac (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:T. 35: 78), Veliko Nabre (Ibid.: T. 46: 2324),Gornja Vrba (Ibid.: T. 50: 23), Brodski Varo (Ibid.:T. 54, 2230, T. 63: 20), Priac (Ibid.: T. 72: 8, 13),

6Na ovu paralelu uputio nas je Milan Sala iz Brna, na emu munajljepe zahvaljujemo.

6is parallel was pointed out to us by Milan Sala from Brno, forwhich we are very grateful.

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pronaena i u naselju Belegi II kulture na Vuedolu(Forenbaher 1989: 60, T. 1B: 5).

Ovakve pile nalazimo na prostoru Karpatske kotli-ne, june Panonije i sjevernoga Balkana, u I. i II. fazi

ostava prema K. Vinski-Gasparini (Teran 2003:187). Mnotvo pila ove vrste pronaeno je u ostaviMoldova Veche I u Transilvaniji (Petrescu-Dmbo-

via 1977: 99, T. 164: 1534). S obzirom na veliinuove vrste pila, koje su izvorno bile dugake do 20cm, moe se pretpostaviti da su sluile za rezanjesirovine ili kao toreutiki alat, ili su pak sluile zaobradu kostiju ili rogova (Teran 2003: 188).

77. Ulomak pilice nazubljene s jedne strane. Teina:3,4 g. (T. 10: 166)

Dva ulomka pila kojima je nazubljena samo jednastrana pronaena su u ostavi Bleni u Moldaviji,koja isto pripada horizontu Rieti-Bleni, odnosno

13. st. pr. Kr. (Petrescu-Dmbovia 1977: 73, T. 73:1819). Takve pile sluile su za obradu drva, modakosti i roga, vjerojatno kao orue tesara ili modarezbara, a rasprostranjene su na alpskom, italskom igrkom podruju i datirane u Ha A2/Ha B1 (Teran2003: 188191, sl. 4).

DLIJETA

78. uplji ulomak drka dlijeta s rebrastim ojaanjemna prijelazu u otricu; drak je romboidna presjeka;unutar drka ostao je vrh otrice. Teina: 71,3 g. (T.2: 38)

79. Ulomak tuljasta predmeta, vjerojatno dlijeta; pu-noljevani drak koji iz zadebljanja na kraju prelazi utanji dio. Teina: 22,7 g. (T. 2: 41)

80. Ulomak drka tuljasta predmeta s rupom zaprivrivanje; vjerojatno se radi o dlijetu. Teina:14,0 g. (T. 2: 42)

Predmeti pod brojem 7880 vrlo su fragmentira-ni, no kako je rije o punolijevanim neukraenimulomcima s bridom na vrhu, skloni smo ih pripisatiulomcima vrha dlijeta ili neukraenih upljih sjeki-ra. Zbog fragmentiranosti teko ih je pripisati ne-kom odreenom tipu, a i sama dlijeta nisu osobitokronoloki osjetljiva (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 139, T.96: 10).

ORUJE

KOPLJA

81. Ulomak koplja s tuljcem za nasad, plamenasteotrice s profiliranim sredinjim rebrom i zaliscimana tuljcu. Teina: 37,8 g. (T. 2: 7)

Budinina (Ibid.: T. 78: 1819), Jarak I (Ibid.: T. 83:12), and Bingula-Divo (Ibid.: T. 84: 15, 19). Sawsare frequent items in phase II hoards in Syrmia.us, besides the aforementioned hoards, they alsoappear in the Sremska Mitrovica and Jarak II hoards(Balen-Letuni 1988: 6, T. I: 79, T. IV: 24). Frag-ments of numerous saws were also found in the Fu-tog hoard in Baka dated to the Ha A1 time (Bori1997: 4849, T. VII: 91144) and in the hoard fromPeinci in Syrmia (Miloevi 1960: 157, T. IV: 210).A saw was also found in the Belegi II culture settle-ment at Vuedol (Forenbaher 1989: 60, T. 1B: 5).

ese saws are widespread in the Carpathian Ba-sin, southern Pannonia and the northern Balkans,in hoard phase I and II according to K. Vinski-Gasparini (Teran 2003: 187). Many saws of thistype were found in the Moldova Veche I hoard inTransylvania (Petrescu-Dmbovia 1977: 99, T. 164:1534). Given the size of this type of saw, whichwere originally 20 cm long, one can assume that theywere used to cut raw materials or as toreutic tools,or to work bones or horns (Teran 2003: 188).

77. Fragment of small saw denticulated on one side.Weight: 3.4 g. (T. 10: 166)

Two saw fragments with only one denticulated sidewere found in the Bleni hoard in Moldova whichdates to the Rieti-Bleni horizon, i.e. the thir-teenth century BC (Petrescu-Dmbovia 1977: 73,T. 73: 1819). ese saws were used to work wood,and perhaps bone and horns, probably as tools usedin stoneworking or perhaps carving, and they werewidespread in the Alpine, Italic and Greek zones,dated to the Ha A2/Ha B1 period (Teran 2003:188191, Fig. 4).

CHISELS

78. Hollow fragment of chisel handle with ribbed re-inforcement at transition to blade; handle with rhom-boid cross-section; tip of blade remained within han-dle. Weight: 71.3 g. (T. 2: 38)

79. Fragment of conical item, probably chisel; fullyforged handle which turns to thinner portion from

broadened end. Weight: 22.7 g. (T. 2: 41)

80. Fragment of handle of conical item with hole forfastening; probably chisel. Weight: 14 g. (T. 2: 42)

e items under numbers 7880 are very fragmen-tary, but since these are fully forged undecoratedfragments with wedge at the top, we favour classi-fying them as chisel tips or undecorated socketedaxes. eir fragmentary condition makes it difficultto classify them to any specific type, while chiselsthemselves are not particularly chronologically sen-sitive (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 139, T. 96: 10).

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Koplje sa zaliscima na tuljcu za nasad, ali bez pro-filacije sredinjega rebra, pronaeno je u ostaviOtok-Privlaka datiranoj u rani Ha A (Vinski-Gaspa-rini 1973: 81, T. 27: 25). Usporedba za koplje ovoga

tipa nalazi se u ostavi Budinina, to upuuje natipove starije od ranijega Ha A, iako takva kopljana podruju sjeverne Hrvatske starija od II. fazeostava zasad nisu pronaena (ibid.: 104, T. 77: 24).Ulomak koplja s profiliranim sredinjim rebrom izaliscima na tuljcu pronaen je u ostavi iz Livadi-eve ulice u Slavonskom Brodu (Mikiv 1982: 175,T. III: 7), kao i u ostavi Kuita u Bosanskoj Posavini(Knig 2004: 203, T. 1: 6). Ovakav tip koplja pro-naen je i u Mostarskome Blatu i moe se datiratiu Ha A (Nadbath 2004: 48, T. 3: 11). Slino kopljezamijeeno je u ostavi Ometala kod Gmia (Batovi1983: T. XLVII: 2). Kalup koji svjedoi o izradi ta-kvih kopalja na bosansko-hercegovakome podru-ju pronaen je u naselju Velika Gradina na Varvari(Nadbath 2004: 48, T. 3: 11). Taj tip kopalja rairen

je po zapadnome Balkanu, pa i na prostoru srednjeItalije, gdje je mlai (9. st. pr. Kr.) i gdje je vjeroja-tno proiren s istone strane Jadrana (Batovi 1983:344). Isto koplje pronaeno je u ostavi Mali amkod Vrca (Raajski 1975: 61, T. LVIII: 1). Koplje (T.2: 7) pod brojem 81 posjeduje zaliske na tuljcu, tose ne moe sa sigurnou rei za koplje pod brojem82 (T. 2: 8). Koplja sa zaliscima na tuljcu i s pro-filiranim srednjim rebrom zabiljeena su u ostaviermoie kod Maribora (ere & inkovec 1995:140, T. 44: 1820). Slino koplje sa zaliscima na tulj-

cu, profiliranim listom i rebrom nalazilo se u ostaviHercegovak kod Gornje Radgone (ibid.: 175, T.73: 3). Ulomci vraka slinih kopalja pronaeni suu ostavi Hoko Pohorje (ibid.: 179, T. 75: 16, 20).Sve tri ostave (ermoie, Hercegovak, HokoPohorje) datiraju se u II. fazu ostava prema Turku(Turk 1996: 108). Brojne paralele za ovakva kopljas profiliranim srednjim rebrom nalaze se na prosto-ru Maarske, kako to za horizont Aranyos, koji sedatira u vrijeme Br D, pokazuje eponimna ostavaBkkaranyos I (Borsod-Abaj-Zempln) (Mozso-lics 1985: 105, T. 1: 7). Mnotvo vrlo slinih kopaljapronaeno je u istodobnoj ostavi Bkkaranyos II

(ibid.: 105106, T. 4: 47, 1415, T. 5: 79, 1114).Koplje s fazetiranim tuljcem i profiliranim srednjimrebrom nalazi se u ostavi Tllya (Borsod-Abaj-Zempln), koja se datira u horizont Kurd (ibid.: 200,T. 161: 11, 16). Brojna koplja s profiliranim rebrompronaena su u ostavama horizonta Kurd: u ostaviBerkesz (Szabolcs-Szatmr) (ibid.: 97, T. 177: 7), uostavi Kemecse III (Szabolcs-Szatmr) (bid.: 133, T.186: 1), u ostavi Kk (Szabolcs-Szatmr) (ibid.: 131,T. 192: 24), u ostavi Tiszanagyfalu (Szabolcs-Sza-tmr) (ibid.: 204, T. 196: 2), i u ostavi Piricse (Sza-bolcs-Szatmr) (ibid.: 176, T. 200: 17). Takav tip ko-

WEAPONS

SPEARHEADS

81. Spearhead fragment with socket for the pole,flame-like sharp edges with prominent central riband winged socket. Weight: 37.8 g. (T. 2: 7)

A spearhead with winged sockets for poles, butwithout a prominent central rib, was found in theOtok-Privlaka hoard dated to the early Ha A peri-od (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 81, T. 27: 25). A com-parable spearhead of this type can be found in theBudinina hoard, which indicates types older thanthe early Ha A period, although such spearheadsolder than hoard phase II have so far not beenfound in northern Croatia (Ibid.: 104, T. 77: 24). A

fragment of a spearhead with a prominent centralrib and winged socket was found in the LivadievaUlica hoard in Slavonski Brod (Mikiv 1982: 175,T. III: 7), and in the Kuita hoard in BosanskaPosavina (Knig 2004: 203, T. 1: 6). is type ofspearhead was also found in Mostarsko Blato and itcan be dated to the Ha A period (Nadbath 2004: 48,T. 3: 11). A similar spearhead was observed in theOmetala ho

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